PSYCH5_Rathus_Ch01 (1) (1).pdf

1 What is Psychology? Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Define psychology and describe what psychologists do 2...

1 What is Psychology? Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Define psychology and describe what psychologists do 2. Describe the origins of psychology and discuss people who have made significant contributions to the field 3. Identify the theoretical perspectives from which psychologists today view behavior and mental processes 4. Explain how psychologists study behavior and mental processes, focusing on the scientific method and samples and populations Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2 PSYCH5 | CH1  LEARNING OUTCOMES (continued) 5. Explain how psychologists engage in research—including methods of observation, correlation, and experimentation— to learn about behavior and mental processes 6. Discuss ethical standards that govern psychological research with humans and animals 7. Identify and discuss principles of critical thinking Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 3 Psychology is…  What I thought Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 5 PSYCH4 | CH1  How the media portrays Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6 PSYCH4 | CH1  How some scientists think of it Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7 PSYCH4 | CH1  How some scientists think of it Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 8 PSYCH4 | CH1  How students will look like after several semesters Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9 PSYCH4 | CH1  LO 1 Psychology Scientific study of behavior and mental processes Goal To describe, explain, predict, and control Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 10  LO 1 2 types of Behavior Overt behavior- can be observed or seen by others. Covert behavior- can be observed or seen only by the person performing it. Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 11  Truth or Fiction? Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 12  LO 1 Theory Allows one to: Propose reasons for relationships among events Derive explanations Make predictions Psychological theories combine statements about behavior, mental processes, and biological processes Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 13  LO 1 What Do Psychologists Do? Conduct research Pure research Applied research Practice psychology Teach Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 14  LO 1 Fields of Psychology Clinical Experimental Counseling Industrial School Organizational Educational Human factors Developmental Consumer Personality Health Social Forensic Environmental Sport Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 15 Fields of Psychology Psychology is divided in to many branches. Divisions are caused by differences of: -Methods -Aspects of behavior to be studied -Objectives -Interest -training and background of psychologist. Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 16 Fields of Psychology Developmental Psychology how human being grows and changes from conception to death. Domains of development; physical and motor, intellectual, personal, emotional, moral and social. Sequences and rate of maturation, size and ability in relation to age. Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 17 Fields of Psychology Personality Psychology Studies human differences, factors that make the differences and development. Understanding of personality is based on many perspectives; psychoanalytic, social learning, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive. Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 18 Fields of Psychology Social Psychology How the behavior of a person or a group influences the behavior of another person or group. How people learn attitude and emotions, skills, actions, new perceptions, new ways of speaking and of living with others. These behaviors are learned through interaction, communication and interpersonal relationships. How social contexts shape thinking and behavior. Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 19 Fields of Psychology Industrial/Organizational Psychology behavior of workers at working places; industries, companies, institutions or at any working situation. various aspects of behavior in relation to work interest, efficiency, satisfaction, diligence and commitment leading to maximum production and prof i t. causes of low production as related to human behavior. workers’ level of motivation, morale, working schedules, working routines as related to their attitudes and values. Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 20 Fields of Psychology Clinical Psychology It deals with behavior problems, emotional disorders and behavior that indicate that the person is abnormal. Employs Psychotherapy-- a procedure of treating abnormal behavior using interview techniques. Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 21 Fields of Psychology Counseling Psychology It deals with helping people to make decision about life; work, education or marriage. This is applied in institutions, schools or in society. Clinical and counseling psychology are interrelated. They tackled almost the same problems and use the same methods but differ in degree of severity. Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 22 Fields of Psychology Experimental Psychology studies basic causes of behavior, biological and social, that cut across different species. formulate theories that can be applied in other situations. Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 23 Fields of Psychology Physiological Psychology It studies biological basis of behavior, the function of the body and behavior. Example the causes of anger, brain and memory, secretion of hormones and emotional arousal, genes and behavior patterns. Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 24 Fields of Psychology Educational Psychology is an applied branch of psychology because it applies knowledge of general psychology in teaching and learning. Every branch of psychology contributes something in Educational psychology. Understanding the scope of other branches of psychology is important for the teacher. Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 25 Linkage between Educational psychology and other branches of psychology Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 26  LO 2 Ancient Contributors to Psychology Aristotle Democritus Socrates Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 27  LO 2 1. Truth or Fiction? More than 2,000 years ago, Aristotle wrote a book on psychology with contents similar to the one you're now reading TRUE! Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 28  LO 2 2. Truth or Fiction? The ancient Greek philosopher Socrates suggested a research method that is still used in psychology TRUE! Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 29  LO 2 Psychology as a Laboratory Science Gustav Theodor Fechner Published Elements of Psychophysics (1860) Wilhelm Wundt Established the first psychological laboratory (1879) Classroom demonstration Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 30  LO 2 Structuralism Founded by Wilhelm Wundt Breaks conscious experiences into objective sensations, subjective feelings, and mental images Belief – Mind functions by combining objective and subjective elements of experience Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 31  LO 2 Functionalism Founded by William James Focused on behavior in addition to the mind or consciousness Used direct observations to supplement introspection Influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution Adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 32  LO 2 Behaviorism Founded by John Broadus Watson Focus is on learning observable behaviors Observable behaviors – Behaviors observable by specialized instruments B. F. Skinner believed that learned behavior is behavior that is reinforced Reinforcement: Stimulus that follows a response and increases the frequency of the response Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 33  LO 2 Figure 1.2 The Power of Reinforcement Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 34 PSYCH5 | CH1  LO 2 Gestalt Psychology Founded by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler Focuses on perception and its influence on thinking and problem solving Perceptions are more than the sum of their parts Learning is active and purposeful Accomplished by insight and not mechanical repetition Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 35  LO 2 Figure 1.3 Gestalt Psychology and the Importance of Context Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 36 PSYCH5 | CH1  LO 2 Figure 1.4 Gestalt Psychology: Some Insight Into Insight Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 37 PSYCH5 | CH1  LO 2 Psychoanalysis Founded by Sigmund Freud Theory of personality Proposes that people’s lives are influenced by unconscious ideas Method of psychotherapy Helps patients gain insight Seeks socially acceptable ways to express wishes and gratify needs Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 38  LO 3 Biological Perspective Seeks relationships Biological Perspective This is a photograph of Charles Darwin. between: Brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution Behavior and mental processes Charles Darwin Most adaptive organism manages to mature and reproduce Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 39  LO 3 Cognitive Perspective Looks at mental processes to understand human nature Studies those things that are referred to as the mind Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 40  LO 3 Humanistic–Existential Perspective Humanism - Stresses on human capacity for self-fulfillment, roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making Existentialism - Stresses on free choice and holds people responsible for the choices made Based on the works of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 41  LO 3 Psychodynamic Perspective Neoanalysts - Contemporary psychologists who follow theories derived from Freud Famous psychologists include Karen Horney and Erik Erikson - Focus more on conscious choice and self- direction than unconscious processes Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 42  LO 3 Perspectives on Learning Behaviorist view Learning occurs through learning histories, situations, and rewards and not through conscious choice Social–cognitive theorists Suggest that : - People modify and create their environment - Cognition plays a key role - People engage in intentional learning through observation Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 43  LO 3 Sociocultural Perspective Focuses on the influence of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status on behavior and mental processes Ethnicity Members of an ethnic group share cultural heritage, race, language, or history Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 44  LO 3 Sociocultural Perspective (continued) Gender: Culturally defined concepts of Sociocultural Perspective (continued) This is a photograph of Mary Whiton Calkins. masculinity and femininity Involves cultural expectations and social roles Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 45  LO 3 3. Truth or Fiction? Men receive the majority of doctoral degrees in psychology FICTION! Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 46  LO 3 4. Truth or Fiction? Even though she had worked to complete all the degree requirements, the first female president of the American Psychological Association turned down the doctoral degree that was offered to her TRUE! Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 47  LO 4 Figure 1.5 Scientific Method Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 48 PSYCH5 | CH1  LO 4 Steps Involved in the Scientific Method Formulate a research question State the hypothesis Test the hypothesis Draw conclusions based on findings Apply critical thinking - Do not confuse correlation with cause and effect - Consider the selection factor in correlations Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 49  LO 4 Samples and Populations Sample Segment of population Population Complete group of interest Representative samples allow generalization of findings Classroom demonstration - Cookie Rating Activity Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 50  LO 4 5. Truth or Fiction? You could survey millions of voters and still not accurately predict the outcome of a presidential election TRUE! Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 51  LO 4 Random and Stratified Sampling Random sample Each member of a population has an equal chance of selection Stratified sample Subgroups are represented proportionally Problem in generalizing from research Volunteer bias: Bias represented by studying people who volunteer to participate Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 52  LO 5 Methods of Observation Case studies s Clinical studies Sometimes used to investigate rarities Surveys Used to collect information that cannot be observed directly or studied experimentally Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 53  LO 5 Methods of Observation (continued) Naturalistic observation Observe subjects in their natural environment Unobtrusive measure Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 54  LO 5 Correlation Follows observation Correlation coefficient Expresses strength and direction of the relationship between variables Suggests, but does not prove, cause and effect Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 55  LO 5 Figure 1.6 Correlations Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 56 PSYCH5 | CH1  LO 5 Experimental Method Demonstrates cause and effect through scientific method with the help of: Independent and dependent variables Experimental and control groups Blind study Placebos are administered on the participants Double-blind study Participants and observers are unaware of who is taking a drug and who is taking a placebo Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 57  LO 5 6. Truth or Fiction? In many experiments, neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving the real treatment and who is not TRUE! Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 58  LO 5 Figure 1.7 The Significance of Double Blind Studies Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 59 PSYCH5 | CH1  LO 6 Ethics of Research with Humans Ethics review committee and ethical standards: Review proposed studies according to ethical guidelines before granting approval Weigh the potential benefits of research against the potential harm Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 60  LO 6 Ethics of Research with Humans (continued 1) Individuals need to provide informed consent before participation Records of research participants and clients are kept confidential Classroom demonstration - Case Studies Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 61  LO 6 Ethics of Research with Humans (continued 2) According to the APA’s ethical standards, psychologists may use deception when: They believe the benefits of the research outweigh its harm They believe the individuals might have been willing to participate if they had understood the benefits of the research Participants are debriefed later Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 62  LO 6 Ethics of Research with Animals Animals are used when research cannot be carried out with humans Animals may be harmed only when: There is no alternative Benefits of the research justify the harm Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 63  LO 7 Principles of Critical Thinking Be skeptical Insist on evidence Examine definitions of terms Examine the assumptions or premises of arguments Be cautious in drawing conclusions from evidence Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 64  LO 7 Principles of Critical Thinking (continued) Consider alternative interpretations of research evidence Do not oversimplify Do not overgeneralize Apply critical thinking to all areas of life Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PSYCH5 | CH1 65  KEY TERMS Psychology Psychoanalysis Theory Biological perspective Pure research Cognitive Applied research Social–cognitive Introspection theory Structuralism Sociocultural Functionalism perspective Behaviorism Gender Reinforcement Critical thinking Gestalt psychology Scientific method Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 66 PSYCH5 | CH1  KEY TERMS Hypothesis Naturalistic observation Correlation Correlational method Selection factor Correlation coefficient Sample Experiment Population Independent variable Random sample Dependent variable Stratified sample Volunteer bias Experimental groups Case study Control groups Survey Placebo Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 67 PSYCH5 | CH1  SUMMARY Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes The earliest known contributors to psychology were Aristotle, Democritus, and Socrates There are several broad and influential perspectives in psychology Ethics review committees check for any potential harm in research methods Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 68 PSYCH5 | CH1  KEY TERMS Blind Double-blind study Informed consent Debrief Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 69 PSYCH5 | CH1 Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 70 PSYCH5 | CH1