SCP-GECC104 Simplified Course Pack PDF

ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached SIMPLIFIED COURSE PACK (SCP) FOR SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING...

ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached SIMPLIFIED COURSE PACK (SCP) FOR SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING The Contemporary World This Simplified Course Pack (SCP) is a draft version only and may not be used, published or redistributed without the prior written consent of the Academic Council of SJPIICD. Contents of this SCP are only intended for the consumption of the students who are officially enrolled in the course/subject. Revision and modification process of this SCP are expected.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Vision By 2023, a recognized professional institution providing quality, economically accessible, and transformative education grounded on the teachings of St. John Paul II. Serve the nation by providing competent JPCean graduates through quality teaching and learning, transparent governance, holistic student Mission services, and meaningful community-oriented researches, guided by the ideals of St. John Paul II. Respect Hard Work Core Values Perseverance Self-Sacrifice Compassion Family Attachment Inquisitive Graduate Attributes Ingenious Innovative Inspiring Course Code/Title GECC104/The Contemporary World This course covers all topic of the Contemporary World that explores Course Description the practical ,engaging, and relevant ways in which global structures and processes operate. Course Requirement Research Proposal (Initial Stage) Time Frame 54 Hours “Based 40” Cumulative Averaging Grading System Grading System Periodical Grading = Attendance (5%) + Participation (10%) + Quiz (25%) + Exam (60%) Final-Final Grade = Prelim Grade (30%) + Midterm Grade (30%) + Final Grade (40%) Contact Detail Dean/Program Head Amie P. Matalam, MM (09953860989)  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Course Map The Contemporary World- Simplified Course Pack (SCP) SCP-Topics: Prelim Period SCP- Topics: Midterm Period SCP- Topics: Final Period Theories of Global Week 1 Defining Globalization Week 7 Week 13 The Global Interstate System Stratification Origin and History of Week 2 The Modern World System Globalization Week 8 Week 14 Global Economics Week 3 The Global Economy International Financial Institution that Govern Week 9 Week 15 Institution Globalization Economic Globalization Week 4 and Sustainable Development Week Global Economy IMF/ NAFTA Week 16 10 Institution/Associations Economic Globalization, Week 5 Week History of Global Market Poverty, and Inequality Week 17 Informationalism 11 Integration Week 6 Preliminary Examination Week Midterm Examination Week 18 Final Examination 12 Course Outcomes 1. Explain the principles and central ideas of important globalization theories that likely to encounter the social science discipline; 2. Determine the concept of globalization for students to see the application of global structures, and process in daily activity; 3. Provide students an overview and brief history of how globalization as intellectual topic is developing, and ; 4. Demonstrate an attitude of becoming a global citizen.; 5.Develop research communication skill through individual and group presentations and reports.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Welcome Aboard! This course introduces students to the contemporary world by examining the multifaceted phenomenon of globalization. Using the various disciplines of the social sciences, it examines the economic, social, political, technological, and other transformations that have created an increasing awareness of the interconnectedness of peoples and places around the globe. To this end, the course provides an overview of the various debates in global governance, development, and sustainability. Beyond exposing the student to the world outside the Philippines, it seeks to inculcate a sense of global citizenship and global ethical responsibility. SCP-TOPICS: PRELIM PERIOD TOPICS Week 1 Lesson Title The Global Economy Learning Outcome(s) To assess the millennium Development set forth by the United Nation. At SJPIICD, I Matter! LEARNING INTENT! Terms to ponder United Nation-is an international organization established on October 24, 1945. The United Nations (UN) was the second multipurpose international organization established in the 20th century that was worldwide in scope and membership. Its predecessor, the League of Nations, was created by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and disbanded in 19 46. Headquarter in New York City. League of Nation- an organization for international cooperation established on January 10, 1920, at the initiative of the victorious Allied powers at the end of World War I.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Globalisation broadly- refers to the expansion of global linkages, the organisation of social life on a global scale and the growth of a global consciousness, hence to the consolidation of the world society Shahzad, (2006). Meaning, globalisation connects people all over the world to understand the ones style on their living, either socially or economically. Essential Content: Questions addressed in this chapter include the following: Questions addressed in this chapter include the following: 1. What is Globalisation, and why is it important? 2.What are the metaphors of globalisation? 3.Why and how does globalisation exist? How it is affect the people around the globe? 4. Where did the concept of globalisation originated? 5. What is/are the role/s of religion in upholding the concept of globalisation?  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Globalisation broadly refers to the expansion of global linkages, the organisation of social life on a global scale and the growth of a global consciousness, hence to the consolidation of the world society Shahzad, (2006). Meaning, globalisation connects people all over the world to understand the ones style on their living, either socially or economically. To understand further about globalisation, this term use by social scientist in order to determine the influence of a highly industrialized country to other under developed country. For example, Cole, (2019) explained on her article that globalisation, according to sociologists, is an on-going process that involves interconnected changes in the economics, cultural, social, and political spheres of society. In addition, he further explained that it involves the ever increasing integration of these aspects between nation, regions, communities, and even seemingly isolated places. Metaphors of Globalisation " Metaphors of Globalization inquiries into the power and politics of metaphors in the making of our globalizing era. The approach is multidisciplinary, with case studies in global finance, global governance, literary theory, political theory, anthropology, and sociology” Zaioti,(n.d). The metaphors of globalisation are very important to discuss since  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached this serves as a window of globalisation. There are two types of metaphors. These are solid and liquid. SELF-SUPPORT: You can click the URL Search Indicator below to help you further understand the lessons. Search Indicator https://www.edology.com/ https://www.who.int/topics/millennium_development_goals/about/en/ https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/united-nations https://www.britannica.com/topic/United-Nations https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/microeconomics.asp LET’S INITIATE! Activity 1: News Report Critique (Individual) Every student is going to find at least three newspapers (local or international) discussing about globalization. They have 30 minutes to read. Activity 2. Brainstorming. Create a graphic organizer on your Microsoft word that connects the word globalisation. Explain the function of each word to support and define the word globalization. I LET’S NQUIRE! 1. What is globalisation? How did the concepts of globalisation do affect the lives of the people? 2. Why do we need to study and understand the role of globalisation in the current situation? 3. Does globalisation is important? Why or why not? I LET’S NFER! Through the following words below, explain how these words related to globalization. 1. Culture 2. Transportation 3. Communication  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Week 2 Lesson Title ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION TO DETERMINE THE ROOT OF GLOBALIZATION Learning Outcome(s) TO ASSESS HOW WORLD RELIGION AFFECT MEN’S CULTURE LEARNING INTENT! Terms to ponder Sceptical Approach- An approach that argue the side effects of globalization on the society are much greater than its positive effects. Hyperglobalist Approach- An approach in globalization that state it is real everywhere. It brings about accelerated economic interdependence and intense competition, which leads to qualitative economic growth. Transformationalist- This theoretical position argues that globalization should be understood as a complex set of interconnecting relationships through which power, for the most part, is exercised indirectly. They suggest that the globalization process can be reversed, especially where it is negative or, at the very least, that it can be controlled. Industrial Revolution- The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization and innovation that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and quickly spread throughout the world. Silk Road-ancient trade route, linking China with the West, that carried goods and ideas between the two great civilizations of Rome and China.