NITM Shillong Student Presentation - ME 291 Modules III & IV 2024-2025 PDF

ME 291-Modules III & IV Session 2024-2025  Scope of Coverage – Module III ✔ Electrical Safety ✔ Safety measures for Electrical work ✔ Fires & Explosion ✔ Classification of Fire & Fire Extinguishers ✔ Toxic Gas Release & Preventive Measures thereof Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG-...

ME 291-Modules III & IV Session 2024-2025  Scope of Coverage – Module III ✔ Electrical Safety ✔ Safety measures for Electrical work ✔ Fires & Explosion ✔ Classification of Fire & Fire Extinguishers ✔ Toxic Gas Release & Preventive Measures thereof Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 2 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 3 Two employees of Tawang electrical division electrocuted to death October 19, 2024 ITANAGAR, 18 Oct: Two staffers of the Tawang electrical division were killed on Thursday by electrocution while they were repairing the 11kvTawang-Timilo-Changprong-Seru-Yusum feeder line. The deceased have been identified as Tenzin Lotey and Vikash Kumar. Speaking to this daily, Tawang Electrical Division Executive Engineer Sange Phuntso informed that “all the three phases were restored till a double-pole structure near Timilo on 17th morning.” “The line was isolated at that point by taking shutdown, and again charged up to Timilo, and a group had gone to find the fault and restore the whole faulty segment.” he said. He informed that Lotey and Kumar had used an aluminium ladder to fix an isolated conductor at around 4:45 pm on Thursday, “without taking shutdown from the control room, and were electrocuted.” “Two other staffers, who went unharmed, are Wangchin and Tenzin,” he said. The EE added that the district power department … will ensure that such incident does not recur by ensuring that awareness is generated among the staff. Chief Minister Pema Khandu expressed sorrow over the tragic incident and said that ex gratia will be paid to the families of the deceased as per the government norms. Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 4  What electricity can do Electric shock and burns from contact with live parts Thermal burns from contact with heated electrical equipment/appliances Arcing causing injury (even death) or fire Fire from faulty or misuse of electrical equipment/appliances Fire or explosion by unsuitable electrical apparatus in hazardous areas Static electricity causing fire or explosion in flammable vapours or dusts Secondary Injuries Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 5  Electricity & the Human Body Electric current f;lows through the body tissues when simultaneous contact is made with 2 objects at different voltages (earth included) The human body with many tissues and fluids permits easy passage of current that may affect ✔ Muscular ✔ Circulatory & ✔ Respiratory functions ✔ Serious burns may also occur Resistance to current flow offered by hairs, skin & inner body tissues (So can vary from personto person) Current primarily determines physiological effects but remember Ohm’s Law Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 6 Elect Resistance of the Human Body Rtotal = Rskin(in) + Rinternal + Rskin(out) Rtotal = 300 ꭥ Approx Rskin usually between 1000 – 100,000 ꭥ depending on factors like contact area, moisture, condition of skin etc. Rskin approx. 99% of Rtotal Rskin of dry, thickened palm (epidermis) may be >100,000 ꭥ Cuts, abrasions, wetness or in water Rskin Rskin also subject to changing voltage as in AC Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 7  Ways to Control Electrical Hazards Hazard Control Physical Switching controls devices Grounding & Over-current bonding devices Procedures Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 8  Types of Injuries (1/3) Burns: by heat generated as electricity flows through body tissues. ✔ Most common nonfatal electrical injury ✔ Typically occurs on the hands High-voltage fatalities result from electro-thermal burns. Involuntary muscle contractions can prevent a victim from releasing a live conductor. Nervous system effects ✔ Breathing can stop at 30 mA AC at 60Hz ✔ Falls Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 9  Types of Injuries (2/3) Ventricular fibrillation (irregular heartbeat); Heart muscles quiver but fail to pump blood. Can occur at 75-100 mA & 50 Hz. May be caused even by low voltage May be fatal Cardiac Arrest may result from paralysis of the nerve centers that regulate heart rhythm. Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 10  Types of Injuries (3/3) Pulmonary Arrest (inability to breathe) is caused by paralysis of the nerve centers in the brain which control breathing. Heart stops O2 supply to the pumping brain stops & blood death is almost or certain to occur Lungs stop within 4 to 6 moving air minutes. Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 11  Factors for Severity of Injuries Current through body Area of body contact Physical size, condition, age of person Circuit path Duration of current Body resistance Wet and/or damp locations PPE used Circuit Voltage AKD-NIT-SHG- Nov2024 12  Risk Factors Dose-Duration response – 500mA for 0.5s may be fatal – 100 mA for 2 secs through an adult human body can cause death by electrocution – 3 mA painful shock. Shock PathSkin 1.5 - 2 K-ohms Heart Cycle 750ms (fibrillation) Frequency HF can cause serious internal burns Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 13  Dose / Response Response Cardiac & Breathing Arrest Ventricular Fibrillation Let go threshold Threshold of perception Dose 0.5 mA 10 mA 500 mA Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 14  Recognising a Casualty Asphyxia No discernible pulse Pallid blue colour Muscular contraction Contact burns May have been thrown by shock Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 15  First Aid Isolate from power source ✔ Low voltages may be turned off, or, ✔ Dislodge injured person from power supply with non-conducting ‘prop’ Never attempt to rescue casualty from high voltage supply unless power has been turned off by supply authority Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 16  Electrical Safety Devices Residual Current-Operated Circuit Breakers (RCCBs) - 30, 100, 300 mA Delayed tripping RCCBs (200 mS) Arc Fault Current Interrupters (AFCIs) Glowing Connection Detector (GCDs) Infra-Red Hotspot Detection Tool Thermography Surveys Ground Fault Circuit Interruptors (GFCI) or Earth Leakage Circuit Nov2024 Breakers (ELCB) - 5 AKD-NIT-SHG- 17  ELCB /GFCI Fast acting, detects leakage currents & breaks off circuit before it becomes a personal hazard. GFCI detects fault currents as low as 2mA & trips open within 0.02s of detecting a current imbalance. GFCI are not Grounded Fault Protection (GFP) devices & will not protect against line-to-line contact that results from touching both the hot & neutral wire simultaneously. Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 18  Isolation, Lockout / Tagout (LOTO)  Energized Connected to an energy source OR Containing residual or stored energy ADOSHE-2024-25 ADE22102-Module2 20  Energy source Any source of: – Electrical, – Mechanical, – Hydraulic, – Pneumatic, What kind of energy – Chemical, did the rock have? – Thermal, – Water under pressure (or steam) – Gravity – Potential – Any other energy Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 21  Energy isolating device A mechanical device that physically prevents the transmission or release or energy Circuit breakers included NOT push buttons NOT selector switches NOT control circuits Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 22  Scope Why use lockout/tagout? – Protects maintenance personnel from power being re-applied by mistake Covers servicing & maintenance of machines and equipment in which – Unexpected energization or start up or – Release of stored energy could cause injury to employees ADOSHE-2024-25 ADE22102-Module2 23  Exceptions Does not apply to cord & plug connected equipment for which ✔ Exposure to hazard is controlled by unplugging & ✔ Plug under control of employee doing service or maintenance Minor adjustments and servicing activities during normal production if ✔ Routine, Repetitive, Integral to production Provided that alternative measures provide effective protection ADOSHE-2024-25 ADE22102-Module2 24  Tagout Placement of tagout device – on an energy isolating device, as per an established procedure, – to indicate that energy isolating device and equipment being controlled may not be operated until tagout device is removed Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 25  lockout/tag-out equipment must be provided use only approved locks and tags when performing lockout/tag-out Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 26  Hazardous Area Classification Helps identify extent of areas where explosive atmosphere may exist under normal and expected conditions. select electrical apparatus / instruments for such areas locate other equipment like heaters, boilers Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 27  Procedure for classifying locations Step 4 Select electrical equipment Step 3 Assess extent of classified area Step 2 Can flammable atmosphere be created under normal/abnormal conditions Step 1 Can flammable vapours be present in the area? NPTI-IV-30122017 akhilkdas 28  Equipment for Hazardous Areas If explosive atmosphere cannot be prevented Measures to avoid source of ignition For electrical equipment special construction and / or special erection standards may apply. Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 29  Primary methods of protection Methods of Lowering Ignition hazard Explosion Intrinsic Contain the proof & safety Limit sealing result of Energy ignition Restrict Eliminate air temperature of components Oil immersion, hermetically seal, encapsulate NPTI-IV-30122017 akhilkdas 30  Electrical Area Classification Basis Nature of Likelihood Hazard of Hazard (e.g. gas, vapour, (e.g. normal, dust etc.) abnormal NPTI-IV-30122017 akhilkdas 31  Electrical Area Classification National Electrical Code (NEC) Division Class Normal Gas Abnormal Dust NPTI-IV-30122017 akhilkdas 32  Electrical Area Classification International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) Zone 0 Zone 20 Zone 1 Zone 21 Zone 2 Zone 22 Gases & Vapours Dusts NPTI-IV-30122017 akhilkdas 33  Gas Groups (for Class I areas) North America CENELEC /IEC Gas CEC Section 18, NEC