Turkish Revolution Questions - Final Exam 2025 PDF

Which of the following explains the Turkish revolution in the most comprehensive way? A. It is a war of national sovereignty. B. It is a war of national independence. C. It is a war of independence, sovereignty and modernization. D. It is a war of independence to expel the enemy from the...

Which of the following explains the Turkish revolution in the most comprehensive way? A. It is a war of national sovereignty. B. It is a war of national independence. C. It is a war of independence, sovereignty and modernization. D. It is a war of independence to expel the enemy from the country. ANSWER: C In which of the following was the idea of forming a temporary government for the first time in the face of the inadequacy of the Istanbul Government during the National Struggle stated? A. Amasya Circular B. Erzurum Congress C. Sivas Congress D. Amasya Interview ANSWER: B Which of the following is not a provision of the Armistice of Mudros? A. Delivery of weapons and ammunition B. Delivery of railways C. Disarmament of soldiers D. Disarmament of the Aegean islands ANSWER: D Which of the following occurred before the opening of the first Turkish Grand National Assembly (TBMM)? A. Establishment of the Independence Tribunals B. Enactment of the Takrir-i Sükûn Law C. Enactment of the Treason Law D. Declaration of the National Pact ANSWER: D Which of the following accepted before the others in the first Turkish Grand National Assembly (TBMM) ? A. Acceptance of the Constitution of the New Turkish State B. Approval of the Mudanya Armistice C. Signing of the Gümrü Peace Treaty D. Abolition of the Sultanate ANSWER: C Which of the following passed by the first Turkish Grand National Assembly (TBMM)? A. Secularization of the Constitution B. Abolition of the Caliphate C. Abolition of the Sultanate D. Unification of education ANSWER: C In which meeting did the Kuvay-i Milliye units come together under one entity? A. At the Amasya Meeting B. At the Sivas Congress C. At the Erzurum Congress D. With the opening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly ANSWER: B Which of the following features of the Sivas Congress is the most important evidence that the National Struggle movement was intended to be based on national will? A. The participation of elected representatives from all over the country in the congress B. The discussion of mandate and protection issues in the congress C. The election of Mustafa Kemal as the president of the congress D. The formation of a representative committee at the end of the congress ANSWER: A 1 Where did Mustafa Kemal Pasha first receive the authority from the entire Turkish nation to start the National Struggle? A. Amasya Circular B. Sivas Congress C. Erzurum Congress D. National Pact ANSWER: B Which of the following laws did the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TBMM) first enact in order to promote its legitimacy and secure itself? A. Tekalif-i Milliye Orders B. Takrir-i Sükûn Law C. Hıyanet-i Vataniye Law D. Teşkilat-ı Esasiye Law ANSWER: C Through which institution did the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TBMM) exercise its judicial authority within the framework of the principle of "unity of powers"? A. Civil courts B. Independent courts C. High Criminal Courts D. Independence (İstiklal) Courts ANSWER: D Which of the following is not a beneficial society? A. Teali İslam Society B. İzmir Müdafaa-i Hukuk Society C. Cilicians Society D. Milli Kongre Society ANSWER: A With a law passed on November 30, 1925, dervish lodges, convents and shrines were closed, and the use of titles and nicknames that signified privilege in social life, such as sheikhdom, dervishhood, dedehood and discipleship, was also prohibited. Which of the following can be said to be the aim of these regulations? A. Benefitting from public services equally B. Ensuring unity in education and training C. Ensuring equality before the law D. Preventing the exploitation of religious feelings ANSWER: D Which of the following societies was against the National Struggle? A. Society for the Defense of Rights in the Eastern Provinces B. Society for the Defense of Rights in Trakya-Paşaeli C. Cilicians (Kilikyalılar) Society D. Mavri Mira Association ANSWER: D In which of the following congresses was the decision "Mandate and protection cannot be accepted" first taken? A. Sivas Congress B. Alaşehir Congress C. Balıkesir Congress D. Erzurum Congress ANSWER: D On what date was the sultanate abolished? A. October 29, 1923 B. May 19, 1919 C. April 23, 1920 D. November 1, 1922 2 ANSWER: D Which of the following developments was not accepted by 2nd TBMM, which opened on August 11, 1923? A. Abolition of the Caliphate B. Abolition of the Sultanate C. Ratification of the Treaty of Lausanne D. Law on the Unification of Education ANSWER: B When were Atatürk's principles included in the Constitution? A. 1921 B. 1924 C. 1928 D. 1937 ANSWER: D When was the "National Pact (Misak-I Milli)" accepted? A. 10 January 1920 B. 12 November 1919 C. 25 October 1920 D. 28 January 1920 ANSWER: D Which of the following developments cannot be seen as a stage of the transition to a secular order? A. Adoption of the Latin alphabet B. Abolition of the sultanate C. Proclamation of the Republic D. Adoption of the Civil Code ANSWER: A Which law was the first to grant Turkish women the right to equality in society? A. Civil Code B. Constitution C. Constitution D. Penal Code ANSWER: A Which of the following agreements was not signed during Atatürk's rule? A. Balkan Pact B. Sadabad Pact C. Montreux (Montreux) Straits Convention D. NATO ANSWER: D When did the 1st Turkish Economic