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Essential Content: Questions addressed in this chapter include the following: 1. How did the globalisation develop? 2. What are the three approaches in globalization? 3. What are the roles of ancient road in developing the idea of globalisation? 4. What are the four phases of globalisation? In this time, globalisation seems to be the topic of fierce debates, protests and even violent confrontations between alleged anti- globalists and national governments. The massive protests against globalisation became visible for the first time during the World Trade Organisation (WTO) summit in Seattle (December 1999). The massive protest in Seattle became the starting-signal for more protests any time the WTO, World Bank, G8, or multinationals were to meet somewhere – as became apparent in Quebec, Geneva, Goteborg, and Genoa. Although the anti-globalist movement was initially portrayed as a bunch of rioting teenagers, there has been a gradually growing awareness that this protest movement is quite heterogeneous. It consists of various groups of people that do not all share the same vision. Some are against globalisation in its current form, which they claim is predominantly capitalist in character, whereas others do not contest a capitalist orientated globalisation as such, but want a more democratic and equal distribution of the benefits of globalisation. However, in the whole discussion about globalisation hardly anybody seems to deny the phenomenon as such. Apparently, it is  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached widely accepted that we are living in a globalising world. The debates and protests focus mostly on how globalisation should be defined, and how it should be directed – if it can be directed at all. Interestingly, globalisation became a hot topic from the late 1980s on, but hardly anybody mentioned it in the early 1980s, which brings us to the question why globalisation is such a hot issue now, but not twenty years ago? There are three dominant views in historical analyses of globalisation: a sceptical approach, a hyperglobalist approach, and the transformationalist thesis. Those who follow the sceptical line argue that internationalisation and global connections are by no means new phenomena. The globalisation sceptics place cultural, economic, political, social, and technological developments on an evolutionary line, implying that globalisation has existed for centuries and that the sum of developments only changes the scale and scope of globalisation, but not the intrinsic characteristics of the phenomenon itself. The hyperglobalist approach, on the other hand, does not deny the importance of previous developments, but identifies a historical break-point after which contemporary globalisation emerged. The previous eras are described as pre-globalisation, or periods of internationalisation. The followers of the transformationalist thesis radicalize the hyperglobalist approach by arguing that globalisation itself is the major force underlying the rapid, widespread social,  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached political, and economic changes that are currently reshaping and reconstituting modern societies and the world order. Each of these perspectives on globalisation emphasizes different factors as the key elements behind the contemporary impact of this phenomenon. Moreover, each vision presupposes a different definition of globalisation. Scholars agreed that ancient road help to spread the concept of globalisation. During 4000 BC, Sumerian was trading in the Indus Valley civilization. This means that, trade was sufficiently well organized to secure regular supplies not only of food stuffs from the fertile regions but also of gold, silver, copper, tin, lead. They might have been imported from the neighboring countries to the north and west, namely from Persia and Afghanistan. On the other hand, the manufactured goods including beads, knobbed pottery, vases and cloth were exported to Mesopotamia, Egypt and other countries. The ornaments include, fly amulets, such as were common in early Dynastic Mesopotamia, a pin with double scroll head, parallel to the double spiral headed pins which are distributed from the Indus-Valley through Annnan and Hissar-11 & III to Troy, the cyclades and the Balkans. Harappa was exporting timber, copper, gold, ivory, stones and beads. Thapar, (2013) has pointed out that this is in keeping with the patterns of trade, existing in the ancient period when Indian enterprise across the sea was limited to the sale of Indian goods where there was demand and not  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached involved to any large extent in acquiring the vital commodities unalienable in the sub- continent. This means that during the early times, the concept of globalisation has had started. Industrial Revolution, in modern history, is the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. This process began in Britain in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world. Although used earlier by French writers, the term Industrial Revolution was first popularized by the English economic historian Arnold Toynbee (1852–83) to describe Britain’s economic development from 1760 to 1840. Thus, through this revolution, the concept of globalisation had risen. The inventions of different machines and equipment had pushed the globalisation to develop. Globalisation in Medieval Period The Islamic period in the medieval era is an important epoch in the history of globalisation. This was when the Jewish and the Muslim traders started going to various parts of the world to sell various items. In China, the first postal service was introduced and paper was invented. Explorers like Columbus  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached and Vasco De Gama sailed through the ocean in search of new countries and establish trade links with them or to make other countries their colonies. SELF-SUPPORT: You can click the URL Search Indicator below to help you further understand the lessons. Search Indicator Rennen, W. & Martins, P. (2003) The Globalisation Timeline, International Centre for Integrative Studies, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 137–144 retrieved from https://journals.sfu.ca/int_assess/index.php/iaj/article/viewFile/136/91 Polanyi. K.C.M., Arensberg and H.W. P. (2005) Trade and Market in the Earzv Empires, pp. 250- 257 https://www.britannica.com Thompson, K. (2015) The Transformationalist View of Globalization retrieved from https://revisesociology.com/2015/09/24/transformationalist-globalization/ LET’S INITIATE! Instruction: Activity 1. Draw Me Up! Using ½ Manila paper, create a circle. Then draw the world map Activity Name: inside the circle. Using an arrow line, identify the timeline of Materials to prepare: development of globalization. 1. ½ Manila paper Locate the place of its origin to determine where and when it had 2. Cartolina developed. 3. Water Color or crayons. 4. Bond paper  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Week 3 Lesson Title The Global Economy Learning Outcome(s) To assess the millennium Development set forth by the United Nation. LEARNING INTENT! Terms to ponder United Nation-is an international organization established on October 24, 1945. The United Nations (UN) was the second multipurpose international organization established in the 20th century that was worldwide in scope and membership. Its predecessor, the League of Nations, was created by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and disbanded in 19 46. Headquarter in New York City. League of Nation- an organization for international cooperation established on January 10, 1920, at the initiative of the victorious Allied powers at the end of World War I. Millennium Development Goals (MDG)- are eight goals with measurable targets and clear deadlines for improving the lives of the world's poorest people established by the United Nations Millennium Summit in 2000. Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)- The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030. Micro Economics- is a branch of economics that studies the implications of incentives and decisions, specifically about how those affect the utilization and distribution of resources. Microeconomics  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached describes the pricing of products and money, causes of different prices to different people, how can provide more or less benefit to producers, consumers and others, and how individuals best coordinate and cooperate. Macro Economics- is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole. This includes regional, national, and global economies. Gross Domestic Product- is the total monetary or market value of all finished goods and services produced within a country’s boarders in a specific time period. Per capita- is a Latin term that translates to "by head." Per capita means the average per person and is often used in place of "per person" in statistical observances. The phrase is used with economic data or reporting but is also applied to almost any other occurrence of population description Essential Content: Questions addressed in this chapter include the following: 1. What impact the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) had and what should follow them after it expire? 2. What are the purposes of the creation of MDG? 3. How does the United Nation assess the function of MDG? 4. Who determine which goals the world is going to set? 5. What are the programs created before the establishment of MDG? 6. How did the other world agencies help in achieving the Millennium Development Goals?  