Reviewer LWR L6 - L13 PDF

Lesson 6 Rizal's Journey to Spain 1. Rizal's Decision to Go to Spain: o Year: 1882 o Secret mission: ▪ Observe European life, culture, languages, industries, and governments. o Initial destination: Barcelona. ▪ W...

Lesson 6 Rizal's Journey to Spain 1. Rizal's Decision to Go to Spain: o Year: 1882 o Secret mission: ▪ Observe European life, culture, languages, industries, and governments. o Initial destination: Barcelona. ▪ Wrote his first nationalistic essay "El Amor Patrio". Relocation to Madrid: o Moved due to: ▪ Cholera outbreak ▪ Leonor Rivera's sadness o Enrolled at the Universidad Central de Madrid. o Studied Medicine, Philosophy, Letters. o Improved in French, German, English. Other Activities in Madrid: o Joined the Circulo Hispano-Filipino. o Wrote “Me Piden Versos”. o Became a Freemason, joining Acacia Lodge in 1883. o Attracted to Consuelo Ortiga y Perez, wrote A La Señorita C.O.y P., but backed off due to loyalty to Leonor Rivera. 2. Achievements: o Earned Licentiate in Medicine in 1884. o Excelled in Philosophy and Letters. LESSON 7 Rizal's Higher Education and the Propaganda Movement 1. Propaganda Movement (1872–1892): o Filipino liberals and students in Europe developed national identity. o Goals: ▪ Equality for Filipinos and Spaniards. ▪ Civil liberties, freedom of speech and press. ▪ Representation in the Spanish Cortes. ▪ Filipinization of parishes. ▪ Incorporation of the Philippines as a province of Spain. 2. Rizal vs. del Pilar Leadership Struggle: o Internal division between Rizalistas (Rizal’s supporters) and Pilaristas (del Pilar’s supporters). o Rizal won initial votes but declined leadership due to internal disunity. 3. Rizal and Luna Conflict: o Strained relationship due to romantic interest in Nelly Boustead. o Rizal challenged Antonio Luna to a duel, but it was prevented by friends. 4. Rizal and Retana Conflict: o Wenceslao Retana accused Rizal’s family of non-payment of rent in Calamba. o Rizal challenged Retana to a duel; Retana later apologized. 5. Impact on Philippine Society: o Sparked conversations on social, political, and economic inequalities. o Fostered nationalism and the desire for self-governance. 6. Diversity in Strategies: o Some, like Rizal, preferred peaceful reforms through writings and publications like La Solidaridad. LESSON 8 Rizal’s Education, Life Abroad, and Noli Me Tangere 1. Rizal’s Dedication to Medicine: o Studied ophthalmology to cure his mother's failing eyesight. o Continued his medical studies in France and Germany under renowned doctors like Louis de Wecker and Otto Becker. 2. Other Experiences in Europe: o Learned German and French. o Joined the Chess Player's Club in Heidelberg. o Wrote scholarly papers like "Taglische Verkunst". o Became friends with Feodor Jagor, a prominent author. 3. Financial Struggles: o Lived in cheap boarding houses. o Skipped meals to save money for his research and writing. o Faced difficulties funding the publication of Noli Me Tangere. 4. Maximo Viola and Noli Me Tangere: o Maximo Viola funded the publication of Noli Me Tangere. o The novel was published in March 1887. o Viola was a close friend of Rizal and supported the Propaganda Movement. 5. European Adventure with Viola: o Traveled to cities like Dresden, Prague, Vienna, Salzburg, Munich, and Geneva. o Celebrated his 26th birthday with Viola in Geneva. 6. Return to the Philippines: o Returned in August 1887 after publishing Noli Me Tangere. o Faced turmoil as the novel was banned, and Rizal was accused of being a German spy. o Opened a medical clinic and gymnasium in the Philippines. 7. Second Grand Tour (1888-1892): o Traveled to Hong Kong, Japan, United States, London, and Paris.  o Reunited with his family in Hong Kong. o Returned to Manila in June 1892. Noli Me Tangere (1887) – A novel that exposed the social injustices in the Philippines under Spanish rule. It played a key role in awakening Filipino nationalism. El Filibusterismo (1891) – A sequel to Noli Me Tangere, this novel was more radical, focusing on revolutionary ideas and criticizing the Spanish government and the Church. La Solidaridad – Although not solely his publication, Rizal contributed essays and articles to this reformist newspaper that aimed to inform and influence Spanish officials regarding Philippine issues. Essays: o El Amor Patrio (The Love of Country) o Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos (On the Indolence of Filipinos) o Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años (The Philippines a Century Hence) These works reflect Rizal's advocacy for reform, education, and