Congress begin in Izmir? A. February 17, 1923 B. October 11, 1922 C. January 28, 1920 D. November 30, 1925 ANSWER: A Which of the following events did not play a role in the transition to the Republic? A. The abolition of the sultanate B. The opening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly C. The Erzurum Congress D. The abolition of the Caliphate ANSWER: D In which war was Mustafa Kemal Pasha given the title of "Commander-in-Chief" by the Turkish Grand National Assembly? A. Sakarya Battle 3 B. Second İnönü Battle C. Dumlupınar Battle D. First İnönü Battle ANSWER: A Which of the following is the date of the Mudanya Armistice? A. September 3, 1922 B. October 11, 1922 C. September 18, 1920 D. October 27, 1920 ANSWER: B The article "A narrow area on both sides of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles Straits will not be militarized." In the Treaty of Lausanne damaged Türkiye's sovereign rights over the straits. Which event corrected this situation and ensured the independency? A. London Conference B. Paris Treaty C. Montreux Treaty D. Mudanya Treaty ANSWER: C I. Landing in Samsun II. Erzurum Congress III. Sivas Congress IV. Amasya Circular Which of the following options correctly lists the chronological order of the above events? A. l-ll-lll-IV B. l-IV-ll-lll C. IV-II-I-III D. l-lll-IV-ll ANSWER: B Which treaty determined Turkey’s southern borders during the War of Independence? A. Ankara Treaty B. Kars Treaty C. Moscow Treaty D. Gümrü Treaty ANSWER: A Which of the following is not among the features of the 1924 Constitution? A. Single parliament B. Supremacy of the parliament C. Loyalty to the Caliph D. National sovereignty ANSWER: C Which of Atatürk's following principles reject the privileges of individuals and groups and accept everyone as equal? A. Nationalism B. Populism C. Republicanism D. Secularism ANSWER: B The statement "It is essential to make the national will superior", one of the decisions taken at the Erzurum Congress, is closely related to which of the following? A. National sovereignty B. Territorial integrity C. Peacemaking D. National independence 4 ANSWER: A Which of the following played the most effective role in the transition to a secular order? A. Abolition of the sultanate B. Abolition of the caliphate C. Dress code reform D. Acceptance of international standards ANSWER: B Who was the Commander of the 15th Corps that was not discharged after the Armistice of Mudros and fought against the Armenians in Eastern Anatolia? A. Mustafa Kemal B. İsmet İnönü C. Fevzi Çakmak D. Kazım Karabekir ANSWER: D On which issue was the Soviet Union a party to the Lausanne negotiations? A. Ottoman Debts B. Capitulations C. Mosul D. Straits ANSWER:D By which treaty were the capitulations abolished? A. Lausanne Peace Treaty B. Mudanya Armistice C. Sevres Treaty D. London Conference ANSWER:A The new Turkish State’s foreign policy was established in accordance with the understanding of "Peace at home, peace in the world". Which of the following was implemented in accordance with this understanding? A. Education Union Law (Tevhid-i Tedrisat ) B. Adoption of the principle of secularism C. Türkiye's membership in the League of Nations D. Changes in the system of weight and measure ANSWER: C Which of the following is not one of Atatürk's six principles? A. Nationalism B. Republicanism C. Constitutionalism D. Secularism ANSWER:C Which of the following is the city where Atatürk greeted the people with a hat in 1925? A. Rize B. Eskişehir C Kastamonu D. Ordu ANSWER: C Where was the National Pact accepted? A. In the Amasya Meeting B. In the Sivas Congress C. In the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TBMM) D. In the Ottoman Chamber of Deputies ANSWER: D Which revolution was supported by opening of national schools? 5 A. Alphabet revolution B. Abolition of dervish lodges and zawiyas C. Tevhid-i Tedrisat Law D. Proclamation of the Republic ANSWER: A Which scientific institution was founded by Atatürk in 1932 in order to conduct research to make Turkish a scientific language? (10) A. Turkish Historical Society B. Faculty of Language, History and Geography C. Turkish Language Society D. Higher Institution of Atatürk for Culture, Language and History ANSWER: C Which of the following was the result of the London Conference? A. Sakarya Battle B. First İnönü Battle C. Second İnönü Battle D. Commander-in-Chief (Başkumandanlık) Battle ANSWER: B Which of the following problems could not be resolved at the Lausanne Conference? A. Hatay problem B. Capitulations C. Eastern Thrace problem D. Greek border ANSWER: A With which of the following did the Allied Powers try to soften the articles of the Treaty of Sevres and make it acceptable? A. Treaty of Lausanne B. Conference of London C. Treaty of Moscow D. Treaty of Ankara ANSWER: B Which of the following is a revolution made in the political field? A. Dress code revolution B. Acceptance of the Civil Code C. Ensuring unity of education (Tevhid-I Tedrisat) D. Abolition of the sultanate ANSWER: D Which of the following did not participate in a secret agreement to share Ottoman lands? A. Italy B. Russia C. England D. Greece ANSWER: D Which of the following was the agreement signed between France and the TBMM Government on October 20, 1921, which resulted in France evacuating the Southern Front? A. Ankara B. Istanbul C. Adana D. Sevres ANSWER: A Who was the second president of the Republic of Turkey after Mustafa Kemal Atatürk? A. Salih Bozok 6 B. Cemal Gürsel C. Cevdet Sunay D. İsmet İnönü ANSWER: D “In the National Struggle, Lt. Col. Osman, codenamed Tufan Bey, fought heroically against the French.”, in which city do you think the war didn’t