PRELIM(RIPH).docx

**Handout 1** ------------------------------------------- **Classifications of Historical Sources** ------------------------------------------- - **Manuscripts** are any **handwritten or typed record** that has not been printed, such as archival materials, memoirs, and diaries. ----...

**Handout 1** ------------------------------------------- **Classifications of Historical Sources** ------------------------------------------- - **Manuscripts** are any **handwritten or typed record** that has not been printed, such as archival materials, memoirs, and diaries. ----------------------------------- **Categories of primary sources** ----------------------------------- - **Written Sources** -- materials **written and/or published** by a firsthand eyewitness or the participant - **Artifacts** -- **materials made** by a firsthand eyewitness, or the participant ----------------------------------- **Kinds of Primary Sources Used** ----------------------------------- - **Personal Accounts** - ex. Mga Gunita sa Himagsikan by Emilio Aguinaldo - **Memoir of Aguinaldo** about his struggles and reflections during the Philippine Revolution - **Speeches** - ex. Speech of president Corazon Aquino during the joint session of the U.S. congress, September 18, 1986 - **To ask for** international aid - Documentary Films - ex. Raiders of Sulu Sea --------------------------- **Tests of Authenticity** --------------------------- - **Semantics** -- **determining the meaning of the text**, phrase, sentence, or word - E.g. The term **paraluman** was once defined as a **device to serve as a guide** (i.e. a compass) but is **now defined as a** woman who becomes a source of inspiration due to her beauty (i.e. **a muse**). - **Hermeneutics** -- **determining the ambiguity** (i.e. open to **more than one (1) interpretation**; vague) - E.g. Juan Luna's critically acclaimed painting, **Spoliarium**, can be interpreted in two (2) ways. The artwork's descriptive interpretation depicts **a despoiling scene in a Roman arena** with onlookers waiting to get the spoils while loved **ones weep of loss**. Its analytical interpretation, however, shows the **abuses of those in power back in the Spanish regime** as onlookers never seem to be bothered by the otherwise macabre scene and await to steal what isn't theirs. -------------------------- **Tests of credibility** -------------------------- 1. ***Corroboration** --* **determining if the piece** of information receives, supports, or **confirms a theory or finding**, usually referring to historical facts (i.e. particulars that rest upon the independent testimony of two or more reliable witnesses) ---------------- **Sociofacts** ---------------- are the **ways in which people organize their society and relate to one (1) another**. Generally speaking, a sociofact is the **information, tradition, or event people associate with that artifact.** So, going back to the air-conditioning unit, if the unit is made to control heat, then its sociofact to the people is that it represents office duties for those who work long hours, or to those who enjoy skating in an indoor ice skating rink, an air- conditioning unit may stand for a cold Christmas skating. ---------------- **Mentifacts** ---------------- are the **ideas, beliefs, and values that people hold on**, see, and associate to an artifact. Simply put, mentifacts are the **ideas that people generally thought of whenever they see or use that artifact**, and relate it to their culture, or **a local proverb or saying**. So, if an air-conditioning unit is used for office work, then they can associate the artifact with comfort and relaxation. To some, they might associate it with the tragedies of summer heat and/or heatstroke. Or, it could also stand for the longing of a loved one working in a country with a colder climate. --------------- **Handout 2** --------------- ------------------------------------- **Importance of Historical Method** ------------------------------------- - **Finding Solutions for Contemporary Problems** - Enables us to **form solutions** to contemporary problems **by seeking verisimilar information in the present in to the past**. - **Understanding importance and repercussions found in cultures** - Stresses the relative **importance and the effects of the various interactions** that are to be found **within all cultures.** ------------------------------ **The Author's perspective** ------------------------------ **Background** - a short history **about the author's life** **Attitude** - almost similar to Argument, but **reflects the mood** more, which is **observed on how the author addressed** his or her **argument** - reflects the **current situation and emotion of the author** in the material at the time it was written or made --------------------------------------------------------------------- **Acta de la Proclamación de la Independencia del Pueblo Filipino** --------------------------------------------------------------------- a historic document that marked the declaration of Philippine independence from Spanish rule. - **Date and Location**: The declaration was made on **June 12, 1898**, in **Cavite el Viejo (now Kawit, Cavite**), at the ancestral home of General Emilio Aguinaldo. - **Proclamation:** The document was **read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista**, who was appointed as **the War Counsellor and Special Delegate** to proclaim the independence. - **Reasons for Independence**: The declaration cited various **abuses by Spanish authorities**, including arbitrary arrests, unjust deportations, and the oppressive rule of the Civil Guards. - **Historical Context:** It referenced the **Philippine Revolution that began in 1896** and the **subsequent truce, the Pact of Biak-na-Bato,** which temporarily halted hostilities. - **Significance:** The declaration **asserted the sovereignty and independence of the Philippines** after more than 300 years of Spanish colonial rule1. - **Symbolism:** During the proclamation, the Philippine **flag was unfurled, and the national anthem**, then known as the **Marcha Filipina Magdalo, was played**. --------------------- **Bribery Scandal** --------------------- - **Background:** On **July 17, 1923**, a significant political event occurred in the Philippines involving Governor-General Leonard Wood's administration. - **Key Figures:** - **Ray Conley:** An American detective **involved in a bribery scandal.