nationalism. LESSON 9 Arrival in Manila (June 1892): Dr. José Rizal returned to Manila on June 26, 1892, driven by his belief that reforms should happen in the Philippines. He was accompanied by his sister Lucia and met with Governor-General Despujol later that day. Founding of La Liga Filipina (July 1892): Rizal took a bold step by establishing La Liga Filipina on July 3, 1892, aimed at promoting unity and reform. Constitution drafted by Rizal: 1. National unity 2. Mutual support 3. Justice and equality 4. Progress The first meeting took place at the home of Doroteo Ongjunco in Tondo, Manila. Among the founding members was Andres Bonifacio, a key figure in later revolutionary efforts. Key Characters: President Ambrosio Salvador: Led the Supreme Council of La Liga Filipina. Treasurer Agustin de la Rosa: Managed the organization's finances. Secretary Deodato Arellano: Responsible for documentation and records. Fiscal Bonifacio Arévalo: Acted as the legal advisor and guardian of the organization's interests. Structure and Responsibilities: La Liga Filipina operated under the motto "Unus Instar Omnium" (One Like All), symbolizing unity. Supreme Council governed the organization, while Provincial and Popular Councils managed operations at local levels. Members had responsibilities like obedience, recruitment, confidentiality, and upholding the Liga’s values. Rizal and Governor-General Despujol: Tension arose in Rizal’s final meeting with Despujol over the rejected proposal for a Filipino colony in North Borneo. Rizal defended his plan, but Despujol had concerns about local land development (Craig, 1913). Aftermath of La Liga Filipina: La Liga Filipina’s impact was brief but significant. After Rizal's arrest on July 6, 1892, members like Andres Bonifacio sought a more radical approach, leading to the establishment of the Katipunan on July 7, 1892. While the Katipunan would overshadow La Liga Filipina, Rizal’s ideas continued to inspire reform efforts. Lesson 11 Rizal's Exile in Dapitan (1892-1896) 1. Reasons for Rizal's Exile o Rizal’s writings and activism were seen as a threat to the Spanish colonial government. He was accused of inciting rebellion after the 1896 Philippine Revolution. 2. Living Conditions in Dapitan o Initially harsh: Rizal lived in a small house under heavy guard. Eventually, restrictions were relaxed, allowing more freedom within Dapitan. 3. Duration of Rizal's Stay o Rizal was exiled in Dapitan for four years, from 1892 to 1896. He was then transferred to Fort Santiago in Manila and executed on December 30, 1896. 4. Rizal's Medical Practice o He used his medical skills to treat locals for free, including helping improve their overall health with local plant-based medicines. 5. Educational Contributions o Rizal established a school for boys in his home, teaching science, math, languages, and agriculture. 6. Agricultural Projects o Rizal introduced modern agricultural techniques, encouraging the adoption of new farming methods and improved food production. 7. Community Contributions o He designed and constructed a water system, providing clean drinking water to Dapitan’s residents. 8. Impact of Rizal's Work o His efforts significantly improved the lives of locals, providing medical care, education, and promoting agricultural development. 9. Rizal's Writings During Exile o Despite restrictions, Rizal continued writing letters, poems, and even worked on a project studying Philippine languages. Rizal's Talents and Achievements in Dapitan 1. Poetry and Languages o Rizal continued writing poems and studying languages during exile. He delved into Bisayan, Subanum, and Malayan languages, and even wrote a Tagalog grammar book. 2. Artistic Talents o Rizal was also an artist, creating drawings, sculptures, and designs. He portrayed life in Dapitan through his sketches and sculptures. 3. Inventions o He invented the "Sulipakan," a cigarette lighter using compressed air, and worked on a brick-making machine to improve construction efficiency. Rizal’s Relationship with Josephine Bracken 1. Love in Exile o In 1895, Josephine Bracken arrived in Dapitan, seeking Rizal's medical expertise for her adoptive father. Their relationship blossomed despite societal challenges, including their inability to marry due to Rizal's exile status. 2. Family Life o Josephine became pregnant, giving birth to their son, Francisco Rizal, who sadly passed away shortly after birth. 