take place? A. Adana B. Maraş C. Erzurum D. Mersin ANSWER: C After October 30, 1918, when was Istanbul occupied for the second time by the occupying forces? A. May 19, 1919 B. April 23, 1920 C. March 16, 1920 D. October 29, 192................... ANSWER: C What was the decision that drew the borders of today’s Anatolia and was shared with the public on February 17, 1920, and where was this decision taken? A. National Pact, Meclis-i Mebusan B. Havza Circular, Amasya C. Kuvayı Milliye, Ankara D. Sivas Congress, Sivas ANSWER: A On January 12, 1920, the Assembly of Deputies began its work in Istanbul and on February 17, 1920, the National Pact decisions were announced to the world. However, the Allied Powers were disturbed by the acceptance of the National Pact decisions. On March 16, 1920, the British raided and dispersed the Assembly of Deputies while it was in session. According to the information provided in this text, which of the following can be said to be the aim of the Allied Powers? A. To help the Istanbul Government B. To eliminate the national will C. To have the National Pact accepted D. To form a new assembly ANSWER: B Which congresses were held in Western Anatolia during the National Struggle, other than the Erzurum and Sivas Congresses? A. İzmir and Kütahya Congresses B. Balıkesir and Alaşehir Congresses C. Burdur and Gümüşhane Congresses D. Muğla and Isparta Congresses ANSWER: B Some articles of the Treaty of Sevres are given below: Compulsory military service will be abolished, the number of soldiers will be limited, and the army will not have heavy weapons. The Straits will be managed by an international commission that does not include Turks and will be open to all ships even in times of war. All states will benefit from capitulations. The rights of minorities will be expanded. Which of the following conclusions about the status of Ottoman Empire cannot be reached based on these articles? A. Minorities have been made equal to the Muslim people. B. Their economic independence has been ignored. C. Their military power has been attempted to be destroyed. D. Their sovereign rights have been damaged. ANSWER: A Based on the decisions taken in the National Pact, “The Arab peoples under 7 occupation should decide their own future with the votes they will give freely. If necessary, a referendum can be held again for Kars, Ardahan and Batum, which have joined the homeland of their own free will. The status of Western Thrace should be determined with the votes by the people who live there” Which of the following conclusions can be reached? A. That capitulations were opposed B. That the people's decision was respected C. That the principle of international equality was emphasized D. That the borders of the Turkish homeland were drawn ANSWER: D The purposes of the Allied Powers opening the Çanakkale (Gallipoli) Front during World War I were as follows; to occupy Istanbul and take the Ottoman Empire into surrender, to cross the Black Sea and bring aid to the Russians, and to draw the new states into the war on their side. If these purposes are taken into consideration; I) Russia has not yet joined the Allied Powers, II) The Ottoman Empire is in a strategically important position, III) The Allied Powers aim to end the war in a short time. Which of the following comments can be reached? A. Only I B. Only II C. II and III D. I, II and III ANSWER: C Where and when were the decisions “Mandate and protection are unacceptable. It is essential to make the National Forces the factor and the national will dominant.” taken? A. Erzurum Congress, July 23, 1919 B. Sivas Congress, September 4, 1919 C. TBMM, April 23, 1920 D. Havza, May 25, 1919 ANSWER: A Mustafa Kemal Pasha mentioned in the opening speech of the Erzurum Congress that a national assembly based on national sovereignty should be established and a government that would derive its power from the nation should be established. Accordingly, which of the following decisions of the congress can be said to have been taken in this direction? A. Mandate and protection are unacceptable. B. The homeland is a whole within its national borders and cannot be divided. C. It is essential to make the National Forces effective and the national will dominant. D. Christian minorities cannot be given privileges that will disrupt our political dominance and social balance. ANSWER: C Some of the National Pact decisions taken at the Ottoman Parliament (Meclis-I Mebusan) are as follows: All regions that were not occupied at the time the Armistice of Mudros was signed are an inseparable whole. The status of Western Thrace should be determined by the free votes of the people living there. In order to achieve full independence, all political, judicial and financial restrictions that hinder our national and economic development should be removed. Accordingly, which of the following conclusions cannot be reached? A. Capitulations were opposed. B. The borders of the Turkish homeland were determined. C. National sovereignty was emphasized. D. The future of Western Thrace was left to the will of the people. ANSWER: C “As long as a nation knows how to be tightly connected to one another, no power on earth can be thought of that can break it apart.” Mustafa Kemal Atatürk emphasized the importance of which of the following with this statement? 