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Economy plays an important role in improving the lives of the people all over the world. This is why world leaders trying to set goals in order to stabilize the health condition of economy and because of that there is a global economy. What is meant by global economy and how does the global economy works? The global economy has changed significantly over the past few decades, in the way that it is organised and governed by collaborating nations. These changes have repercussions that not only affect the flow of goods and services between countries, but also the movement of people. The global economy refers to the interconnected worldwide economic activities that take place between multiple countries. These economic activities can have either a positive or negative impact on the countries involved. Why is the global economy important? Economic importance at a micro and macro level: The increase in the world’s population has led to emerging markets growing economically, making them one of the primary engines of world economic growth. The growth and resilience shown by emerging markets is a good sign for the world economy. Before delving into the next point, you need to understand the concept of microeconomics. It refers to the study of the behaviour of households, individuals, and firms with respect to the allocation of resources and decision-making. In simpler terms, this branch of economics studies how people make decisions, what factors affect their decisions, and how  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached these decisions affect the price, demand, and supply of goods in the market. Therefore, from the perspective of microeconomics, some of the largest firms with high market value and a few of the richest individuals in the world hail from these emerging markets, which has helped in the higher distribution of income in these countries. However, many of these emerging countries are still plagued by poverty, and work still needs to be done to work towards eradicating it. Long-term world economic outlook According to financial and economic projections based on demographic trends and capital productivity models, the GDP in emerging market economies in 2019 are likely to keep increasing at a positive rate. According to an emerging markets economic forecast for 2019 conducted by Focus Economics, the economy is set to increase by 7.5% in India, 6.6% in Philippines, 6.3% in China, 5.3% in Indonesia, 5.1% in Egypt, 4.9% in Malaysia, 3.8% in Peru and 3.7% in Morocco. Millennium Development Goals The United Nations Millennium Development Goals were 8 goals that all 189 UN Member States have agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015. The United Nations Millennium Declaration, signed in September 2000, committed world leaders to combat poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation, and discrimination against women. These goals are; 1. to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; 2. to achieve universal primary education;  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached 3. to promote gender equality and empower women; 4. to reduce child mortality; 5. to improve maternal health; 6. to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases; 7. to ensure environmental sustainability; and 8. to develop a global partnership for development. SELF-SUPPORT: You can click the URL Search Indicator below to help you further understand the lessons. Search Indicator https://www.edology.com/ https://www.who.int/topics/millennium_development_goals/about/en/ https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/united-nations https://www.britannica.com/topic/United-Nations https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/microeconomics.asp LET’S INITIATE! Activity 1. Activity Name: ECONOGENDA Students will be divided into 3 groups. Each group will gather a group of countries according to their economic status. The group will identify the bases of the United Nations in ranking that particular country. Each will select at less 3 countries who have the highest GDP using a bar graph. LET’S INQUIRE! 1. Which country has the lowest and highest GDP? 2. Why did the United Nation establish or create the SDG despite there is a previous MDG? 3. Who do you think control the MDG? 4. Base on the data provided in the bar graph, what country do you can increase his GDP in the coming years and why?  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached I LET’S NFER! The Ambassador Speech! You are invited by the United Nations General assembly to attain and deliver a speech about the Millennium Development Goals proposal held at Geneva Switzerland. You are instructed by the UN officials to furnish a copy of the content of your speech in not less than 200 words.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Week 6 Lesson Title Theories of Global Stratification/Country Classification To identify the factors affecting the development of a country. To demonstrate the differences between the first, second, and Learning Outcome(s) third world countries. To explore the general contributions of a selected countries in the world. At SJPIICD, I Matter! LEARNING INTENT! Terms to ponder Geopolitical- defined as the influence of politics to specific country or the interest of international politics within the same area or location. Cold War- defined as war of ideology or a state of political hostility between USA and USSR existed from 1945-1990. Essential Content: Questions addressed in this chapter include the following: 1. What are the variables to consider in classifying a country? 2. Can the third world countries survive their economy even if there is no trading partner from first world country? Explain.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached 3. What are the other factors that you think may affect the development of a country? 4. Do you agree the variables in labelling the status of country? Why or Why not. 5. The Philippine has the highest GDP in Southeast Asia in 2018; despite of that, the Philippine is labelled as a third world country. Do you agree with this label? Explain your answer. To understand the current prevailing language, it helps to go back to tripartite classification of countries that began to emerge at the end of the 1940s as a result of Cold War. There has been complete agreement the labelling of each category (e.g should it be the free world or the capitalist-imperialist powers?) and (b) around where the boundaries should be drawn. (e.g Did China belong to Second World or Third world. But, in historical perspective, it was relatively easily to classify the countries of the world into small number of groups or basis rather than geographical location. The government of the First World and Second World embraced language that signalled a struggle between their two different systems and ideologies. On the other hand, the government of the Third World many of them have enjoyed independence in the early mid 1960’s, and most of them eager participants in the Non-aligned movement (founded in 19550 were willing for their countries to be labelled different from both the  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached capitalist First World and the Communist Second world, and implicitly identified as both disadvantaged and as a new and creative force. This “Third World” label was acceptable to the foreign policy and defence agencies of first world governments, as well as to their emerging foreign aid organizations. VARIABLES TO CONSDER IN CLASSIFYING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD Table 1. FIRST WORLD SECOND WORLD THIRD WORLD (Developing) Internal Features Political System Liberal Single Party Mixed, rarely democratic Communist rule democratic Economic Market Oriented Centrally Planned Variable System Income Level High Mixed generally Low Medium. Economic High Mixed Low growth rate External Features Main Trading Other First World First World Partners Countries Countries Geopolitical Geopolitical Aid Recipient, relationship to competition with Subordination, Other “World” Second world but actively non- Colonial Power aligned. over, aid donor to; and dominant over, most of the third World Influence in High Low main international economic institutions  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached I LET’S NITIATE! Activity Name: World Role Discuss together with your groupmates the disadvantages of first world countries to third world counties. LET’S INQUIRE! 1. What international organization has the highest number of member state? 2. What is the role of International Monetary Fund to maintain the economic stability of each member state? 3. How would the other country adapt the policy of international Trade LET’S INFER! 1. Apply the possible outcomes of a member state in the international trade organizations provided below using the organizer.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Week 5 Lesson Title Economic Globalization, Poverty, and Inequality 1. Determine the Impact of Urbanization and the rise of global city on the rural sector. 2. Determine the gap between rural and urban areas across Learning Outcome(s) the globe. 3. Evaluate the economic, social, and environmental status between the two countries. At SJPIICD, I Matter! LEARNING INTENT! Terms to ponder Third World- is an out dated and offensive term for developing nations characterized by a population with low and middle incomes and other socio-economic indicators. First World - the term first world referred to a country that was aligned with the United States and other western nations in opposition to the former-Soviet Union and its allies. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, this use of the term has largely evolved. Anti-sweatshop- Refers to campaigns increased dramatically in the 1990s. These campaigns took different forms: direct pressure to change legislation in developing countries, pressure on firms, newspaper campaigns, and grassroots  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached organizing. Activists targeted multinational firms in the textiles, footwear, and apparel sectors and helped spread consumer boycotts throughout college campuses. Human Development Index-was created to emphasize that people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone and the bases to identify the GNI per capita income. Poverty-scarcity or the situation in which a person lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. Urbanization- refers to the growth of towns and cities, often at the expense of rural areas, as people move to urban centres in search of jobs and what they hope will be a better life. In most countries the percentage of the total population living in urban areas is increasing.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Essential Content: Questions addressed in this chapter include the following: 1. Why poverty is needed to be stop? 2. How can the idea of economic globalization improve the level of poverty? Is there any positive effect of economic globalization? 3. Why did the United Nations adapt or consent the separation or dividing the world such as using first world and third world countries? 4. How does the poverty can affect the human development? 5. Why there is an Inequality? One of the most contentious issues of globalization is the effect of global economic integration on inequality and poverty. Dollar documents five trends in the modern era of globalization, starting around 1980. Poor country growth rates have accelerated and are higher than rich country growth rates - for the first time in modern history. The developing world economy grew at more than 3.5 percent per capita in the 1990s. The number of poor people in the world has declined significantly - by 375 million people since 1981 - the first such decline in history. The share of the developing world population living on less than $1 a day was cut in half since 1981.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Global inequality (among citizens of the world) has declined - modestly - reversing a 200-year-old trend toward higher inequality. Trend 4: There is no general trend toward higher inequality within countries. Wage inequality is rising worldwide (which may seem to contradict trend 4, but it does not because wages are a small part of household income in developing countries, which make up the bulk of the world in terms of countries and population). Furthermore, the trends toward faster growth and poverty reduction are strongest in the developing countries in which there has been the most rapid integration with the global economy, supporting the view that integration has been a positive force for improving people's lives in the developing world. Furthermore, Economic globalization is a surprisingly controversial process. Surprising, that is, to the many economists and policy makers who believe it is the best means of bringing prosperity to the largest number of people all around the world. Proponents of economic globalization have had a tendency to conclude that dissent and criticism is the result of ignorance or vested interest (Bardhan, 2003). They have argued that anti-sweatshop campaigners do not understand that conditions in the factories owned by multi- nationals tend to be better than those in comparable domestic firms; that environmentalists are denying the world's poor of the right to develop freely; and unionists in developed countries are protecting their interests at the expense of the workers in poorer parts of the world.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Globalization Globalization is the growing integration of economies and societies around the world (Collier and Dollar, 2001). It ranges from the issues of trade and services, movement of capital, growth and poverty of the world population, international migration to easier transportation and communication around the world. It is a complex process that affects many lives and above all, increased economic interdependence among countries. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) outlined four basic aspects of globalization - capital and investment movements, trade and transactions, dissemination of knowledge and the migration and movement of people (International Monetary Fund, 2000). The process of globalization affects and are affected by political, economics, socio-cultural, legal and natural factors. Globalization has in many ways been linked to development across the globe, of which one of the ultimate goals of development is poverty reduction. With the unprecedented entry of developing and low-income countries into the global economic integration, the discussion on globalization and poverty has heightened. Scholars and economists debate on whether globalization is the cause or cure for poverty.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Poverty Poverty is generally explained as the scarcity or the situation in which a person lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. It is a condition in which a community or a person lacks the essential needs to enjoy a minimum standard of living in the society (Lister, 2004). The United Nations defines poverty as the inability of getting choices and opportunities. This is explained in different scenarios as not having enough to feed and clothe a family, not having access to education and a school to go to, not having access to medical facilities or a clinic to go to, not having the land to grow food for personal consumption and/or not having the opportunity to hold a job to earn one’s living. The United Nations sees this a violation of human rights as the lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society results in insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals, households and communities into the societies’ mainstream. The World Bank defines poverty as a deprivation in well-being of which many dimensions are considered. These include low incomes and the inability to acquire basic goods and services deemed necessary for survival with dignity. Other dimensions included are poor  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached access to clean water and sanitation, low levels of health and education, inadequate physical security, lack of voice, and inadequate capacity and opportunity to better one’s life. Poverty is usually measured as either absolute or relative. In relative form, equality is shown as an index of income inequality. The study of poverty is often linked to globalization as the effect of globalization on the world’s poor is highly debated. Globalization proponents advocate that poverty is on the decline, due principally to the powers of globalization and the development it causes. In other words, these proponents accord great importance to globalization as a main and pertinent engine of growth and in the battle against poverty. Globalization is a surprisingly controversial process. Astonishing, that is, to the many economists and policymakers who believe it is the best means of bringing prosperity to the largest number of people world-wide. Supporters of economic globalization have had a tendency to conclude that dissent and criticism are the result of ignorance or vested interest (Bardhan, 2003).  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Bhagwati (2000) provides a good example of the way that some proponents of globalization have reacted to critics: “No one can escape the antiglobalists today.... This motley crew comes almost entirely from the rich countries and is overwhelmingly white, largely middle class, occasionally misinformed, often wittingly dishonest, and so diverse in its professed concerns that it makes the output from a monkey’s romp on a keyboard look more coherent. (p. 134)” Urbanization In most countries the percentage of the total population living in urban areas is increasing. In a number of small countries, such as Guadeloupe, Monaco, and Bermuda, 100 percent of the population lives in urban centres. On the other extreme, several of Africa’s poorest countries have an urban population of less than 10 percent of their total. Canada, with 79 percent of its population in urban centres, ranks 40th on the list of most urbanized countries in the world. It is predicted that by 2025 Canada will have 82 percent of its population in urban centres. Urbanization can have both positive and negative aspects. One of the advantages of living in a city is the market potential of the population; that is, there is a much greater variety of shopping opportunities than in rural areas. This may result in lower prices and longer shopping hours.