CENELEC.EN50014 Article 500 IEC 79-0 Acetylene A IIC Hydrogen B IIC Ethylene C IIB Propane D IIA Group D Methane I (Gaseous mines) Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 34  Grouping Gases, Vapors, & Dusts Grouping of gases based primarily on Maximum Minimum Experimental Ignition Safe Gap (MESG) Current (MIC) Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 35  Labelling Certified to CENELEC standards Explosion Protection Protection method Apparatus Group (Gas Group) Temperature Class E Ex ia IIC T4 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 36  Codes and References Indian Standards IEC (International Electrotechnical Com’sion) API-RP-500A IP Model Code of Safety CENELEC / ATEX UL / FM / BASEEFA – for eqpmt. certification NPTI-IV-30122017 akhilkdas 37  Zone Zone Description Example 0 Explosive gas-air mixture Vapour space of is continuously present or process vessel or present for long periods. storage tank (≥ 1000 hrs) 1 Explosive gas-air mixture may occur in normal Sampling point operation. (10 - 1000 hrs) 2 Explosive gas air mixture is not likely &, if it occurs, Process plant will exist only for a short areas time. (0.1 -10 hrs) NPTI-IV-30122017 akhilkdas 38  Explosion-proof enclosure An enclosure that will 1. withstand pressure of an internal explosion & 2. not cause ignition of external gas or vapor. (Hot gases are cooled as only cooled gases escape. Minimum 5 full threads) NPTI-IV-30122017 akhilkdas 39  Max surface temperature codes Temp ( C ) Class 450 T1 300 T2 200 T3 135 T4 100 T5 85 T6 NPTI-IV-30122017 akhilkdas 40  Grounding vs. Bonding +++ Unequal charge + between 2 bodies +++ + Bonding equalises +++ +++ charge between 2 + + bodies Grounding removes charge Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 41  Conditions for Static Ignition 1. Presence of flammable atmosphere 2. Generation of static 3. Accumulation of static 4. Spark 5. Spark of sufficient energy Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 42  Static generation Static control Flow of light hydrocarbons Control flow rate Check use of filters Residence time Anti-static additives Passage of dry powder Bonding / earthing material (sulphur) Charging of Anti-static PPE non-conductive clothing Loading and unloading of Avoid splash filling liquid hydrocarbons Bonding / earthing Check use of filters Spray painting Bonding / earthing Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 43 Fire Science Fire ravages Shillong Bar Association building Shillong, Feb 24, 2024: A fire has ravaged the 111-year-old Shillong Bar Association building on Saturday night. The incident took place after 10 pm and the cause of fire which damaged furnitures and several documents will be ascertained only after a probe. Chief Minister Conrad Sangma, who visited the site, said electrical issues may be the reason for the fire but the actual cause is yet to be known. Deputy Chief Minister Sniawbhalang Dhar, Chief Secretary DP Wahlang, Deputy Commissioner RM Kurbah and several officials accompanied the chief minister. Several fire tenders rushed to the spot to douse the fire. The Shillong Bar Association was formed in 1913 and its centenary event was held in 2013. The Assam Public Service Commission had used the Assam-type building and later it has been housing the Shillong Bar Association members. Among others, the adjacent buildings are sessions court and deputy commissioner’s office. Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 45 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 46 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 47 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 48 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 49  Fuel Material being oxidized in combustion process (Reducing agent) – Inorganic or Organic (Hydrocarbon-based or Cellulose-based Key factors influencing combustion process – Physical state of fuel (solid, liquid, gas) – Distribution or orientation of fuel Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 50  Combustion — Modes Flaming Non-flaming Oxidation involves Some solid fuels can fuel in gas phase undergo oxidation at Requires liquid/solid the surface of the fuel fuels to be converted to gas or vaporized e.g., Burning charcoal or When heated, smoldering fabric liquid/solid fuels give off vapors that burn 51  Solid Fuel May react differently when exposed to heat Melting & vaporisation Pyrolysis (decompose) giving off combustible vapours Sublimation Surface-to-mass ratio Proximity/orientation of solid fuel relative to source of heat Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 52  What’s in a flame? Flames are regions of reacting gases, releasing chemical energy. Being lighter than their surroundings, they at first accelerate upwards, but then slow down as they get diluted by entrained air. Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 53 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 54  What’s in a flame? Bunsen Burner Flame Candle Flame Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 55  Liquid Fuel Characteristics Flash point Fire point Surface area Solubility Fire fighting considerations Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 3–56  Upper explosive limit (UEL) 100% Air 0% Too lean Too rich 0% Fuel 100% Lower explosive limit (LEL) Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 57 Too lean LFL Flammable or UFL Too rich or Explosive Range or LEL (Volume % in air) UEL 3 Acetylene (C2H2) 92 5 Hydrogen (H2) 75 2.2 Propane (C3H8) 9.5 1.2 Benzene (C6H6) 7.8 4 Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) 44 12.5 Carbon monoxide (CO) 74 LEL/LFL: Lower explosive / flammability limit UEL/UFL: Upper explosive / flammability limit 8/25/2010 Nov2024 FireAKD-NIT-SHG- Protection - AKD 58 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 59  Flash Point (CC) Ignition Point Deg C Deg C Hydrogen - 520 Acetylene - 305 Propane - 450 Gasoline - 43 280 - 471 Kerosene 38 - 72 210 Methanol 11 385 Fuel Oil 38 - 132 200 - 240 H 2S - 260 Richer oxygen levels, lower ignition temperature. Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 60  Vapour Density Ratio of the mass of a volume of vapor to the mass of an equal volume of air. Approx. molecular weight of air 21 % Oxygen 0.21 X 32 = 6.72 79 % Nitrogen 0.79 X 28 = 22.12 28.84 (approx. 29) Vapor density = Mol weight of gas (or vapour) 29 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 61  Heat – Positive Thermal Feedback Heat lost to the surroundings Heat generated feedback Thermal Heat input Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 62  Oxygen At normal ambient temperatures, materials can ignite/burn at 14 - 15 % O2. For limited O2 , flaming may diminish; burning may continue on surface (smoldering). Fires in O2-enriched atmospheres are difficult to extinguish - potential safety hazard. At high ambient temperatures, flaming combustion may continue at much lower O2 concentrations. Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 63  How do fires start? All fires start with ignition and for which, the following must exist simultaneously: Sufficient heat to provide the required energy for the chemical reaction to start Enough fuel vapour in the air - neither too much nor too little Sufficient air (combustion supporting media) Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 64  Fire Development in a Compartment Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 65  Fuel Type Impacts both heat released and time over which combustion occurs Mass and surface area are basic fuel characteristics influencing fire development Factors that influence – Configuration of building – Contents – Construction – Location of fire in relation to uninvolved fuel Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 66 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 67  Typical steps in a dust explosion Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 68 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 69 Potential Major Explosion Scenarios Vapour Cloud Explosion Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 70 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 71  Classification of Fires Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 72 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 73 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 74 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 75  Fixed Fire Protection Passive Fire Protection Detectors Alarms Water-based systems Specialised systems Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 76 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 77 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 78 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 79 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 80 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 81 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 82  HazMat Hazard: A characteristic of the system/plant/process that represents a potential for an accident. Hazardous substance: Any substance or preparation which by reason of its chemical properties or handling is liable to cause harm to human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organism, property or the environment. Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 83  Types of Hazardous Materials ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22104-Module1 84 ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22104-Module1 85  Acute Immediate & direct threat to life; high exposure over short time. Chronic Repeated exposure over months or years; low exposure over long time. Toxic effects Cause damage at point of contact like skin, eyes, nose, throat, lungs Local Enter body & travel thro bloodstream to internal Systemic organs & other areas akhilkdas-180306 s-05 86  Toxic tolerance limits Threshold Limit Values (TLV) Short term Time exposure Weighted Ceiling © limit Average (TWA) (STEL) Immediately dangerous to life & health (IDLH) ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22104-Module1 87  NFPA Hazid Labeling (NFC 704) A quick identification of hazardous materials in which the 3 categories of hazard considered are Health (0 – 4) Flammability (0 – 4) 0 – No Special hazard to Reactivity (or Stability) (0 – 4) 4 – Severe ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22104-Module1 88  Emergency Information Panel ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22104-Module1 89  