8 A. National unity and solidarity B. Institutionalism C. National sovereignty D. Complete independence ANSWER: A Which of the following was among those who signed the Armistice of Mudros on October 30, 1918? A. Rauf Orbay B. Refet Bele C. Ali Fuat Cebesoy D. Kazım Karabekir ANSWER: A Who was the president of the Turkish side in the Treaty of Lausanne signed on July 24, 1923? A. Mustafa Kemal B. Ali Fuat Cebesoy C. Çerkez Ethem D. İsmet İnönü ANSWER: D Where was this decision "The integrity of the country and the independence of the nation are in danger. The determination and decision of the nation will save the independence of the nation." of the National Struggle that started in Samsun on May 19, 1919 taken? A. Sivas Congress B. Erzurum Congress C. Amasya Circular D. Turkish Grand National Assembly ANSWER: C Which meeting was held to divide Ottoman lands and prepare for the Treaty of Sevres on April 18-26, 1920? A. San Remo Conference B. Monaco Conference C. London Meeting D. Armistice of Mudros ANSWER:A Which agreement was signed to determine the eastern borders between Turkish Grand National Assembly (TBMM) government and Russia on March 16, 1921? A. Georgian B. Moscow C. Gyumri D. Kars ANSWER: B According to the Wilson Principles, the regions of the Ottoman Empire where the Turks were the majority would be given absolute sovereignty, and non-Turkish nations would be given the right to self-government. However, Greek soldiers supported by the Britain landed in Izmir on May 15, 1919 and occupied Izmir. After the occupation, they transported Greek immigrants from Greece to Izmir. According to this, which of the following is the purpose of the Greeks transporting Greek immigrants to Izmir? A. To receive war compensation B. To stimulate the economy C. To ensure public security D. To provide a majority in Izmir ANSWER:D Which of the treaties ensured the closure of the eastern and southern fronts? A. Lausanne and Mudanya B. Gümrü and Ankara 9 C. Moscow and Mudanya D. Gümrü and Lausanne ANSWER: B The Battle of Sakarya continued with all its intensity not only on the front but also behind the front. All resources were mobilized in Ankara and everyone took to the roads for the homeland. Everyone from women to men, from the old to the young, was in this war. Based on this text, which of the following cannot be said about the Battle of Sakarya? A. Patriotism came to the fore. B. Not only the army but also the nation fought. C. An all-out struggle was waged. D. The National Struggle ended. ANSWER: D Which development led to disagreement between England and France and created diplomatic problems during the National Struggle? A. The release of the Malta exiles B. The signing of the Ankara Treaty C. The start of the San Remo negotiations D. The official occupation of Istanbul ANSWER: B Turkey’s demands at the Lausanne Conference were as follows: the abolition of Capitulations and the Ottoman Debt Administration, the evacuation of Istanbul and the Straits, the annexation of Mosul and Kirkuk to Turkey, and the payment of compensation by Greece. Which of the following cannot be said to be Turkey's aim with these demands? A. To compensate for the economic damage caused by the war B. To eliminate its economic dependency C. To ensure territorial integrity D. To expand its current borders ANSWER:D In which war did Mustafa Kemal Pasha, as a commander, say the words "There is no line of defense, there is a surface of defense. That surface is the entire homeland."? (5) A. The First and Second Battles of İnönü B. The Battle of Sakarya C. The Great Offensive D. The National Forces ANSWER:C In the last period of the Ottoman Empire, European states intervened in the internal affairs of the state under many pretexts. The TBMM Committee tried to prevent intervention in the internal affairs of the newly established Turkish state with the decisions to be taken in the Lausanne Peace Treaty. Which of the following articles of the Lausanne Treaty is not one of the decisions taken in this direction? A. Capitulations will be abolished. B. The Public Debt Administration will be abolished. C. All non-Muslims in Anatolia will be accepted as Turkish citizens. D. The Straits will be managed by the "International Straits Commission". ANSWER: D Which committee was established by the League of Nations to investigate the massacres perpetuated by invaders in the National Struggle? A. President Wilson's Committee B. Admiral Bristol's Committee C. General Goraoud's Committee D. Advisory Committee ANSWER: B During the National Struggle, by whom and when was the Western Anatolian region 10 occupied? A. Greeks, May 15, 1919 B. Italians, May 19, 1919 C. French, May 20, 1919 D. Greeks and British, October 29, 1919 ANSWER:A The Allied Powers invited the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TBMM) Government as well as the Ottoman Government to the London Conference to be held after the First İnönü Battle. Tevfik Pasha attended this conference on behalf of the Ottoman Government and Bekir Sami Bey on behalf of the TBMM Government. When it was Tevfik Pasha’s turn to speak at the conference, he said, “I leave the floor to the TBMM delegate, who is the true representative of the Turkish nation.” Which aim of the Allied Powers did Tevfik Pasha thwart with this statement? A. Starting the occupation of Anatolian lands B. Creating divisions among Turkish delegates C. Preventing the establishment of a regular army D. Making the Turkish nation give up the National Struggle ANSWER: C Where, when and why did Mustafa Kemal Pasha say the words “They will go as they came”? A. Istanbul, November 13, 1918, against the occupying forces. B. Çanakkale, March 18, 1915, against the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACS). C. Ankara, October 29, 1920, for the opening of the Parliament. D. Istanbul, May 19, 1919, against the Greeks. ANSWER: A During the National Struggle, Turkish women established various associations against the occupation, organized rallies, established aid associations and collected