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Most cities have shopping malls and big box centres with many different stores that stay open long hours, and that often include entertainment, food, recreation, and cultural activities to attract consumers. Many stores are owned by national and international chains, making it difficult for small independent businesses to succeed. Urban centres are able to provide a variety of services that small rural centres cannot. These might include a public transportation system, water and sewage services, a greater variety of educational and recreational facilities, and larger and more specialized healthcare facilities. On the negative side, cities may experience traffic jams, infrastructure breakdowns such as watermain breaks, lack of appropriate housing and jobs, and institutions that are so large that they become impersonal. Urban centres also provide a great variety of accommodation for their citizens ranging from individually owned houses to high-density apartments and condominiums. Many new developments include open spaces for playgrounds, schools, and community centres. Many cities, however, also have areas where housing is poor and may even have a homeless population, often in downtown neighbourhoods. This may give rise to shelters for the homeless and soup kitchens for those down on their luck. Smaller communities are often able to provide more help because they are likely to know the individuals who need  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached help and because there are fewer people in need. The downtown areas of many large cities are facing problems such as old, rundown buildings, empty stores, and substandard housing for the inner-city population. This often leads to a variety of social problems, including vandalism, crime, unemployment, and poverty. Sometimes cities do not have the resources or political will to save heritage buildings or to improve life in their downtown areas. In other cases, downtown renewal programs are having some success, but this in turn may mean that some of the poorer population can no longer afford to live there. Dealing with the problems of the inner city remains a challenge for many urban centres in Canada and around the world. SELF-SUPPORT: You can click the URL Search Indicator below to help you further understand the lessons. Search Indicator Dollar, David, Globalization, Poverty, and Inequality Since 1980 (September 19, 2004) Scorse, A. & Harrison, A (2010) Multinationals and Anti- Sweatshop Activism Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/132270993.pdf Urbanization retrieved from: https://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/socstud/frame_found _sr2/tns/tn-40.pdf  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached LET’S INITIATE! Activity 1. Activity Name: The Comparison Find one municipality in rural areas and city in urban areas. Identify the difference between the two about the economy, technology, population, and social status. Follow the organizer below. Fig. 1 ECONOMY TECHNOLOGY RURAL SOCIAL STATUS POPULATION Fig. 2 TECHNOLOGY ECONOMY URBAN SOCIAL STATUS POPULATION  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached LET’S INQUIRE! 5. What are the factors that could produce poverty? 6. How would the member states in the United Nations to cure the gap between the rich and poor? 7. Do you agree the policy implemented by the United Nations about economization? Why or why not? LET’S INFER! 1. Explain the differences between USA and Morocco in terms of their; a) economy b) technology c) social status d) GDP 2. What are the possible impacts of urbanization to natural resources? 3. How come the nature of inequality applies in bringing the idea of economic globalization? Can this be happening to the first world countries? Explain the possible factors or reasons of why these countries still have inequalities.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Week 6 Lesson Title The First, Second, and the Third World (Country Classification) To identify the factors affecting the development of a country. To demonstrate the differences between the first, second, and Learning Outcome(s) third world countries. To explore the general contributions of a selected countries in the world. At SJPIICD, I Matter! LEARNING INTENT! Terms to ponder Geopolitical- defined as the influence of politics to specific country or the interest of international politics within the same area or location. Cold War- defined as war of ideology or a state of political hostility between USA and USSR existed from 1945-1990.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Essential Content: Questions addressed in this chapter include the following: 6. What are the variables to consider in classifying a country? 7. Can the third world countries survive their economy even if there is no trading partner from first world country? Explain. 8. What are the other factors that you think may affect the development of a country? 9. Do you agree the variables in labelling the status of country? Why or Why not. 10. The Philippine has the highest GDP in Southeast Asia in 2018; despite of that, the Philippine is labelled as a third world country. Do you agree with this label? Explain your answer. To understand the current prevailing language, it helps to go back to tripartite classification of countries that began to emerge at the end of the 1940s as a result of Cold War. There has been complete agreement the labelling of each category (e.g should it be the free world or the capitalist-imperialist powers?) and (b) around where the boundaries should be drawn. (e.g Did China belong to Second World or Third world. But, in historical perspective, it was relatively easily to classify the countries of the world into small number of groups or basis rather than geographical location. The government of the First  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached World and Second World embraced language that signaled a struggle between their two different systems and ideologies. On the other hand, the government of the Third World many of them have enjoyed independence in the early mid 1960’s, and most of them eager participants in the Non-aligned movement (founded in 19550 were willing for their countries to be labelled different from both the capitalist First World and the Communist Second world, and implicitly identified as both disadvantaged and as a new and creative force. This “Third World” label was acceptable to the foreign policy and defence agencies of first world governments, as well as to their emerging foreign aid organizations. SELF-SUPPORT: You can click the URL Search Indicator below to help you further understand the lessons. References: 1. Dan, H., Moore, D., & Hobert, S. (2009) Country Classifications for Changing World Retrieved: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.2040- 0209.2009.00326_2.x 2. Retrieved from https://dental.washington.edu/wp- content/media/research/WorldBank_EconomyRanks_2018.pdf 3. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2011/wp1131.pdf  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached VARIABLES TO CONSDER IN CLASSIFYING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD Table 1. FIRST WORLD SECOND WORLD THIRD WORLD (Developing) Internal Features Political System Liberal Single Party Mixed, rarely democratic Communist rule democratic Economic Market Oriented Centrally Planned Variable System Income Level High Mixed generally Low Medium. Economic High Mixed Low growth rate External Features Main Trading Other First World First World Partners Countries Countries Geopolitical Geopolitical Aid Recipient, relationship to competition with Subordination, Other “World” Second world but actively non- Colonial Power aligned. over, aid donor to; and dominant over, most of the third World Influence in High Low main international economic institutions  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached LET’S INITIATE! Students will be divided in three group. Each group will select their country to represent from First, Second and Third world. Group 1- First World Group 2- Second World Group 3- Third World Each group will deliver the following content base of the country they represent in. A. Political System B. GDP C. Per Capita D. Tourist LET’S INQUIRE! 1. What are the advantages in first world countries? 2. How did the third world countries survive their economy? 3. Why countries from third world have no strong economy? What do you think are the other factors affecting to improve their economy? 4. Compare and Contrast the economy of Japan and Philippines. Who do you think is the most advantage?  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached I LET’S NFER! Conduct a deep investigation between the country of South Korea and the Philippines during 1960’s and 70’s. Compare their differences today in terms of; A. Economy B. Technology C. Military 1. What do you think are the reasons why the Philippines are far from the South Korea today? 2. Do you think 50 years from now; we can be the same as South Korea? How? Explain using 100 words.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Week 8 Lesson Title Theories of Global Stratification 1. Determine the theories of global stratification Learning Outcome(s) 2. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of being part of the modern world. LEARNING INTENT! Words to Explore Global stratification- refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals and groups in societies around the world. Global inequality- refers to the unequal distribution of resources among individuals and groups based on their position in the social hierarchy. Classic sociologist Max Weber analyzed three dimensions of stratification: class, status, and party. Modern sociologists, however, generally speak of stratification in terms of socioeconomic status (SES). A person’s SES is usually determined by their income, occupational prestige, wealth, and educational attainment, though other variables are sometimes considered. Modernization- refers to a model of a progressive transition from a 'pre-modern' or 'traditional' to a 'modern' society. Dependency- refers to a dependent or subordinate thing, especially a country or province controlled by another.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Essential Content: Essential Questions: 1. Why there is a global stratification? 2. What are the bases in stratifying the countries around the world? 3. How can the poor country adapt the new system to develop their economic status? 4. What are the difference between Dependency theory and theory of modernization? 