3. Enduring Love o After Rizal’s execution in 1896, Josephine Bracken faced hardship but continued to honor Rizal’s legacy, seeking recognition for his contributions to the country. ggh Lesson 12 Rizal’s Trial, Exile & Death Execution and Death Rizal’s Last Day (December 30, 1896): Rizal, wearing a black suit, white shirt, and black tie, was dignified even on his final day. He was accompanied by Lieutenant Luis Taviel de Andrade and two Jesuit priests, Fathers March and Vilaclara. Despite his hands being chained, Rizal walked with poise. A loosely tied rope allowed him some movement. Crowds gathered from Fort Santiago to Plaza del Palacio (near Manila Cathedral), but as Rizal approached the execution site, his calm demeanor captured attention. Execution: Before being shot, Rizal made a final request to the firing squad, which was denied. He indicated where to aim for a swift death. The initial shots missed, prompting a soldier to approach and shoot him in the head. His final words were "Consummatum Est" (It is finished). At 7:03 AM, the command "Fuego!" marked the start of the execution, and he was pronounced dead three minutes later. Aftermath: Rizal's body was transported to Paco Cemetery by a San Juan de Dios Hospital cart. The burial was kept private due to concerns that Filipinos might take pieces of his clothing as relics. A small group of family friends placed a marble slab with reversed initials to honor him discreetly. Impact of Rizal's Execution: Rizal's death did not quell the independence movement; rather, it intensified it. His execution marked a strategic mistake for Spain, leading to increased nationalism, international scrutiny, and the growth of the Katipunan. The Philippine Revolution continued, and the Philippines gained independence in 1898. Rizal is celebrated as a National Hero for his struggle for freedom. LESSON 13 Rizal’s Execution (December 30, 1896) 1. The Journey to Bagumbayan o Dressed in black, with a dignified composure, Rizal walked from Fort Santiago to Bagumbayan (Luneta) for his execution. Along the way, he commented on the beauty of the sunrise, pointing out landmarks like Corregidor Island and Ateneo College. o His final request to face the firing squad was denied, as orders dictated he be shot in the back. 2. Execution at Bagumbayan o Filipino soldiers, coerced by colonial powers, were ordered to execute their fellow countryman, with Spanish troops overseeing the process. The event was highly symbolic of colonial power. o A Spanish surgeon, intrigued by Rizal's calm demeanor, checked his pulse, noting it was steady and showed no sign of fear. 3. Rizal’s Last Moments o Blindfolded and standing tall, Rizal placed his hand on his chest, signaling where the soldiers should aim for a quick death. After the initial volley of shots, he fell, and “shots of grace” followed to ensure his death. o The Spanish national anthem played after the execution, in stark contrast to the gravity of the event. 4. Burial in Paco Cemetery o Rizal’s body was discreetly transported to Paco Cemetery an hour after his execution. He was dressed in a black suit and derby hat, garments he had worn during his European travels. o His burial was conducted in secret. Family and friends marked his grave with a marble slab bearing his reversed initials, “J.P.R.” Impact and Legacy of Rizal’s Execution 1. Increased Nationalism o Rizal’s execution outraged many Filipinos, igniting nationalist sentiments and turning him into a martyr for the revolution against Spanish rule. His death symbolized Spanish oppression and became a rallying point for independence. 2. International Scrutiny o The execution drew international attention, exposing the harsh tactics of the Spanish colonial government and further tarnishing Spain’s global image. 3. Growth of the Katipunan o While Rizal was not directly involved with the Katipunan, his execution fueled the revolutionary group’s resolve. The Katipunan gained more members and momentum in their fight for independence. 4. Loss of Public Support for Spain o Rizal’s death alienated many Filipinos who had previously been neutral or supportive of Spanish rule. His execution turned many into sympathizers of the revolutionary cause. 5. Continued Revolution o Despite Rizal’s death, the Philippine Revolution continued to gain strength, eventually leading to the country’s independence in 1898. Symbol of Colonial Oppression: Rizal’s execution highlighted the lengths to which Spain was willing to go to maintain control over the Philippines. Catalyst for Independence: Rather than suppressing the independence movement, Rizal’s death intensified it, marking a turning point in the revolution. Legacy of Martyrdom: Rizal’s martyrdom solidified his place as a national hero, remembered for his peaceful fight for freedom and self-determination.