PSY100 Prelim Reviewer PDF

PHILOSOPHICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE SELF 10. David Hume Total annihilation of the self 1. Socrates comes at death...

PHILOSOPHICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE SELF 10. David Hume Total annihilation of the self 1. Socrates comes at death “An unexamined life is not worth Bundle Theory - living” impressions and ideas Socratic method of inquiry - The dialogue between the soul and 11. Immanuel Kant itself The self is transcendental. 2. Plato 12. Sigmund Freud The immortal soul is the self. Psychoanalytic theory Tripartite nature of the soul Iceberg theory of the human ps reason, spirit, and appetite yche (id – pleasure; ego-reality; superego-moral) 3. Aristotle Topographical theory of human Humans are rational animals. mind Conscious - all the mental 4. St. Thomas Aquinas processes an individual is aware Theory of Self- of Knowledge and the Problem of Subconscious - thoughts and Self- Opacity feelings that an individual is not aware of, but can easily be 5. St. Augustine brought into consciousness Tripartite nature of the self (me Unconscious - a repository of mory, intellect, and will) primitive wishes and impulses 6. Francis Bacon 13. Gilbert Ryle Idols of the mind - Idola Tribus, “I act, therefore I am.” Idola Specus, Idola Fori, Idola Theatri 14. Patricia and Paul Churchland The concept of the self- 7. Thomas Hobbes originated from the brain. Selfish nature of human beings 15. Maurice Merleau-Ponty 8. Rene Descartes The self is an “embodied subject “I think, therefore I am.” ivity.” 9. John Locke Tabula Rasa Knowledge is derived from sens e experience. SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF Dynamism – characterized as having vigorous activity and progress (rapid AVOCADO (ESSENTIALIST VIEW) changes). inner unchanging core regardless of the Individualism circumstances and time the ability to rationalize A society where the ties between individ separates human beings from other crea uals are loose: everyone is tures expected to look after himself or herself and his or her immediate family ARTICHOKE (PROTEAN VIEW) Emphasizes the ‘I’ consciousness fluid, adaptable, and multifaceted nature Collectivism of the self more prone to change A society where people from birth onwa and adaptation, with no fixed core rds are integrated into sstrong, cohesive ingroups, which Sociology throughout people’s lifetime continue It comes from the Latin word ‘socius’ to protect them in meaning ‘companion’, and the Greek exchange for unquestioning loyalty word ‘logos’ meaning ‘the study of Emphasizes the ‘we’ consciousness something’. In a general sense, sociology is the study George Simmel of society. 1. Social Group – having two or more The Self as a Product of Modern Society people interacting with one another, Giddens (1991) identified the key characteristics sharing similar characteristics, and of modernity: whose members identify themselves as part of the group Industrialism – the social relations implied in the extensive use of material Organic Group power and machinery in all processes of Naturally occurring, and highly production; influenced by family Capitalism – a production system Formed in traditional societies involving both competitive product Less freedom and greater conformity markets and commodification (putting a price tag) of labor power; Rational Group Institutions of Surveillance - the massive Occur in modern societies increase of power and reach by Formed based on a matter of shared institutions, especially in government; self-interest and, Greater freedom  2. Social Network – the ties or Two Facets of the Self: I and Me connections that link a person to his or Me-self her social group socialized aspect of the self shaped by societal norms, values, and Symbolic Interactionism the expectations of others It focuses on the role of symbols and learned behaviors, attitudes, and social interactions in shaping human expectations behavior and society. exercises social control over the self It assumes that people respond to I-self elements of their environments according to the subjective meanings spontaneous, creative, and individualistic they attach to those elements. aspect of the self the individual’s response to the George Herbert Mead community’s attitude toward the person Theory of Social Self – The self is a does not blindly follow rules product of social interactions and internalizing external views and personal Herbert Blumer views about oneself. He highlighted the importance of He coined the term ‘Symbolic language in self-development. Interactionism’. Charles Horton Cooley Stages of Self-development Looking-Glass Self – “...describe the Stage 1: Imitation - copy behaviors of others process in which individuals use others without a full understanding of their meanings as mirrors and base their conceptions of themselves on what is reflected back to Stage 2: Play - play a role or assume the them during social interaction” perspective of others, allow them to understand (Thompson et al., 2019, p. 91). social roles and expectations Emile Durkheim Stage 3: Game - consider multiple roles simultaneously, not only internalize other Anomie – a sense of uncertainty and people’s perspectives but also take into account confusion