aid for the army, immigrants and the homeless, worked in ammunition factories and carried provisions and ammunition to the front in oxcarts. Accordingly, which of the following cannot be said about the activities of Turkish women? A. They defended the rights of minorities in Anatolia. B. They carried out activities behind the front. C. They worked to awaken national consciousness. D. They were organized against occupations. ANSWER: A Where and when was the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TBMM) opened? A. Istanbul, May 19, 1919 B. Ankara, April 23, 1920 C. Izmir, May 19, 1919 D. Ankara, August 30, 1922 ANSWER: B According to the Moscow Treaty signed between Soviet Russia and the TBMM Government on March 16, 1921, I) Soviet Russia will recognize the National Pact and renounce capitulations. II) Necessary measures will be taken to ensure free trade between the two countries. III) Kars, Ardahan and Artvin will be left to the TBMM Government; Batumi to Georgia; Nakhichevan to Azerbaijan. Which of the following articles show that Soviet Russia has renounced its economic interests? A. Only I B. I and II C. II and III D. I, II and III ANSWER: A When was the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus established? 11 A. November 15, 1983 B. July 20, 1974 C. July 15, 1974 D. October 29, 1922 ANSWER: A Who is the founding president of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus? A. Dr. Fazıl Küçük B. Rauf Raif Denktaş C. Osman Örek D. Şemsi Kazım ANSWER: B “The Independence Anathema (İstiklal Marşı) tells our revolution, it tells the spirit of our revolution. There are lines that have great meaning in terms of telling our cause of independence. This is the part I like the most: ‘It is the right of my flag that lived freely, to be free; It is the right of my nation that worships God, to be free.’ These are the lines I want this nation to never forget. The love of freedom and independence is the soul of this nation. This means that, gentlemen, the freedom of the Turk cannot be touched.” said Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. With these words, Atatürk emphasized which of the following is indispensable? (10) A. Unity in education and training B. Rationalism and scientific C. Freedom and independence D. Social equality ANSWER:C Which Greek organizations acted with the idea of a Great Greece in the National Struggle? A. Heyet-i Nasiha and Megali Idea B. Megali Idea and Enosis C. Ethnic Eteria and Mavri Mira D. Pontus and Megali Idea ANSWER:C Which treaty caused the evacuation of the southern front, the evacuation of the French soldiers occupying there, and the transfer of the weapons and ammunition left by the French to Sakarya? A. Ankara B. Lausanne C. Mudros D. Georgia ANSWER: A Populism (Halkçılık) is the principle of Atatürk, which is based on the equality of all citizens before the law, equal use of state opportunities, and rejects all forms of discrimination. Accordingly, which of the following practices is an indication that Atatürk's populism principle is being followed? A. Protection and development of national culture B. Realization of large investments by the state C. Following scientific and technological developments in the world D. Providing women with the same rights as men in the social and economic fields ANSWER: D After the enactment of the Law on Unification of Education, foreign schools became a problem for Turkey. In 1925, it was decided that history, geography and citizenship courses should be taught by Turkish teachers, inspected by Turkish inspectors and that no anti-Turkish statements should be included in the courses. Accordingly, it can be said that Turkey aimed to achieve the following with its attitude towards foreign schools: A. To increase the quality of education B. To ensure that they are closed 12 C. To prevent damage to national culture D. To ensure that education is provided in accordance with secularism ANSWER:C The principle of Republicanism (Cumhuriyetçilik) is one of the principles of Atatürk, which is based on popular sovereignty as a form of government, ensures that administrators are elected by the people for a certain period of time, emphasizes the republican regime and aims to make this a philosophy of life. Accordingly, for the principle of republicanism, I) It rejects the sovereignty of a single person in the administration of the country. II) It defends that the people should have a say in the administration. III) It foresees that elections should be held at certain intervals. Which of the following judgments can be reached? (11) A. Only I B. I and II C. II and III D. I, II and III ANSWER: D The principle of Nationalism (Millıyetçilik) respects beliefs and sects within the society and state order. It rejects class and group sovereignty. It aims for nationalization in the exploitation of underground and aboveground resources. Accordingly, which of the following principles can be said to be related to Atatürk's principle of Nationalism; I) Secularism, II) Statism, III) Populism A. Only I B. I and III C. II and III D. I, II and III ANSWER: B Republicanism is the principle of Atatürk that bases national sovereignty and national will on state administration. The expression of this principle as a form of government and political regime is the Republic. Accordingly, which statement of Atatürk cannot be evaluated in the context of the principle of republicanism? A. The sultanate and sovereignty of the nation is only and only the Turkish Grand National Assembly. B. I am a person filled with the love of independence, which is the greatest and most valuable heritage of my nation and my ancestors. C. There is no longer any separation between the government and the nation in the past. The government is the nation; the nation is the government. D. Gentlemen; the whole world should know by this name that the people of Turkey can no longer give their sovereignty to any person or authority. ANSWER: B Populism is not to discriminate between individuals, to accept the equality of individuals before the law, and to accept that sovereignty belongs to the people. Accordingly, which of the following goals can be said to be aimed at achieving in society by the principle of populism: I) Participation in government II) Not granting privilege to any person or group III) Being able to benefit equally from state opportunities? A. I and II B. I and III C. II and III D. I, II and III ANSWER: D “...