Tissues Review 1A PDF

Tissues Animal Tissues Embryonic tissues – Endoderm – Mesoderm – Ectoderm Adult tissues – Epithelial – Connective – Muscle – Nervous Tissues Properties influenced by – Cells in tissue – Extracellular materials – Fibers Collagen: tough, flexibl...

Tissues Animal Tissues Embryonic tissues – Endoderm – Mesoderm – Ectoderm Adult tissues – Epithelial – Connective – Muscle – Nervous Tissues Properties influenced by – Cells in tissue – Extracellular materials – Fibers Collagen: tough, flexible Elastic: resilient Reticular: netlike – Ground substance Around cells and fibers Gelatinous, fluid, solid Tissues Properties are influenced by connections between cells – Adhesion junctions: hold cells together – Tight junctions: create seal between cells – Gap junctions: allow materials to move from cell to cell  Each of the following is a type of embryonic tissue EXCEPT A. endoderm B. ectoderm C. epithelium D. mesoderm Matching Create seal between cells to create barrier. Hold cells together and allow material to move from one cell to another. Hold cells together but do not create a seal or allow materials to move from cell to cell. Gap junctions Tight junctions Adhesion junctions Matching Form netlike framework. Return to original shape after being stretched. Ropelike; strong and flexible. Collagen fibers Reticular fibers Elastic fibers Epithelial Tissue Functions – Densely packed sheets of cells Protection: e.g., skin Absorption: e.g., digestive tract Secretion: e.g., glands Epithelial Tissue Lumens of tracts (opens to external environment) – Digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive Lumens of ducts Lining of body cavities and organs Skin, glands Epithelial Tissue Apical surface – Faces lumen or external environment – Releases secretions – May have microvilli or cilia Basal (basolateral) surface: usually supported by basal membrane Cells often bound by tight junctions Often avascular (no blood vessels) Cells are regularly worn away and regenerated Each of the following is true about epithelial tissue EXCEPT A. it is specialized for protection, secretion, and absorption B. it lines tracts, body cavities, and the lumens of ducts C. it is prominent in glands D. it is characterized by few cells in an extensive extracellular matrix The basal surface of an epithelial cell A. is typically supported by a basal membrane B. has microvilli and cilia C. faces the external environment or lumen of a duct or space in the body D. all of the above Epithelial tissue A. is highly vascular B. has many nerves C. is regularly regenerated D. all of the above Epithelial Tissue Cell shapes – Squamous—flattened – Cuboidal—cube-like – Columnar—long and thin Layering of cells – Simple—single layer – Stratified—multiple layers Epithelial Tissue: Glands Endocrine Glands – Secretions into blood; hormones Exocrine Glands – Secretions into ducts Thyroid gland – Tubular: cylindrical – Acinar: rounded outside; tubular inside – Alveolar: rounded outside; sac-like inside – Sometimes have myoepithelial cells with contractile properties Epithelial Tissue Endothelium: inner lining of blood and lymph vessels Mesothelium: lines body cavities, on surface of organs Which picture shows simple columnar epithelial tissue? A. picture A B. picture B C. picture C B C A Endocrine glands release secretions into ducts. A. True B. False Mesothelium is the epithelial tissue forming the inner lining of blood vessels. A. True B. False The exocrine gland labeled A is A. acinar B. alveolar C. tubular A Epithelial Membranes Epithelial tissue supported by connective tissue Basement membrane between epithelial and connective tissue Cutaneous, mucous, and serosal membranes Synovial Membranes At joints Connective tissue; no epithelial tissue Epithelial Membranes Cutaneous Membrane—Skin – Epidermis (epithelial tissue) – Dermis (connective tissue) – Basement membrane Mucous Membranes – Line respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts Serous Membranes (Serosa) Consist of connective tissue layer and mesothelium Line body cavities and surface of organs Secrete fluid lubricating body cavities and organs Serous Membranes (Serosa) Naming: location – Pleura: Chest cavity and lungs – Pericardium: Sac with heart and heart – Peritoneum: Abdominopelvic cavity and organs Naming: wall of cavity vs. surface of organ – Parietal: lines walls of cavity – Visceral: lines organs Serosal membranes A. form the skin B. line tracts in the body C. line organs and spaces that do not open to the external environment D. are membranes found in moveable joints and lack epithelial tissue The serosal membrane on the surface of the lungs is the A. parietal peritoneum B. visceral peritoneum C. parietal pleura D. visceral pleura Connective Tissue General: holds things together – Loose: areolar, reticular – Fibrous: dense regular, dense irregular – Adipose Special: support, transport – Cartilage, bone, blood Usually few cells, extensive extracellular material Usually vascular (some exceptions) Usually innervated (some exceptions)  Connective Tissue: Cells Cells that secrete extracellular material – Fibroblasts (fibrous and loose connective tissue) – Chondroblasts (cartilage); mature into chondrocytes – Osteoblasts (bone); mature into osteocytes Defense cells – Macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells Loose Cartilage Bone Connective tissue is typically characterized by cells tightly packed together and connected by tight junctions. A. True B. False Which cells produce the extracellular matrix in fibrous and loose connective tissue? A. chondroblasts B. osteoblasts C. fibroblasts D. mast cells, plasma cells, and macrophages Fibrous Connective Tissue Densely packed, thick collagen fibers; strong