http://www.hrdp-idrm.in/e5783/e17327/e17819/e28097/ ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22104-Module1 90 Ludhiana gas: Toxic leak kills 11 1 May 2023 workers are trying to determine the source of the leak At least 11 people have died following a gas leak in northern India. Women and children are among those who died in the city of Ludhiana in Punjab state. Several people were found unconscious in their homes. The area was sealed off and residents were evacuated after many reported breathing difficulties. Four are being treated in hospital. The source of the leak has not been officially confirmed so far. An official statement from the district administration said that high levels of hydrogen sulphide gas were detected in the area. Earlier, an official had suggested that gas may have spread from manholes. PTI news agency quoted Ludhiana Deputy Commissioner Surabhi Malik as saying: "We are going to collect samples from manholes. It is quite likely that some chemical reacted with methane in manholes." Rajinder Pal Kaur Chhina, a local legislator, told Reuters news agency that the incident had happened near a milk shop. "People who came to buy milk in the morning, fell unconscious outside," she said. A team from the National Disaster Response Force has been sent to the site, in the Giaspura area of Ludhiana. There are factories nearby. Industrial gas leaks are not rare in India. Three years ago a gas leak at a chemical plant killed least 12 people in the city of Visakhapatnam, in the state of Andhra Pradesh. In 1984 a chemical leak in a pesticide plant at the central city of Bhopal killed thousands of people, in what is acknowledged to be the world's worst industrial disaster. IndiaNov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 91 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 92 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 93 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 94 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 95 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 96 Tragedy struck Mohdinagar locality in Bhagalpur district when three members of a family succumbed to asphyxiation inside a septic tank. Punit Yadav, while trying to retrieve a tool, fell into the tank and his wife, Sakho Devi, and relative, Dinesh Yadav, met the same fate attempting to rescue him Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 97 UN Classification of Hazardous Substances Class 1 Explosives 6 divs 2 Gases 3 divs 3 Flammable liquids 4 Flammable solids 3 divs 5 Oxidisers 2 divs 6 Toxic substances 2 divs 7 Radioactive 8 Corrosive 9 Miscellaneous dang goods Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 98 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 99  E O Explosive Oxidizing F Highly Extremely F+ flammable flammable T T+ Toxic Very toxic Xn Xi Harmful Irritant Dangerous C N Corrosive for environment Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 100 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 101  Role of the SDS in the GHS ▪ The SDS should provide comprehensive information about a chemical substance or mixture. ▪ Primary Use: The Workplace ▪ Employers and workers use the SDS as a source of information about hazards and to obtain advice on safety precautions. Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 102  SDS Format: 16 headings 1. Identification 2. Hazard(s) identification 3. Composition/information on ingredients 4. First-aid measures 5. Fire-fighting measures 6. Accidental release measures 7. Handling and storage 8. Exposure control/personal protection Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 103  Format: 16 headings (cont.) 9. Physical and chemical properties 10. Stability and reactivity 11. Toxicological information 12. Ecological information 13. Disposal considerations 14. Transport information 15. Regulatory information 16. Other information Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 104  Routes of Entry for Harmful Substances Respiratory tract Digestive tract Contact Openings such as cuts and other wounds Absorption such as by tears Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 105  Routes of Entry Inhalation Ingestion Contact Through eyes Injection Through cuts Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 106  Measures of Toxicity Threshold Limit Value (TLV) – ACGIH ✔ TLV-TWA ✔ TLV-STEL ✔ TLV-C Immediate Danger to Life & Health (IDLH) Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) - OSHA, USA Lethal Concentration (LC), Lethal Dose (LD) Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 107  Inert Gases Respiratory tract Digestive tract Contact Openings such as cuts and other wounds Absorption such as by tears Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 108  Five steps for safety Elimination or Substitution Engineering Warnings Training and Procedures Personal Protective Equipment Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 109  Risk Control Likelihood Severity control Control Software Control Permit to Directed Emergency Instruments Work Relief Preparedness Hardware Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 110  Safe Working Procedures SOPs Permit to work (OISD 105) Cold Work Permit Hot Work Permit