about their place in the world, societal rules and adhere to it not knowing what they should be doing Two types of social solidarity: organic solidarity and mechanical solidarity Conflict Theory person and selected chains of personal memories. It views society as ongoing conflicts and inequalities particularly in the Joseph Ledoux distribution of resources and power. He conceptualized the implicit and It assumes that all societies have explicit aspects of the self. structural power divisions and resource He introduced the Theory of Threat inequalities that lead to groups having Response and the concept of two conflicting interests (Wells, 1979). pathways. Two aspects of the Self Karl Marx Implicit Aspect He examined the society through the lens of class struggle and social conflict. subconscious and automatic processes Self-estrangement – the alienation of that shape an individual's emotional man’s essence, man’s loss of objectivity, responses and perceptions of the world and his loss of realness as self-discovery, not immediately available to the manifestation of his nature, consciousness objectification, and realization Explicit Aspect conscious, self-reflective, and often ANTHROLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE involve introspection and self-awareness Anthropology Culture It is derived from the Greek words Culture is a complex and multifaceted ‘anthropo’ meaning ‘human beings’ or concept that encompasses the shared ‘humankind’, and ‘logia’ translated as beliefs, values, customs, traditions, ‘knowledge of’ or ‘study of’. language, symbols, norms, and practices In a general sense, anthropology is the of a particular group of people. It study of humankind – past and present. represents the way of life, identity, and social organization of a community or Self and the Person in Contemporary society. Anthropology Individualistic Culture Katherine Pratt Ewing emphasizes personal autonomy self- The self is a physical organism, expression, and the development of a possessing psychological functioning unique and independent identity and social attributes. prioritize individual goals and personal The self is illusory. People construct a fulfillment series of self-representations that are based on selected cultural concepts of Construal or Collectivist Culture Jean Piaget how individuals perceive and construct Theory of Cognitive Development – It is a their self-identity through the lens of comprehensive theory about the development social and cultural influences of human intelligence. It deals with the nature of the self is shaped by external factors, knowledge, and how humans gradually come to including social roles, relationships, and acquire, construct, and use it. cultural norms Important components of Piaget’s cognitive theory: The Self Embedded in Culture Schemas/schemes – The building blocks of Catherine Raeff knowledge. These are mental organizations that individuals use to understand their environments She believed that culture can influence how a and designate actions. person views: Adaptation – The child’s learning processes to Relationships – how one enters into and meet situational demands: maintains relationships Personality traits – how a person values Assimilation – The child incorporates traits and how he/she perceives new information or experiences into hardship, or how he/she feels about his/her existing mental frameworks or relying on others schemas. Achievement – how a person defines Accommodation – It is the process of success modifying existing schemas or creating Expressing emotions – what will affect a new ones to accommodate new person emotionally information or experiences that do not fit within the current mental framework. Equilibration – It is the process of PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF achieving cognitive balance or equilibrium between assimilation and The term psychology comes from the accommodation Greek words ‘psyche’ meaning soul or mind, and ‘logos’ meaning ‘study of’ In a general sense, it is the study of mind Stages of Cognitive Development and behavior. It is a multifaceted discipline within the field of social 1. Sensorimotor sciences that encompasses the 0-2 years old systematic study of human behavior, Learning by doing through their cognitive processes, and the underlying senses and motor actions mental phenomena (looking, touching, sucking) Primitive understanding of cause-and-effect relationships Object permanence  2. Preoperational The me-self 2-7 yrs old the self as the object also known as the Egocentrism ‘empirical self’ can be described based 3. Concrete Operations on physical characteristics, personalities, Demonstrate conservation, social roles and relationships, thoughts, reversibility, serial ordering, and and feelings mature understanding of cause- and-effect relationship Three dimensions of the Me-self: Logical thought 4. Formal Operations Material – physical appearance and Demonstrate abstract and extensions of it hypothetical thinking Social – social skills and significant Scientific reasoning interpersonal relationships Spiritual – personality, character, and defining values Dr. Susan Harter Carl Rogers She elaborated the stages or development of self-concept: (1) early He stressed that a person is an