Renewable & Non-Renewable Energy - Year 8 Slides

RENEWABLE & NON RENEWABLE ENERGY Year 8 -2025  SOLAR ENERGY Advantages Disadvantages Require little maintenance Expensive to install. The process is silent. Electricity generation depends on the countries exposure...

RENEWABLE & NON RENEWABLE ENERGY Year 8 -2025  SOLAR ENERGY Advantages Disadvantages Require little maintenance Expensive to install. The process is silent. Electricity generation depends on the countries exposure to sunlight, limiting the amount of countries. Solar energy is clean and renewable Solar energy will last forever. Causes no pollution.  HYDROELECTRICITY Advantages Disadvantages Considered clean Expensive and must be built to a very high standard. Saves natural resources Floods can cause the loss of natural environments, they get destroyed. Renewable The building of large dams serious geological damage. Typical Hydroelectric Dam Does not cause pollution or People living where the dam is greenhouse gases. being built must move out in the case of a flood. The lakes water can be used for irrigation purposes. The build up of water can be used to store the energy.  WIND ENERGY Advantages Disadvantages Does not cause any greenhouse The strength of the wind is not gases or pollution. constant, this affects the outcome of the energy Take up small amounts of space. Wind turbines are noisy. Wind turbines have a role to play Threat to wildlife in developed and third world countries. The wind is free and with the use The wind fluctuates of technology, it can be captured. Is clean and renewable Reduces fossil fuel consumption Low running costs.  WAVE ENERGY Advantages Disadvantages Renewable Effect on marine ecosystem Environmentally Dependant on wave friendly. length. No damage to land Weak performance during bad weather Widely available May disturb private and commercial vessels.  TIDAL ENERGY Advantages Disadvantages Environmentally friendly. High cost of the construction of the power plant is high. Doesn’t require any fuel to May disrupt migration of run. fish. The life of the tidal energy Weather effects. power plant is very long. Patterns are predictable Renewable  GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Advantages Disadvantages Reduces reliance on High cost for fossil fuels. electricity NO pollution High installation costs Renewable Transportation of the energy is not easy. No fuel required Harmful and toxic gases may be released, which is harmful to humans. Environmentally friendly. 1.Best renewable energy for Australia’s future! I believe that solar energy is the best source of renewable energy for Australia. It can be produced anywhere in cities or outback areas. Although initial set up is a bit expensive, since Australia gets a lot of Sunlight it will be easy to capture. It does not produce any greenhouse emission and ordinary individuals can play a role in creating the energy needed for each households. Once installed no running cost involved.  2. THE BEST FOR AUSTRALIA’S FUTURE I believe the best renewable energy for the future is wind energy. Wind energy is very useful and doesn’t cause greenhouse gases or pollution. Wind turbines are suitable as they take up a very small amount of space. They have roles to play in both developed, and in third world countries. The wind is free which is the main source and with the use of technology it can easily be captured as well as having low running costs. Wind energy is clean as well as being renewable. The use of wind energy reduces fossil fuel consumption.  LOCATION IN AUSTRALIA There are 23 wind farms in Australia. There are 57 wind farms operating in Australia including a total of 1188 turbines. NON RENEWABLE ENERGY-COAL Coal is formed from fossilised plants. Advantages Disadvantages Relatively affordable Isn’t environmentally friendly Easy to burn Can cause pollution Produces high amounts of energy Isn’t renewable Underground mining is dangerous as it can cause explosions and cave-ins NON RENEWABLE ENERGY-OIL Oil is formed from fossilised animals. Advantages Disadvantages Has a great amount of power. Pollution of water and Earth Easy to distribute Easy to transport  NUCLEAR ENERGY Advantages Disadvantages Reliable Environmental impact No greenhouse gases Radioactive waste deposits Easy transportation High cost for initial set up Low pollution May cause nuclear accidents. Low operation costs Australia has very large amount of Uranium resource Combustion of Alcohols Aim: To determine the most efficient alcohol as a fuel Equipments:100 ml water, spirit burners,Conical flask, retort stand, bosshead and clamp, measuring cylinder, thermometer, stopwatch, ethanol,(C2H5OH), Propanol (C3 H7OH), Butanol (C4H9OH) Pentanol (C5H11OH) Variables: Independent: Type of alcohols Dependent: The amount of heat energy produced by each alcohol in Joules Controlled Variables: same set up and equipment, same amount of water 100ml, same initial temperature of water at room temperature, same heating time (2 min), same distance between burner and conical flask. Method: Measure 100 ml water and pour into the conical flask Set up equipment as