…If science and technology are necessary for our society, both men and women should acquire them equally... Therefore, our women will be educated and 13 knowledgeable and will pass through all the educational stages that men pass through... Women will walk together with men in social life and will be each other's helpers and supporters.” Which of the following can be said to be Atatürk's aim with his Izmir speech dated January 31, 1923? I) Giving due importance to women's education II) Taking steps towards gender equality III) Ensuring women's active participation in social life? A. I and II B. I and III C. II and III D. I, II and III ANSWER:D “In our eyes, the rights, interests and freedoms of a farmer, shepherd, laborer, merchant, artisan, doctor, in short, a citizen working in any social institution are equal.” Based on Atatürk’s words, which of the following can be said about the economic development policy of the new Turkish state? A. Encouraging foreign investments B. Emphasizing domestic capital C. Embracing all segments of society D. Adopting a system based on land ANSWER:C The circular dated September 26, 1925, which included the rules to be followed in foreign schools in accordance with the Tevhid-i Tedrisat Law, included the following provisions: Religious symbols in places other than temples in foreign schools will be removed. It will be mandatory for Turkish, Turkish history and geography, and civics courses to be taught in Turkish by Turkish teachers. Accordingly, which of the following judgments can be reached regarding foreign schools: I) Action has been taken in line with the secular education approach. II) The aim has been to protect Turkish national culture. III) State supervision has been increased. A. I and II B. I and III C. II and III D. I, II and III ANSWER:D Which of the following was the commander of the Eastern Front during the National Struggle? A. Kazım Karabekir B. İsmet İnönü C. Enver Pasha D. Rauf Orbay ANSWER:A Etatism is a system that arises from the needs of the day, is suitable for the conditions of Turkey, directly concerns the benefit of the Turkish nation, and foresees economic and social development. It is also an economic model that includes private property, defends freedom of enterprise and aims for development. According to this information, which of the following cannot be said to be related to the principle of etatism? A. Aiming for economic development B. Offering investment opportunities to the private sector C. Encouraging foreign capital D. Emerging from the needs of society ANSWER:C Ismet Pasha expressed the reasons for making Ankara the capital with the following words: “…First of all, the Straits are completely open and completely unsafe in terms of military. We are in this situation. The results we were able to achieve with the Treaty of Lausanne and the historical conditions cause us concern. In addition, we want to be in the middle of Anatolia and operate the 14 new state as an Anatolian Government. The passage of the proposal regarding Ankara being the center of government in the parliament is a fundamental decision. It is a definite, practical step that gives a written direction to the policy and ideals of the new state.” Accordingly, which of the following reasons can be said to be effective in choosing Ankara as the capital; I) political, II) economic, III) geopolitical? A. Only I B. I and III C. II and III D. I, II and III ANSWER:B Some of the decisions taken at the Turkish Economic Congress held in Izmir on February 17, 1923 are as follows: Industrial branches whose raw materials are supplied domestically should be established. A transition should be made from handicraft and small manufacturing to large manufacturing plants. The state should lead investments that cannot be realized by the private sector. Domestic goods should be used, and waste should be avoided. Accordingly, which of the following cannot be said to be attempted? A. To ensure the establishment of domestic factories B. To encourage the import of raw materials C. To eliminate external dependency D. To develop the consciousness of saving ANSWER:B Some of the provisions included in the program of the Free Republican Party are as follows: The party will determine the value of the Turkish currency as soon as possible and ensure that foreign capital enters the country. Peasants and farmers will be given easy credit. Local crops will be protected, and foreign markets will be found for them. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from these provisions? I) It is aimed to conduct international trade in Turkish Lira II) Measures are taken to develop agriculture III) It is aimed to develop foreign trade A. Only I B. Only II C. I and III D. II and III ANSWER:D Atatürk welcomed the establishment of the Progressive Republican Party with tolerance, used the parliaments of Western countries as examples and explained the necessity of a multi-party regime. In this regard, he said, “We give the impression of a single-party, oppressive administration in our parliament. Westerners who look at us say that the style of administration in this country is one-party rule. There should be two parties in our parliament, a system of monitoring the government should be established and we should resemble the parliaments of civilized countries.” Accordingly, which of the following purposes does Atatürk’s support for the transition to a multi-party system relate to? I) Facilitating the implementation of revolutions II) Making the parliament’s monitoring power more effective III) Increasing the prestige of Turkish democracy in the international arena A. Only I B. I and II C. II and III D. I, II and III ANSWER:C Atatürk said to Ali Fethi Bey, “There is no opposition in the parliament so that I can understand the situation of the country. You will do this duty.” He said. With this statement, Atatürk emphasized the necessity of which of the following? 15 A. National sovereignty B. Judicial independence C. Civil society organizations D. Pluralistic understanding of governance ANSWER:D Atatürk said the following about the People's Party program in his speech: “Sovereignty belongs to the nation. No authority other than the Turkish Grand National Assembly can have a say in the future of the nation. The principles of national sovereignty will be followed in law, administration, education and economy. The decision to abolish the sultanate cannot be changed. Laws will be rearranged, the tithe (Aşar) method will be changed, the capital of national banks will be increased, railways will be built, the unification of education will be realized immediately, and efforts will be made to develop the country.” Which of the following conclusions cannot be reached according to this information? A. The aim is to develop the country. B. A form of government that derives its power from the people has been adopted. C. It has been emphasized that changes can be made in the government system. D. It has been stated that new practices will be implemented in different areas. ANSWER:C Atatürk wanted political parties to be established in the administration of the Republic and for different views to exist in the state administration. With this idea, he transformed the Defense of Rights Group, which he led before the declaration of the Republic, into a political party under the name of the "People's Party" on September 9, 1923. Accordingly, which of the following goals can be said to have been achieved by Atatürk; I) to include the people in the government, II) to create a democratic environment in the country, III) to eliminate disagreements in the parliament? A. Only I B. I and II C. I and III D. II and III ANSWER: B Some of the goals in transitioning to a multi-party system are as follows: To reinforce the understanding of national sovereignty, to fully establish the democratic order in the country, to ensure that different ideas and thoughts are represented, to establish the opposition party in the parliament. Accordingly, which of the following cannot be said to have been achieved? A. To ensure the establishment of democratic culture in the country B. To make individual sovereignty superior to national sovereignty C. To create suitable conditions for the political organization of society D. To prepare the environment for the supervision of government activities ANSWER: B Some of the decisions taken in the Balkan Pact, which was established in 1934, are as follows: The states participating in the Pact will respect each other's independence and mutually guarantee their borders. The Balkan states will seek each other's opinions in the agreements they will make among themselves and with states outside the region. The mutual interests of the states will be taken into consideration in economic matters. Accordingly, which of the following can be said to be the aims of the states participating in the Balkan Pact; I) Contributing to regional peace, II) Following an expansionist policy, III) Assisting each other in the event of war? A. Only I B. I and III C. II and III 16 D. I, II and III ANSWER: A In his opening speech for the anniversary of the Turkish Grand National Assembly in 1936, Atatürk said, “The main issue that occupies our nation day and night is the future of İskenderun-Antakya and its surroundings, whose real owners are genuine Turks. This is the only major issue between us and France. Those who know the inner workings of this matter and those who defend the right will understand and see how much we care about the Hatay issue.” and he was applauded for minutes. The Greek ambassador who watched the session asked the French ambassador next to him, “What do you say about this speech and enthusiasm?” The French ambassador replied, “This is not a speech, it is a challenge.” From this information, which of the following conclusions can be reached? I) The deputies supported Atatürk’s thoughts on Hatay. II) Atatürk saw Hatay as an inseparable part of Turkey. III) Greece and France acted together on the Hatay issue. A. Only I B. I and II C. II and III D. I, II and III ANSWER: B Atatürk’s statement, “The Republic of Turkey cannot be a country of sheikhs, dervishes, and disciples.” is related to which of his following works? A. Opening of the Turkish Language Association B. Hat Revolution C. Closure of madrasahs D. Closure of dervish lodges, convents, and shrines ANSWER: D As a result of which of the following developments, the right to carry cargo and passengers in Turkish territorial waters was granted only to Turkish ships? A. Civil Code B. Cabotage Law C. Economic Pact principle