Confined space entry Inert entry Risk assessment Job Safety Analysis Pre-work safety talk Management of Change BBS Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 111  Scope of Coverage – Module IV ✔ Safety in Construction industry ✔ Underground / Overground / Under-water work ✔ Movement of men & materials ✔ Personal Protective Equipment ✔ Selection and Classification of PPE ✔ Statutory provisions to ensure safety at work Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 112 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 113 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 114 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 115  Safety starts at the surface Remove/support surface features/materials that create hazards Barricade or cover wells, pits, shafts Use appropriate PPE. Warning vests near traffic Employees trained to operate heavy equipment; helpers/guides available Stay away from loads being handled by lifting/digging equipment Stay away from vehicles being loaded/ unloaded Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 116 6a  Safety considerations Excavation is one of the most hazardous activities in the construction industry Accidents result from inadequate planning Build safety into pre-bid planning Plan safety into the job. Consider: ✔ Traffic ✔ Nearness, conditions of structures Soil Surface and ground water ✔ Water table ✔ Overhead/underground utilities ✔ Weather Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 117 3a Class 10 Student Drowns While Bathing In Water-Filled Excavation TPratidin Time A student Updated on: of class 10 tragically drowned in Guwahati’s Garaliya 07 Nov 2024, 8:58 am region on Thursday morning. The deceased, identified as Vishal, was a student of Betkuchi High School and lived with his family in Lokhra. According to reports, Vishal and three of his friends had gone to the large, water-filled excavation site in Garaliya to cool off and bathe. These excavations, which formed large pond-like pits, were the result of recent land clearing and usage for the expansion of the national highway. Moreover, the pits, deep and often unpredictable, have been a concern for local residents due to the risks they pose, especially for children and teenagers who frequent the area. While attempting to bathe in one of these pits, Vishal allegedly drowned. His friends, unable to save him, immediately raised the alarm. Vishal's Nov2024 lifeless body was later recovered from the water and118 AKD-NIT-SHG- sent to a nearby hospital for a post-mortem examination. Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 119 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 120  Employee access/egress on site Ramp design by a competent person Ramps structurally sound; not tripping hazard Surface treatments on ramps to prevent slipping Trenches > 1.2m deep need a safe means of egress (Stairway / Ladder / Ramps) Means of egress must be fixed and secure; within 7m travel Ladders must extend 3m (min) above landing Use metal ladders; caution around utilities Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 121 8a  Hazards of excavation work Cave-ins Underground utilities Materials/equipment falling into excavation sites Struck-by accidents Asphyxiation Explosions Falls Electrocution Drowning Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 122 2a  Hazardous atmospheres Operations inside an excavation can introduce hazardous atmosphere Test the air of excavation sites more than 1.2m deep before entering Take extra precautions when atmosphere has: – < 19.5 percent, or > 23.5 percent O2 – Combustible gas conc > 20% LFL – concentrations of hazardous substances that exceed TLVs Wear respiratory equipment when required Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 123 9c  Water accumulation hazards Methods for controlling standing water include: – special support/shield systems – water removal equipment – safety harnesses and lifelines Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 124 11b  Protect structures near excavation Use support systems to keep nearby buildings, walls stable – Shoring – Bracing – Underpinning Excavation below the base of a footing or retaining wall must have support system Excavations under pavements must have support system Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 125 12a  Loose rock and soil as hazards Prevent loose rock/soil from falling onto employees in excavation sites Use barricades to contain material Keep surface materials at least 2 feet from the edge of excavation sites Keep employees off of sloped surfaces at levels above other employees Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 126 13b  Sloping and benching Slope sides to a safe angle Slope angle not be steeper than 1.5 horizontal to 1 (max) vertical is safe Soil classification may not be needed if sloped to this angle Other slopes may be used for other soil types Benching creates horizontal levels or steps with vertical or near-vertical surfaces between levels Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 127 16a  Protective systems Where there is potential for cave-ins: – sloping or benching – support systems – shield systems – other protective systems Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 