5. Which theory do you believe and why? Stratification and Inequality Stratification refers to the range of social classes that result from variations in socioeconomic status. Significantly, because SES measures a range of variables, it does not merely measure economic inequality. For example, despite earning equal salaries, two persons may have differences in power, property, and prestige. These three indicators can indicate someone’s social position; however, they are not always consistent. Inequality occurs when a person’s position in the social hierarchy is tied to different access to resources, and it largely depends on differences in wealth. For example, a wealthy person may receive higher quality medical care than a poor person, have greater access to nutritional foods, and be able to attend higher caliber schools. Material resources are notdistributed equally to people of all economic statuses.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached While stratification is most commonly associated with socioeconomic status, society is also stratified by statuses such as race and gender. Together with SES, these shape the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges among individuals. For example, within a given social class, women are less likely to receive job promotions than men. Similarly, within American cities with heavily racially-segregated neighborhoods, racial minorities are less likely to have access to high quality schools than white people. Perspectives Towards Stratification Stratification is generally analyzed from three different perspectives: micro, meso, and macro. Micro-level analysis focuses on how prestige and personal influence create inequality through face-to-face and small group interactions. Meso-level analysis focuses on how connections to organizations and institutions produce inequality. Macro-level analysis considers the role of economic systems in shaping individuals’ resources and opportunities. Macro-level analyses of stratification can include global analyses of how positions in the international economic system shape access to resources and opportunities. For example, the small African nation of Cape Verde is significantly indebted to European nations and the U.S., and the majority of its industry is controlled by foreign investors.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached As the nation’s economy has ceded control of once- public services, such as electricity, its citizens have lost jobs and the price of electricity has increased. Thus, the nation’s position in the world economy has resulted in poverty for many of its citizens. A global structure, or a macro-level phenomenon, produces unequal distribution of resources for people living in various nations. Global Social Stratification People in countries around the world experience different access to resources and opportunities and different standards of living, based on their position in the global hierarchy. Theory of development and modernization This theory argue that poor nations remain poor because they hold onto traditional attitudes and beliefs, technologies and institutions, such as traditional economic systems and forms of government. Modernists believe large economic growth is the key to reducing poverty in poor countries. Dependency theory This theory blames colonialism and neocolonialism (continuing economic dependence on former colonial countries) for global poverty. Countries have developed at an uneven rate because wealthy countries have exploited poor countries in the past and today through foreign debt and transnational corporations (TNCs). According to dependency theory, wealthy  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached countries would not be as rich as they are today if they did not have these materials, and the key to reversing inequality is to relieve former colonies of their debts so that they can benefit from their own industry and resources. World systems theory This theory suggests that all countries are divided into a three-tier hierarchy based on their relationship to the global economy, and that a country’s position in this hierarchy determines its own economic development. According to world systems theory as articulated by sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein, core countries are at the top of the global hierarchy as they can extract material resources and labor from less developed countries. These core countries own most of the world’s capital and technology, and have great control over world trade and economic agreements. Semiperipheral countries generally provide labor and materials to core countries, which benefits core countries but also increases income within the semiperipheral country. Peripheral countries are generally indebted to wealthy nations, and their land and populations are often exploited for the gain of other countries.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached SELF-SUPPORT: You can click the URL Search Indicator below to help you further understand the lessons. Search Indicator Receivedfrom: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless- sociology/chapter/global-stratification/ Retrievedfrom: https://us.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm- assets/109691_book_item_109691.pdf Retrievedfrom: https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/gbabcock/PDFs/Anderse nCh9.pdf I LET’S NITIATE! Activity 1. Provide the similarities and dissimilarities of Theory of Global Stratification. THEORIES OF GLOBAL STRATIFICATION Theory of Similarity Dissimilarity development and modernization Dependency Theory World systems theory  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached LET’S INQUIRE! 1. What the best theory to apply in global division? 2. Which do you believe most in dividing the world? Why? 3. As discussed in our previous lesson, what are other indicators in determining the label of a particular country? 4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a country being part of modern world? I LET’S NFER! Activity 1. Conduct a research about country in African Continent and compare this country from North America. Identify their historical background on how these two countries developed?  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Week 9 Lesson Title International Financial Institution 1. Determine the functions of different financial institution. Learning 2. Identify the characteristics and functions of each Outcome(s) institution. At SJPIICD, I Matter! LEARNING INTENT! Terms to ponder International Monetary Fund- is an organization of 189 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. World Trade Organization- is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world's trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade- is a legal agreement between many countries, whose overall purpose  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached was to promote international trade by reducing or eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas. Essential Content: Questions addressed in this chapter include the following: 1. What is Bretton Wood Agreement? 2. How Bretton Wood Impact the economy and development of member nations? 3. What are the financial institutions created under Bretton Wood Agreement? 4. Why did that Bretton Wood Agreement Collapsed? 5. What is the function of World Trade Orgaization? 6. What is the connection of GATT and WTO to Bretton Agreement? The Bretton Woods Agreement was negotiated in July 1944 by delegates from 44 countries at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. Thus, the name “Bretton Woods Agreement. Under the Bretton Woods System, gold was the basis for the U.S. dollar and other currencies were pegged to the U.S. dollar’s value. The Bretton Woods System effectively came to an end in the early 1970s when President Richard M. Nixon announced that the U.S. would no longer exchange gold for U.S. currency.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached The Bretton Woods Agreement and System Explained Approximately 730 delegates representing 44 countries met in Bretton Woods in July 1944 with the principal goals of creating an efficient foreign exchange system, preventing competitive devaluations of currencies, and promoting international economic growth. The Bretton Woods Agreement and System were central to these goals. The Bretton Woods Agreement also created two important organizations—the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. While the Bretton Woods System was dissolved in the 1970s, both the IMF and World Bank have remained strong pillars for the exchange of international currencies. Though the Bretton Woods conference itself took place over just three weeks, the preparations for it had been going on for several years. The primary designers of the Bretton Woods System were the famous British economist John Maynard Keynes and American Chief International Economist of the U.S. Treasury Department Harry Dexter White. Keynes’ hope was to establish a powerful global central bank to be called the Clearing Union and issue a new international reserve currency called the bancor. White’s plan envisioned a more modest lending fund and a greater role for the U.S. dollar, rather than the creation of a new currency. In the end, the adopted plan took ideas from both, leaning more toward White’s plan.