active, childhood, (2) middle to later childhood, creative, experiencing being who lives in (3) adolescence, and (4) emerging adults the present and who thinks, feels, and responds to his or her environment. William James – father of American psychology Ideal self the self-concept that an individual The I-self known as ‘pure ego’ aspires to become represents the person's idealized version represents the subjective and immediate of himself or herself awareness of oneself as the thinker, the doer, and the experiencer of one's own Real self actions and thoughts the individual's current self-concept Four features of the I-self: represents how a person sees himself or herself as he or she is now, without A sense of being the agent or initiator of idealization or distortion behavior A sense of being unique A sense of continuity Congruence - when an individual’s self-concept A sense of awareness about being aware aligns with their actual experiences and feelings Incongruence - when there is a significant gap between one's self-concept and their actual experiences Gordon Allport THE SELF IN WESTERN AND ORIENTAL OR EASTERN THOUGHT He proposed the Personality Trait Theory asserting that every person possesses traits. Four categories on how the term ‘self’ is used in contemporary western discussion (Johnson, Cardinal Trait - the dominant and 1985): defining traits that shape an individual's entire personality Analytical – It emphasizes a cognitive Central Trait - the core traits that make and introspective approach to self- up an individual's personality examination. It involves dissecting one's Secondary Trait - less prominent and thoughts, emotions, and experiences in specific traits that may emerge in a systematic manner. particular situations or contexts Monotheistic – It is deeply rooted in religious and spiritual traditions, particularly within monotheistic religions Three Ego States such as Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Parent ego - represents the internalized Individualistic – It emphasizes personal voice of authority figures from an autonomy and uniqueness. individual's past Materialistic or Rationalistic – It focuses Adult ego - the rational and objective on the tangible and empirical aspects of part of the individual that processes the self. It often aligns with scientific and information, makes decisions based on philosophical worldviews that prioritize facts, and engages in critical thinking reason, logic, and empirical evidence. Child ego - represents the emotional and instinctual part of the individual Eastern Concept of the Self True Self - an individual's authentic and innate Hinduism sense of self Vedas – These are the earliest religious False self - a protective, adaptive persona that writings in the East that formed the individuals develop in response to external Hindu philosophy and dharma (the expectations, pressures, and social norms principle of cosmic order). These illustrate the eastern mindset of a completely unified universe with the creator, with no distinction. Brahman – It is the true nature of humans which is the divine universal consciousness encompassing the universe. It is considered as the self that is within everyone. Buddhism Taoism Annata (‘no-self’ or ‘no-soul’) – There is The self is one of the countless no permanent, unchanging, or inherent manifestations of the Tao (an extension self (also known as atman) within of the cosmos or the universe). individuals. Instead, the self is Selfhood entails conscious self- considered a transient and ever- transformation leading to the attributes changing collection of components. of a balanced life in harmony with both Nirvana (liberation) – The realization of nature and society the nature of the self is seen as a path to Islam liberation, through which individuals can achieve a state of freedom from Nafs (self) – It is the psyche (the totality suffering and the cycle of birth and of the conscious and unconscious death or samsara human mind) or the soul). Confucianism Individualist Self Every person is born with four beginnings Highly value independence and self- Confucianism believes that the self is formed reliance through upbringing and the environment. Emphasis on personal achievements Jen (heart of compassion) – It involves Collectivist treating others with respect and kindness, showing concern for their Emphasizes interdependence and well-being, and striving to create harmonious relatedness with one harmonious relationships in society. another Yi (heart of righteousness) – It involves Of utmost important to be part of and upholding moral principles, acting with maintain social networks, maintain good integrity, and seeking fairness and relationships, and fulfill obligations justice in one's interactions with others Li (heart of propriety) – It emphasizes the importance of proper conduct, According to Baumeister (1986), self-concept etiquette, and decorum in various social could be organized in three aspects: situations. Chih (heart of wisdom) – It represents 1. Private – the mental processes that perceive the quality of sound judgment, critical one’s own traits or behaviors thinking, and the ability to make informed decisions 2. Public – the generalized view of the self 3. Collective – the view of self in a collective concept