dense regular: parallel fibers – e.g., tendons, ligaments dense irregular: woven fibers – e.g., joint capsule, dermis of skin Loose Connective Tissue Areolar connective tissue – Thin collagen and elastic fibers – e.g., attaches skin to muscle Reticular connective tissue – three-dimensional network of fibers in gelatinous matrix – e.g., in liver, spleen Adipose tissue Adipocytes (have large fat droplets) Cells are not spaced far apart Energy storage, cushioning, insulation Which type of connective tissue has thick collagen fibers woven together to withstand force in multiple directions? A. areolar B. reticular C. dense regular D. dense irregular Adipose tissue A. stores energy B. provides insulation C. cushions organs D. all of the above Connective Tissue Blood—cells in fluid matrix (plasma, has many proteins) Lymph—fluid, proteins collected from body Bone—rigid support Cartilage—flexible support Muscle Tissue— Specialized for contraction, generates tension Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle Nervous Tissue— Specialized to conduct electrical impulses Integumentary System Integumentary System Skin – Epidermis—superficial layer; epithelial tissue – Basement membrane— – Dermis—deep layer; connective tissue, nerves, blood vessels Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) – Areolar and adipose tissue, nerves, blood vessels Integumentary System Derivatives of skin – Hair – Nails – Glands: sweat glands, oil glands Functions of Integumentary System— Defense (barrier) Helps prevent desiccation (barrier) Waterproofing Screens uv radiation (pigments) – Prevents damage to DNA – Prevents breakdown of folic acid (vitamin B) Synthesizes vitamin D (w/ help of uv radiation) Thermoregulation (insulation, sweat glands) Sensory receptors (touch, temperature) Secretion, excretion, absorption The integumentary system includes A. skin B. the hypodermis C. hair, nails, and glands D. all of the above Which of the following is a function of the integumentary system. A. protection against pathogens B. protection against uv radiation C. thermoregulation D. protection against desiccation E. all of the above Epidermis Keratinocytes – Most common type of cells; multiple layers – Produce keratin – Move from deep to superficial part of epidermis Fill with keratin, die, worn away – Release antimicrobial and waterproofing substances Epidermis Melanocytes – Produce melanin; transferred to keratinocytes Protects against uv radiation Merkel cells: sensory Langerhans cells: defense Layers of the Epidermis Stratum Basale – Single layer: Keratinocyte stem cells; new keratinocytes move up through layers Melanocytes, Merkel cells Layers of Epidermis Stratum Spinosum – Multiple layers of keratinocytes; Langerhans cells; transfer of melanin to keratinocytes Stratum Granulosum – Keratinocytes secrete waterproofing and antimicrobial substances – Keratinocytes fill with keratin, flatten, undergo apoptosis Layers of Epidermis Stratum Lucidum: Clear, flat, dead keratinocytes (palms, fingertips, soles) Stratum Corneum – Most external part of epidermis – Many layers thick – Dead cells filled with keratin, continuously shed In the epidermis, waterproofing materials are produced by A. keratinocytes B. melanocytes C. Langerhans cells D. Merkel cells In the epidermis, keratinocytes fill with keratin, flatten, and undergo apoptosis in the A. stratum basale B. stratum spinosum C. stratum granulosum D. stratum corneum Dermis Strong, flexible connective tissue Nerves; sensory cells Blood vessels Hair follicles Glands Dermis: Papillary Layer Areolar connective tissue Projections—papillae – Capillaries – Interlock with epidermis – Hands and feet: form epidermal ridges for grasping Dermis: Reticular Layer Dense irregular connective tissue – Network of tough collagen fibers – Elastic fibers Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) Adipose, areolar connective tissue Anchors skin to underlying structures Insulation Energy storage Cushioning (palms, soles of feet) The reticular layer of the dermis A. is comprised primarily of dense irregular connective tissue B. interlocks with the epidermis C. helps form epidermal ridges for grasping D. all of the above The hypodermis is a layer of fat and areolar connective tissue deep to the dermis. A. True B. False Hair Dead keratinocytes; extracellular keratin Grows from follicle Sensory functions, protection, insulation Hair Follicle Sheath around hair – Inner layers of epithelial cells – Outer layer of connective tissue Has sensory neurons attached Arrector pili muscles – Attach to follicle – Cause hair to become erect; goose bumps Skin, Hair, and Eye Color Melanin – Eumelanins: brown, black – Pheomelanins: yellow, red Blue eyes – No blue pigment; air pockets interact with melanin Hair is comprised primarily of collagen. A. True B. False Arrector pili muscles attach to hair follicles and cause hairs to stand up. A. True B. False Eumelanins consist of yellow and red pigments. A. True B. False Sebaceous glands – Oily secretions (sebum): lubricate skin and hair – Acinar (rounded outside, tubular inside) – Empty into hair follicles or open onto surface of skin  Eccrine sweat glands – Thin, watery secretions – Produce sweat for evaporative cooling, elimination of waste – Large number all over body – Long, coiled (tubular) – Open to surface of skin  Apocrine glands – Viscous secretions with proteins and lipids Produce odor; bacteria digest secretions – Prominent in armpits and anogenital regions – Tubular: long, coiled – Empty into hair follicles Which glands produce watery secretions for evaporative cooling. A. apocrine B. eccrine C. sebaceous Which glands are acinar glands? A. Sebaceous glands. B. Eccrine glands. C. Apocrine glands.