shown in the diagram Measure initial temperature of water Heat water for 2 minutes using the first alcohol Record the final temperature of water and record observation Repeat for the other alcohols Calculate the amount of heat energy produced using the formula Q= mC Δ T Where m= mass of water 100g C = Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 (Constant) Δ T = Change in temperature (Final - Initial temp) Alcohol Mass of Initial Final Change in Amount of heat energy water in temperature temperature temperature produced in Joules grams in degree in degree ΔT (Q= mC ΔT) centigrade centigrade Ethanol 100 Propanol 100 Butanol 100 Pentanol 100 Alcohol Mass of Initial Final Change in Amount of heat energy water in temperature in temperature in temperature produced in Joules grams degree degree ΔT (Q= mC ΔT) centigrade centigrade Ethanol 100 25 56 3 100 X 4.18 X 31 =12.958 J Propanol 100 25 64 39 100 X 4.18 X 39 = 16,302 J Butanol 100 25 72 47 100 X 4.1 X 47 = 19,646 J Pentanol 100 25 86 61 100 X 4.18 X 61 = 25.498 J  GRAPH Graph the amount of energy produced by different alcohols Fuel +Oxygen water vapour + carbon dioxide + energy Discussion: Ethanol is the least effective fuel as it produces the least amount of heat energy Q. However, we add it to petrol to create E10 fuel for cars as it is environmentally friendly and produces the least amount of carbon dioxide. Conclusion: Ethanol was the least effective and Pentanol was the most effective alcohol as a fuel. What is crude oil? Crude oil is a naturally occurring viscous black oil. The raw material is made up of complex organic hydrocarbon structures and is formed from living matter that existed many millions of years ago, and in that time that matter has been processed by geological forces to create its current form of black oil. While it is sometimes found at the surface level, crude oil is mostly obtained by drilling for oil in the ground at oil wells on land, and at oil rigs at sea. The majority of crude oil is drilled from oil fields in the Middle East, with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia leading global production. Other major producers are Russia, China, Canada and the US.  Fractional distillation of Crude Oil Fractional distillation of crude oil is the process by which we obtain all the various petroleum products that we rely on from crude oil distillation This is the technique used to separate a mixture of two miscible liquids with different boiling points by heating it and then condensing it using a cooling tube. E.g water and ethanol The boiling point for water is 100 while for ethanol it is 78.  Distillation Experiment Aim: To separate two liquids (miscible) with different boiling points ( lavender perfume or orange scent) from its mixture. Equipment: Lavender/ Orange peels/ wine and water mixture, Conical flask with side arm, cloth, beaker, test tube, test tube rack, pestle and mortar, Bunsen burner, match box, tripod, gauze mat, thermometer, pestle and mortar (if using lavender) and stopper  Method: Crush lavender using pestle and mortar. Put the crushed lavender with some water into the conical flask and close with the stopper attached to the thermometer. Wet the cloth and wrap it around the side arm. Nuclear radiations  Nuclear Fission Nuclear fission is a process in nuclear physics in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei as fission products, and usually some by-product particles. Hence, fission is a form of elemental transmutation. Nuclear Fission Chain reaction Nuclear Fusion Deuterium and tritium are isotopes of hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe. While all isotopes of hydrogen have one proton, deuterium also has one neutron and tritium has two, so their ion masses are heavier than protium, the isotope of hydrogen with no neutrons.  Plastics Thename Plastic is derived from Greek word “plastikos’ which means able to be moulded. Uses of Plastic: 1.Food containers 2.Plastic bags and packaging 3. Toys 4. Pipes 5. Building materials 6. Cling wrap 7.Car parts 8.Rubbish bins 9.Cling wrap  Plastics Qualities of Plastic: 1. Strong 2. Light weight 3. Cheap to make 4. Range of Colours 5. Can be moulded into anty shape 6. Impermeable to water  Monomers and Polymers Plastic is a synthetic Polymer made up of single units called Monomers. All monomers of Plastic contain the element Carbon. Other elements may be Hydrogen, Oxygen, chlorine, fluorine and Nitrogen.  Examples of Polymers Casein is a polymer made up of many monomers called amino acids. The name Poly means ‘many’ and used in naming many plastics. Eg, Poly Vinyl acetate. PVA made up of monomers called Vinyl Acetate.  Making Casein Plastic Aim: To make Caesin Plastic. Equipment: 100 ml of milk, white vinegar, 250 ml beaker, glass rod, conical flask, Filter paper, Filter Funnel, Retort Stand, Boss head, matches. Diagram:  Method: 1. Take 250 ml milk into a beaker. 2. Heat the milk to about 50 degrees. 3. Remove milk from the heat and add about 5ml white vinegar drop by drop stirring carefully with a glass rod. The milk will separate to whey (liquid) and curds (solid). 4.