PSY10060 2024 Lecture 3 Neuroanatomy1 PDF

LECTURE 3 THE BRAIN & THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Dr Sarah Cooney [email protected] PSY10060: Brain and Behaviour Lecture Outline Recap & complete - methods in brain and behaviour The nervous system Brain structures and functions Research Methods Recap Connectional Methods...

LECTURE 3 THE BRAIN & THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Dr Sarah Cooney [email protected] PSY10060: Brain and Behaviour Lecture Outline Recap & complete - methods in brain and behaviour The nervous system Brain structures and functions Research Methods Recap Connectional Methods DTI Correlational Methods fMRI EEG Lesion Methods Case studies (Single & Double dissociation) Stimulation Methods TMS EEG Measuring the Brain’s Electrical Activity Measuring the Brain’s Electrical Activity The brain is always electrically active Electrical activity can be used to study brain function Four major techniques 1. Single-cell recording 2. Electroencephalography (EEG) 3. Event-related potentials (ERP) 4. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Electroencephalography (EEG) Recording from thousands of cells Reveals features of the brain’s electrical activity EEG signal changes with behaviour Recordings from the cortex show an array of patterns – some are rhythmical Electrical activity continues even during sleep or coma Electroencephalography (EEG) Can be used to measure ongoing brain activity or changes in response to a particular event/stimulus Characteristic EEG Recordings What activity state does each of these waveforms show? Characteristic EEG Recordings Clinical Applications Detects abnormalities in the electrical activity of your brain Diagnose Epilepsy (seizures: rapid spiking waves) Sleep disorders Video The Brain & The Nervous System Lecture 3: Learning Objectives 1. Summarize the basic organization and structure of the peripheral nervous system 2. Distinguish the major components of the brainstem 3. Identify the location of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex 4. Distinguish the major components of the limbic system Recommended reading Brain Facts (see Brightspace) Chapter 1 Structure of the nervous system Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain (in the skull) Spinal Cord (in the spine) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Transmits information into and out of the CNS Connects to skin, muscles & internal organs. Connects the spinal cord to the rest of body. Peripheral Nervous system Somatic system: Control voluntary movements Autonomic nervous system: involuntary functions Autonomic nervous system Two divisions: 1. Sympathetic Associated with energy expenditure “fight-or-flight” 2. Parasympathetic Associated with energy conservation “rest and digest” Autonomic nervous system - overview Sympathetic division - fight or flight Central Nervous System Brain Control of behaviour (including cognition) Regulation of physiological processes Spinal cord Nerve transmission to/from the brain The brain Cerebrum: Largest and uppermost part of the brain Two hemispheres – connected by corpus callosum Cerebrum Cerebellum Corpus callosum Image: http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif The brain Cerebral Cortex Outer covering of cerebrum - grey matter 2-3mm thick Includes primary and association cortices Corpus callosum Cerebral cortex Image; http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-6.tif.jpg The brain: lobes Sensory processing Movement Language Higher Visual cognitive Attention processing functions Auditory processing Sensory integration Memory Resources 2-minute neuroscience – lobes of the brain https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNs9ruzoTmI More on the lobes… https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy/lobes-brain Introduction to the Central Nervous System - UBC Neuroanatomy Season 1 - Ep 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xB7rXw_3gVY The brain: gyri and sulci Gyrus (ridge) Sulcus (groove) Fissure (deep groove) The brain: gyri and sulci Central Sulcus Longitudinal Fissure Sylvian/Lateral Fissure Transverse Fissure The brain: structure Cortex Basal ganglia Thalamus Hypothalamus Colliculi Tegmentum Cerebral peduncles Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum FOREBRAIN Forebrain Telencephalon Cortex Subcortical Structures Limbic system Basal ganglia Diencephalon Thalamus ( relay station to the cerebral cortex) Hypothalamus ( homeostasis & motivation) Forebrain: Limbic system Hippocampus Learning and memory Amygdala Emotion Fear response Mammillary bodies Aspects of memory Limbic System Brain system for emotion & motivation Hypothalamus: survival ( e.g., motivation to find water when thirsty) Basic drives – hunger, thirst, sexual arousal, sleep, temperature regulation. The Limbic System Hypothalamus and Limbic System - UBC Neuroanatomy - Season 1 - Ep 4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErpxEwlWww4 Forebrain: Diencephalon Thalamus Prioritises sensory information and transmits it to cortex Hypothalamus Multiple functions Connection to autonomic nervous system Links nervous system to endocrine system (hormones) via pituitary gland Forebrain: Basal ganglia A collection of subcortical nuclei deep within brain tissue Striatum: caudate nucleus, putamen Globus pallidus Subthalamic nucleus Involved in motor control, learning, motivation/reward Affected in Parkinson’s disease MIDBRAIN & HINDBRAIN  Brain Stem Midbrain - Mesencephalon - integration of sensory input and motor output Hindbrain Pons Control of sleep/arousal above medulla Midbrain Latin for bridge Medulla oblongata Regulation of the cardiovascular system, breathing, skeletal muscle tone This weeks Recommended reading Brain Facts (see Brightspace) Chapter 1 Anatomy of the Brain and the Nervous System n The Neuron n Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators Test Yourself Use these slides to create Multiple Choice Questions. Example: What are the two divisions of the automimic nervous system? A) Midbrain & Hindbrain B) Somatic & Parasympathetic C) Limbic system & Somatic system D) Sympathetic nervous system & Parasympathetic nervous system