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached It wasn't until 1958 that the Bretton Woods System became fully functional. Once implemented, its provisions called for the U.S. dollar to be pegged to the value of gold. Moreover, all other currencies in the system were then pegged to the U.S. dollar’s value. The exchange rate applied at the time set the price of gold at $35 an ounce. Benefits of Bretton Woods Currency Pegging The Bretton Woods System included 44 countries. These countries were brought together to help regulate and promote international trade across borders. As with the benefits of all currency pegging regimes, currency pegs are expected to provide currency stabilization for trade of goods and services as well as financing. All of the countries in the Bretton Woods System agreed to a fixed peg against the U.S. dollar with diversions of only 1% allowed. Countries were required to monitor and maintain their currency pegs which they achieved primarily by using their currency to buy or sell U.S. dollars as needed. The Bretton Woods System, therefore, minimized international currency exchange rate volatility which helped international trade relations. More stability in foreign currency exchange was also a factor for the successful support of loans and grants internationally from the World Bank.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached The IMF and World Bank The Bretton Woods Agreement created two Bretton Woods Institutions, the IMF and the World Bank. Formally introduced in December 1945 both institutions have withstood the test of time, globally serving as important pillars for international capital financing and trade activities. The purpose of the IMF was to monitor exchange rates and identify nations that needed global monetary support. The World Bank, initially called the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, was established to manage funds available for providing assistance to countries that had been physically and financially devastated by World War II. In the twenty-first century, the IMF has 189 member countries and still continues to support global monetary cooperation. Tandemly, the World Bank helps to promote these efforts through its loans and grants to governments. The Bretton Woods System’s Collapse In 1971, concerned that the U.S. gold supply was no longer adequate to cover the number of dollars in circulation, President Richard M. Nixon devalued the U.S. dollar relative to gold. After a run on gold reserve, he declared a temporary suspension of the dollar’s convertibility into gold. By 1973 the Bretton Woods System had collapsed. Countries were then free to choose any exchange arrangement for their currency, except pegging its value to the price of gold. They could, for example, link its value to another country's currency, or a basket of currencies, or simply let it float freely and allow market  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached forces to determine its value relative to other countries' currencies. The Bretton Woods Agreement remains a significant event in world financial history. The two Bretton Woods Institutions it created in the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank played an important part in helping to rebuild Europe in the aftermath of World War II. Subsequently, both institutions have continued to maintain their founding goals while also transitioning to serve global government interests in the modern-day. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), signed on Oct. 30, 1947, by 23 countries, was a legal agreement minimizing barriers to international trade by eliminating or reducing quotas, tariffs, and subsidies while preserving significant regulations.1 The GATT was intended to boost economic recovery after World War II through reconstructing and liberalizing global trade. The GATT went into effect on Jan. 1, 1948. Since that beginning it has been refined, eventually leading to the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on January 1, 1995, which absorbed and extended it. By this time 125 nations were signatories to its agreements, which covered about 90% of global trade. The Council for Trade in Goods (Goods Council) is responsible for the GATT and consists of representatives  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached from all WTO member countries. As of October 2020, the council chair is Swedish Ambassador Mikael Anzén. The council has 10 committees that address subjects including market access, agriculture, subsidies, and anti-dumping measure One of the key achievements of the GATT was that of trade without discrimination. Every signatory member of the GATT was to be treated as equal to any other. This is known as the most-favored-nation principle, and it has been carried through into the WTO. A practical outcome of this was that once a country had negotiated a tariff cut with some other countries (usually its most important trading partners), this same cut would automatically apply to all GATT signatories. Escape clauses did exist, whereby countries could negotiate exceptions if their domestic producers would be particularly harmed by tariff cuts. Most nations adopted the most-favored-nation principle in setting tariffs, which largely replaced quotas. Tariffs (preferable to quotas but still a trade barrier) were in turn cut steadily in rounds of successive negotiations History of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) The GATT held eight rounds of meetings between April 1947 and December 1993. Each of the conferences had significant achievements and outcomes.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached The first meeting was in Geneva, Switzerland, and included 23 countries. The focus in this opening conference was on tariffs. The members established tax concessions touching over US$10 billion of trade around the globe. The second series of meetings began in April 1949 and were held in Annecy, France. Again, tariffs were the primary topic. Thirteen countries were at the second meeting, and they accomplished an additional 5,000 tax concessions reducing tariffs. Starting in September 1950 the third series of GATT meetings occurred in Torquay, England. This time 38 countries were involved,and almost 9,000 tariff concessions passed, reducing tax levels by as much as 25%. Japan became involved in the GATT for the first time in 1956 at the fourth meeting along with 25 other countries. The meeting was in Geneva, Switzerland, and again the committee reduced worldwide tariffs, this time by US$2.5 billion.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached World Trade Organization Created in 1995, the World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international institution that oversees the global trade rules among nations. It superseded the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) created in the wake of World War II. The WTO is based on agreements signed by the majority of the world’s trading nations. The main function of the organization is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers protect and manage their businesses. As of 2019 the WTO has 164 member countries, with Liberia and Afghanistan the most recent members, having joined in July 2016, and 23 “observer” countries. Understanding the World Trade Organization The WTO is essentially an alternative dispute or mediation entity that upholds the international rules of trade among nations. The organization provides a platform that allows member governments to negotiate and resolve trade issues with other members. The WTO’s main focus is to provide open lines of communication concerning trade between its members.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached For example, the WTO has lowered trade barriers and increased trade among member countries. On the other hand, it has also maintained trade barriers when it makes sense to do so in the global context. Therefore, the WTO attempts to provide negotiation mediation that benefits the global economy. Once negotiations are complete and an agreement is in place, the WTO then offers to interpret that agreement in the event of a future dispute. All WTO agreements include a settlement process, whereby the organization legally conducts neutral conflict resolution. No negotiation, mediation, or resolution would be possible without the foundational WTO agreements. These agreements set the legal ground rules for international commerce that the WTO oversees. They bind a country’s government to a set of constraints that must be observed when setting future trade policies. These agreements protect producers, importers, and exporters while encouraging world governments to meet specific social and environmental standards.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Advantages and Disadvantages of the World Trade Organization (WTO) The history of international trade has been a battle between protectionism and free trade, and the WTO has fueled globalization with both positive and adverse effects. The organization’s efforts have increased global trade expansion, but a side effect has been a negative impact on local communities and human rights. Proponents of the WTO, particularly multinational corporations (MNCs), believe that the organization is beneficial to business, seeing the stimulation of free trade and a decline in trade disputes as beneficial to the global economy. Skeptics believe that the WTO undermines the principles of organic democracy and widens the international wealth gap. They point to the decline in domestic industries and increasing foreign influence as negative impacts on the world economy. As part of his broader attempts to renegotiate U.S. international trade deals, President Trump has threatened to withdraw from the WTO, calling it a “disaster.” A U.S. withdrawal from the WTO could disrupt trillions of dollars in global trade.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached SELF-SUPPORT: You can click the URL Search Indicator below to help you further understand the lessons. Search Indicator Chen, J & Barnier, B. (2020) https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/brettonwoodsagree ment.asp Tarver, E. (2020) https://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/wto.asp Retrieved from https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/whatis_e. htm Ayenagbo, K., & Kimatu, JN.,& Jing, Z., & Nountenin, S. (2010) Analysis of the importance of general agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT) and its contribution to international trade retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228631129  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached LET’S INITIATE! Activity 1. 