128 14a  Protective systems Consider soil type May not be needed if the excavation is: – in stable rock – < 1.5m deep Choose the most appropriate & practicable design Protective systems must be able to resist all types of loads Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 129 14b Support, shield &protective systems Shoring systems support the sides of the excavation with: – timber – aluminum – hydraulic, pneumatic, or mechanical systems Shoring systems are made up of cross braces, wales & uprights Selection and design involves using tabulated data Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 130 17b  Trench failure The following can cause immediate change: – bulldozers coming too close to the trench – sudden heavy rain – broken underground utility Tension cracks can cause sliding, sluffing, or toppling Unsupported excavation can cause bulging in the vertical face Downward pressure can cause bottom heaving or squeezing Upward water flow can cause boiling in the bottom of the excavation Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 131 20c  Elements of Emergency Planning Identify hazards Assess likely scenarios (models) Time scale On-site / Off-site Mitigation measures EM teams Drills – Desk-top exercise, Dry drills, Mock drills (Idea is that in case of real eventuality, actions come naturally) Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 132  Emergency equipment Keep emergency rescue equipment ready In case of potential hazardous atmosphere Respirators must be suitable for the type of exposure Independent lifelines must be provided when appropriate Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 133 10a  Personal & Collective Protective Equipment & Systems Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 134 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 135 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 136 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 137 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 138  PPE Activity Respiratory Body Part specific e.g. Protection Protection Fall Protection Air Purifying Supplied Air Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 139  Codes, Standards, Laws ……. Basic intent – uniformity, clarity, safety Standards for items (specification) Standards for activity (CoP, RP, WI, PTW) Made by different groups of people ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22101-Module 2 140  HSE Statutes & Standards The Factories Act 1948 / 1987 The State Factories Rules The Petroleum Act 1934 / Rules 2002 The Explosives Act 1884 / Rules 2008 The Static & Mobile Pressure Vessels (Unfired) Rules 1981 The Gas Cylinder Rules 2004 Inflammable Substances Act, 1952 Calcium Carbide Rules, 1987 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 141  HSE Statutes & Standards The Environment Protection Act 1986 / Rules 1986 Manufacture, Storage & Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules 1989 (Am 2000) The Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness And Response) Rules, 1996 Contract Labour (Regulation & Abolition) Act 1970 / Rules1971 The Indian Electricity Act 2003, Rules 1956, 2005 The Central Motor Vehicles Act 1988 / Rules 1989 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 142  HSE Statutes & Standards Public Liability Insurance Act 1991 / Rules 1991 Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016 e-waste (Management) Rules, 2016 Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules,2016 Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016 Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016 Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 143  A final word Codes set the minimum criteria. Stricter requirements at any time. Not always perfectly clear. When 2 requirements are similar, go with the stricter requirement Not all of them will apply to every situation. Work with code officials to resolve discrepancy / ambiguity Nov2024 AKD-NIT-SHG- 144 ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22101-Module 2 145 ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22101-Module 2 146 ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22101-Module 2 147 ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22101-Module 2 148  Electricity Act & Indian Electricity Rules ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22101-Module 2 149  The Electricity Act sets out the regulatory framework for the supply of electricity and the electricity industry, and for regulation and control of electrical workers. It covers: powers and duties of electricity operators and other owners of electricity works. ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22101-Module 2 150 Section 177 of the Electricity Act, 2003 Central Electricity Authority (Measures relating to Safety and Electric Supply) Regulations, 2010 Rule 5: All suppliers of electricity including generating companies, transmission companies and distribution companies shall designate and Electrical Safety Officer ….. Rule 6: Safety measures for operation and maintenance of electric plants Rule 7: Safety measures for operation and maintenance of transmission, distribution systems Rule 12: General safety requirements pertaining to construction, installation, protection, operation and maintenance of electric supply lines and apparatus ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22101-Module 2 151  IE Rules 42. Accidental charge 43. Provisions applicable to protective equipment 44. Instructions for restoration of persons suffering from electric shock 44A. Intimation of Accident 45. Precautions to be adopted by consumers, owner’s occupiers, electrical contractors, electrical workmen and suppliers 46. Periodical inspection and testing of consumer’s installation ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22101-Module 2 152  PESO Dept of Commerce & Industry, Govt of India Department For Promotion Of Industry And Internal Trade ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22101-Module 2 153 PESO is a nodal agency for regulating safety of hazardous substances such as explosives, compressed gases and petroleum. Its major work is to administer the responsibilities delegated under the Explosives Act 1884 and Petroleum Act 1934 and the Rules made there under with the motto "Safety First" ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22101-Module 2 154  PESO Explosives Act, Inflammable Petroleum Act, 1934 Substances Act, 1884 1952 Explosives Rules, 2008 Petroleum Rules, 2002 Static & Mobile Pressure Vessel (Unfired) Rules,1981 Calcium Carbide Rules, 1987 Gas Cylinder Rules, 2004 No.GSR 625(E) ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22101-Module 2 155 108. Earthing and bonding. – (1) All electrical systems and equipments and all structures, plants and other non-current-carrying metallic parts of major electric apparatus or any major metallic object in any place where petroleum is refined, blended, stored, loaded or unloaded shall be efficiently earthed; the resistance value of and earthing system to the general mass of the earth, shall not be more than- (a) 4 Ω in the case of electrical systems & equipment or a value that ensures the operation of the protective device in the electrical circuit, whichever is lower, and (b) 10 ohms in the case of all non-current carrying metallic parts of major electric apparatus or any major metallic object. ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22101-Module 2 156 108. Earthing and bonding. – (2) All joints in pipelines, valves, plants, storage tanks and associated facilities and equipments for petroleum shall be made electrically continuous by bonding or otherwise; the resistance value between each joint shall not exceed 1ohm. (3) A piping which is not in electrical contact with the associated tank or vessel shall be efficiently connected to such tank or vessel by a flexible conductor and earthed. ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22101-Module 2 157 109. Cathodic protection. – (1) Cathodic protection system where employed shall be designed and installed in accordance with the current recognized practice and so maintained as - (a) not to affect adversely metallic bodies in the zone of protection; and (b) to eliminate the danger of sparking in a hazardous area. ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22101-Module 2 158 109. Cathodic protection. – (2) The metallic structures, pipelines, valves, plants and associated equipment under cathodic protection shall not be broken for repair or maintenance unless a heavy gauge conducting cable is clamped to each side of the intended break for establishing between them an electrical bond and the cable shall remain clamped until repair or maintenance work is completed and the break rejoined. ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22101-Module 2 159 110. Protection against stray current. – (1) Where high values of stray currents are likely to exist, both the rails of spur lines shall be insulated from a railway siding which is used for the loading or unloading of tank wagons. (2) On electrified railway systems, live-contact rails and overhead electric lines shall be terminated outside the area where tank wagons are loaded or unloaded, such rails or overhead lines shall not be allowed with in a refinery or an installation. (3) No joint in a pipeline or associated equipments shall be broken save as provided in sub-rule (2) of rule 109. ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22101-Module 2 160 111. Portable electric apparatus.- (1) No person shall install or use in a hazardous area any portable electric lamp or apparatus other than a portable lamp or apparatus of a type approved by the Chief Controller after such examination and test and for such application as he may specify. (2) ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22101-Module 2 161 111. Portable electric apparatus.- (2) No mains operated portable lamp shall be operated at … exceeding 25 volts above the earth : …. Chief Controller may, at his discretion, allow higher operating voltage not exceeding 55 volts above earth. (3) All portable lamps or apparatus other than a self-contained lamp or apparatus shall be connected to the mains in such a manner and used under such conditions as the Chief Controller may specify. ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22101-Module 2 162  OISD ADOSHE-2022-23 ADE22101-Module 2 163