Practical Microbiology for Respiratory Therapist

Practical MICROBIOLOGY for respiratory therapist By PROF SAHAR ALI Faculty of Medicine Menoufia University 2025 Section 5  [Type here] Respiratory tract module Influenza virus (orthomyxoviruses):...

Practical MICROBIOLOGY for respiratory therapist By PROF SAHAR ALI Faculty of Medicine Menoufia University 2025 Section 5  [Type here] Respiratory tract module Influenza virus (orthomyxoviruses): ⮚ composition: ∙ Single-stranded, negative-sense segmented RNA virus (8 segments). ∙ The envelope is covered with two types of spikes, 1- haemagglutinin (HA) 2-neuraminidase (NA). 3 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an enveloped, negative-sence, single-stranded RNA virus from the paramyxoviridae family that causes respiratory tract infections. The viral genome encodes 11 proteins, three of which, small hydrophobic (SH), Attachment glycoprotein (G) and fusion (F).  Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Pathogenesis All have fusion spikes (F) that mediate virus fusion with cell and cell to cell fusion and form multinucleated giant cell (Syncytium).  Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) bundle It is a group of evidence-based interventions that, when implemented together, have been shown to reduce the risk of ventilator- associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients who are mechanically ventilated in intensive care units (ICUs).  The VAP bundle typically includes the following five interventions: 1️⃣Head-of-bed elevation: Keeping the head of the bed elevated to 30-45 degrees helps to reduce the risk of aspiration of gastric contents into the lungs. 2️⃣Peptic ulcer disease prophylaxis: This involves using medication to reduce the risk of developing stomach ulcers, which can increase the risk of VAP. 3️⃣Daily sedation vacation: This involves temporarily discontinuing sedation medications for a period of time each day to assess the patient's readiness to be extubated (have the breathing tube removed). This helps to reduce the amount of time that patients spend on a ventilator, which can help to reduce the risk of VAP. 4️⃣Daily oral care: This involves cleaning the patient's mouth and throat with chlorhexidine solution to help reduce the number of bacteria in the mouth, which can help to reduce the risk of VAP. Here are some additional tips for preventing VAP: ▪️Make sure that the patient's airway is suctioned regularly to remove any secretions that may contain bacteria. ▪️Change the ventilator tubing and filters according to the manufacturer's recommendations. ▪️Use aseptic technique when suctioning the patient's airway. ▪️Provide adequate nutrition and hydration. ▪️Monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of VAP, such as fever, cough, shortness of breath, and changes in white blood cell count.