** - **Jose P. Laurel:** The Interior Secretary who **suspended Conley** due to the scandal. - **Governor-General Leonard Wood:** Ordered the **reinstatement of Conley, which sparked the controversy.** - **Resignations:** In **protest against Wood's decision to reinstate Conley**, several high-ranking Filipino officials resigned from their positions: - **Jose P. Laurel** (Interior Secretary) - **Manuel L. Quezon** (Senate President) - **Manuel A. Roxas** (House Speaker) - **Jose Abad Santos** (Justice Secretary) - **Ernesto Laguda** (Commerce and Communications Secretary) - **Alberto Barredo** (Finance Secretary) - **Rafael Corpus** (Agriculture and Natural Resources Secretary) - **Reason for Resignation**: The officials resigned because they **did not want to work with a person they considered dishonest, reflecting their commitment to integrity and ethical governance**. ------------------------------------------------- **The First Ships to Circumnavigate the Globe** ------------------------------------------------- **Summary Review:** - The Fundación Elkano's account of the first circumnavigation of the globe highlights the remarkable journey of the Spanish expedition led initially by Ferdinand Magellan and completed by Juan Sebastián Elcano. This historic voyage, which took place between 1519 and 1522, marked a significant milestone in maritime history. **Key Points:** - **Historical Context:** The expedition set sail from Seville, Spain, with five ships, aiming to find a westward route to the Spice Islands (modern-day Indonesia). The journey was fraught with challenges, including treacherous seas, scurvy, and conflicts among the crew. - **Leadership and Challenges:** Magellan's leadership was pivotal in navigating through the Strait of Magellan, but he was killed in the Philippines. Elcano then took command of the remaining ship, Victoria, and successfully led the crew back to Spain, completing the first known circumnavigation of the Earth. - **Significance:** The voyage proved the Earth's roundness and provided valuable geographical and navigational knowledge. It also opened new maritime routes and established Spain as a dominant sea power. - **Legacy:** The expedition's success is a testament to human endurance and the spirit of exploration. Elcano's role, often overshadowed by Magellan, is rightfully acknowledged for his crucial part in completing the journey. **Conclusion:** - Fundación Elkano's detailed recounting of this epic voyage offers a comprehensive look at the trials and triumphs of the first circumnavigation. It underscores the expedition's historical importance and the enduring legacy of the explorers who dared to venture into the unknown. ----------------------------------------------- **Filipino Grievances Against Governor Wood** ----------------------------------------------- **Historical Context:** - The document was created during the American colonial period in the Philippines. - It reflects the Filipino people's dissatisfaction with Governor General Leonard Wood's administration. **Key Grievances:** - Usurpation of Powers: - Governor Wood was accused of undermining Filipino autonomy by nullifying laws and assuming control over the Board of Control. - He reversed policies aimed at Filipinizing the government, appointing Americans to key positions even when qualified Filipinos were available. - Obstruction of Legislative Authority: - Wood obstructed national economic policies adopted by the Filipino Legislature. - He rendered the Legislature's power to pass the annual appropriation law merely perfunctory by revising items from the previous year's law. - Violation of Legal and Constitutional Norms: - He was accused of using public funds unlawfully and granting additional compensation to public officials. - Wood's actions were seen as a reversal of America's policy of developing the Philippines for the benefit of its people. - Refusal to Assent to Laws: - Governor Wood refused to assent to laws deemed necessary for the public good. - He continued to hold office nominees whose appointments had been rejected by the Senate. - Wood usurped legislative powers by imposing conditions on legislative measures approved by him. - Strained Relations and Discord: - His administration created discord between different groups, including Christian and Mohammedan Filipinos. - Policies under his administration led to strained relations between resident Americans and Filipinos. - Intervention in Government Affairs: - Wood intervened in and controlled the minute details of the Philippine Government, both insular and local, undermining self-government. - He sought amendments to land laws that would open up the country's resources to exploitation by predatory interests. - Executive Order No. 37: - The document also protests against Executive Order No. 37, which declared laws creating the Board of Control as nullities. - This order allowed Governor Wood to exercise powers and duties solely, bypassing the legislative process. - Report and Recommendations of the Commission (December 20, 1926): - The Commission on Independence submitted a report to Congress, denouncing Governor Wood's actions as arbitrary, oppressive, and undemocratic. - The report emphasized the need for the American people to justify the Filipino stand and vindicate their rights. **Significance:** - The grievances document served as an impeachment request against Governor Wood. - It highlighted the Filipino leaders' demand for greater autonomy and self-governance, reflecting the broader struggle for independence from American colonial rule