1. Investigate a country who decided to leave from any of three organization. Determine the positive and negative impact after leaving the said organization/s in terms of its economy. I LET’S NQUIRE! 1. What is the status of that country after leaving the organization? 2. How would the country response the new norms of trading after leaving the organization. 3. What do you think is the advantages and disadvantages in leaving such organization? I LET’S NFER! Identify the similarities among the Bretton Agreement, WTO, and GATT. GATT BRETTON AGREEMENT WTO SIMILARITIES  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Week 12 Lesson Title The Global Interstate System 1. Examine the interactions between the nation-state and international organization 2. Determine the functions of institutions that govern Learning Outcome(s) international organizations. 3. Identify other effects in globalization. At SJPIICD, I Matter! LEARNING INTENT! Terms to ponder International Monetary Fund- is an organization of 189 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. Organization of Economic Corporation Development European Union- Refers as an international organization comprising 27 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies. Originally confined to Western Europe, the EU undertook a robust expansion into central and Eastern Europe in the early 21st century.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement- was implemented in order to promote trade between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. The agreement, which eliminated most tariffs on trade between the three countries, went into effect on January 1, 1994. Marshall Plan- also known as the European Recovery Program, was a U.S. program providing aid to Western Europe following the devastation of World War II.... In addition to economic redevelopment, one of the stated goals of the Marshall Plan was to halt the spread communism on the European continent. The Schuman Declaration- is a statement made by French foreign minister Robert Schuman on 9 May 1950. It proposed to place French and West German production of coal and steel under one common High Authority. Essential Content: Questions addressed in this chapter include the following: 1. What is global interstate system? The global interstate system is structured politically as an interstate system- this is a system competing and allying states. This system connects country in the entire world.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Identity Age Identity in the Age of Information a quick glance at the criticisms and resistance challenging cultural globalization indicates most of it is aimed to challenge the virtue of globalization and its contradiction with integrity of identities. For example, Manuel Castells, the Spanish sociologist and professor at the University of Berkeley, concludes that our world and our lives are being shaped through two opposite trends namely, globalization and integrity of identities. The information revolution and reconstruction of capitalism have established a new society that could be called the “network society” (Castells, 2005). The most important characteristic of this society is its prevalent culture established by a diverse and comprehensive media system. This novel society threatens traditional social institutions and alters both culture and collective identity. Simultaneously, it creates wealth and poverty and thus introduces fresh threats and opportunities. For Castells, identity is “the process of construction of meaning on the basis of a cultural attribute, or a related set of cultural attributes, that is given priority over other sources of meaning” (Castells, 1997, p. 6). For a given individual, or for a collective actor, there may be a plurality of identities, but these are a source of stress and contradiction in both self-representation and social action Lacking a concise and accurate definition of identity in the age of information and globalization, it is impossible to define the role of mass media as the most important contemporary instrument for strengthening or weakening of the identity crisis. In the definition of identity, two conflicting components namely its old elements and historical roots along with the elements of current events and future changes must be considered. Thus, identity has two components of correlation and individuality. A relevant example is the interaction of  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached an individual with his/her society (either the national society or the international society). The individual constantly receives input from the environment and at the same time possesses his/her unique characteristics, which differentiates his/her independence from social pluralism. If the aforesaid definition of identity is accepted, then it is evident that correlation and interaction causes alterations in the individual as well as the surrounding environment (Khaniki, 2001). SELF-SUPPORT: You can click the URL Search Indicator below to help you further understand the lessons. Search Indicator 4. Kenton, W. (2020) https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/nafta.asp 5. Hayes, A. (2020) https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/emu.asp 6. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/GuideMin orities13en.pdf  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached LET’S INITIATE! Activity 1. Task A. 1. Using a table below, illustrate the changes of the three member countries in NAFTA before and after the creation of this association in terms of their GDP, Per Capita and value of Currencies compare to European Countries. BEFORE NAFTA DURING NAFTA MEXICO GDP- GDP- CANADA PER CAPITA PER CAPITA USA CURRENCY CURRENCY I LET’S NQUIRE! Task A. 1. How did the NAFTE improve the economy of North American Countries? 2. What is the difference in terms of their economy? 3. What is/are the impact/s European countries and Asian in the creation of NAFTA? Task B. Read the question thoroughly and choose the letter of the best answer. 1. What treaty helps to establish the European Union? a. Maastricht Treaty b. Treaty of Paris c. Treaty of Versailles d. Treaty of Oxford  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached 2. How many countries did European Union Have? a. 24 b. 25 c. 26 d. 21 3. What founding country from EU decided to exit last year because want to decide with their own about their policies both internal and external? a. Luxembourg b. Germany c. United Kingdom d. Greece 4. Who signed NAFTA into law? a. Regan b. Bush c. Clinton d. Trump 5. Which of these countries is not a member of EU? a. France b. Poland c. Belgium d. Pakistan LET’S INFER! In 50-80 words, explain the difference between NAFTA and EU, including their roles towards the member- nations.  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Week 13 Lesson Title History of Market Integration To trace the history of market integration. Learning Outcome(s) To determine the information revolution. At SJPIICD, I Matter! LEARNING INTENT! Terms to ponder Market- a meeting place of people for the purpose of trade by private purchase and sale and usually not by auction. Market Integration- Occurs when prices among different locations or related goods follow similar patterns over a long period of time. Essential Content: Questions addressed in this chapter include the following: 5. What is Market Integration? 6. How did market develop? 7. What are technologies helps to spread the concept of marketing? 8. What other factors helps the development of marketing integration?  ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached Market Integration The nineteenth century saw substantial advances in international market integration, and the creation of a truly world economy. Technological advance was critical in this. The railroad locomotive and the marine steam engine revolutionized world transport from the 1830s onwards. Steamships connected the world's ports to each other, and from the ports the railroads ran inland, creating a new and faster world transport network. Freight rates fell, and goods could be carried across the world to ever more distant markets and still be cheaper in those faraway places than the same item produced locally. Linked closely to these changes was the electric telegraph, whose lines often ran along the new railroad networks. Telegraph systems were established in most countries, including the major market of British India, until 1854. Beginning with the first transatlantic cable, which was laid by steamship in 1866, these existing domestic telegraph systems were linked together by marine cables. The resulting international information network was crucial in communicating details of prices and price movements, reducing the cost of making deals and transactions. An infrastructural change of major significance came in 1869 with the opening of the Suez Canal, which linked the Mediterranean Sea by way of Egypt to the Red Sea: now ships sailing from Europe to Asia could take the new shortcut rather than sail all the way around Africa. Immediately Asia was some 4,000 miles closer to Europe in transport terms, and freight costs fell. Yet the low efficiency of early steamships meant that many bulk cargoes such as rice still were carried to Europe from Asia by sail around the Cape of Good Hope. Technological change in the shape of stee