D. Industrial Encouragement Law ANSWER: B Which document called for a total mobilization of the Turkish people in the National Struggle? A. Tekalifi Milliye orders B. Teşkilatı Esasiye Kanunu C. Treason Vataniye Kanunu D. Misak-ı Milli (National Pact) decisions ANSWER: A Which of the following was not resolved by the Treaty of Lausanne? A. Mosul B. Capitulations C. War compensation D. Hatay ANSWER: A On which date did the Battle of the Commander-in-Chief (Başkomutanlık), personally led by Mustafa Kemal, take place? A. August 25-September 9, 1922 B. May 19-May 25, 1919 C. October 30-November 10, 1918 D. September 9-September 21, 1922 ANSWER: A Which country was Turkey's interlocutor in the Hatay issue? A. France B. England 17 C. USA D. Italy ANSWER: A What is the indication of Mustafa Kemal opening the TBMM (Turkish Grand National Assembly) as soon as he arrived in Ankara? A. Respect for the will of the nation and nationalism B. Greek occupation C. The result of the Erzurum Congress D. The emergence of the National Pact ANSWER: A Who was the journalist who fired the first bullet at the invading Greek soldiers who landed in Izmir on May 15, 1919, and was martyred there? A. Yörük Ali Efe B. Çerkez Ethem C. Hasan Tahsin D. Halit Pasha ANSWER: C Where were these “Mandate and protection cannot be accepted. The homeland is a whole within national borders, it cannot be separated.” decisions taken? A. Sivas Congress B. Amasya Circular C. Erzurum Congress D. Havza Circular ANSWER: C Which of the following is one of the beneficial societies established during the National Struggle? A. Cilicians (Kilikyalılar) Society B. Wilson Principles Society C. Mavri Mira Society D. Freedom and Entente Party ANSWER: A Who was assigned by the Istanbul Government to prevent the Sivas Congress and arrest Mustafa Kemal and his friends? A. Çerkez Ethem B. English Kemal C. Ali Galip D. Topal Recep ANSWER: C According to Atatürk, the principles on which the Turkish State is based are complete independence and unconditional national sovereignty. Atatürk defines complete independence as “independence and freedom in all matters, political, financial, economic, judicial, military, cultural”. Accordingly, which of the following is not one of the actions taken in line with national independence? A. Abolition of capitulations B. Opening of the Grand National Assembly (TBMM) C. Rejection of mandate and protection D. Attempts to transition to a multi-party system ANSWER: D At the Izmir Economic Congress, Minister of Economy Mahmut Esad Bozkurt said, “The economy of the New Turkey cannot be similar to any of the economic systems and policies implemented in the world today. Our country is obliged to follow an economic policy that is in line with its economic meaning and needs and the spirit of our economic history. The New Turkey should follow a mixed economic system. The economic initiatives should be undertaken partly by the state and partly by individuals.” Accordingly, I) An economic policy suitable for Turkey’s conditions will be followed. II) The state will assume duties and responsibilities in the economic field. 18 III) All economic initiatives will be carried out by the state. Which of the following conclusions can be reached? A. Only I B. I and II C. II and III D. I, II and III ANSWER: B According to Atatürk, which of the following is not one of the ways to protect the revolution? A. The revolution must be continuously rooted in those who make it and carry it out. B. What the revolution brings must be explained to every segment of society. C. Revolutions must remain as they are and absolutely no changes must be made to them. D. Harsh measures can be taken to protect the revolution. ANSWER: D Which of the following pairings is incorrect? A. Turkish Historical Society - Nationalism B. Abolition of the Caliphate - Secularism C. Acceptance of the Gregorian Calendar - Nationalism D. National (Millet) Schools - Populism ANSWER: D Which of the following cannot be shown among the efforts made to ensure economic development during the Republic period? A. Giving importance to industries whose raw materials are domestic B. Activating private enterprise with credit support C. Expanding the transportation network D. Using foreign capital in economic development ANSWER: D Which of the following is not one of the policies implemented during the Atatürk Period? A. Reflecting modernization in all areas B. Implementing the etatism policy C. Working to implement pluralistic democracy D. Realizing the principle of separation of powers ANSWER: D According to Atatürk, which of the following is not one of the effective principles in the formation of the Turkish nation? A. Unity of religion B. Historical kinship C. Unity in political existence D. Unity of country ANSWER: A Which of the following information is incorrect? A. Enactment of the Encouragement of Industry Law - Implementation of the principle of secularism B. Law on the Maarif Organization - Determination of the education curriculum C. Tevhid-i Tedrisat Law - Unity of education and training D. People's Houses - Meeting the needs of the society such as conferences, concerts, etc. ANSWER: A I. Opening of Village Institutes II. Opening of People's Houses III. Joining of Hatay to the Motherland IV. Opening of National Schools V. Opening of Ankara Law Faculty Which one or more of them took place during Atatürk's period? 19 A. II – IV- V B. I – II –V C. I – II – III – IV – V D. II – III – V ANSWER: A –Secularism -Populism -Nationalism Which of the following revolutions includes all of Atatürk's principles given above? A. Acceptance of the Hat Law B. Enactment of the Encouragement of Industry Law C. Acceptance of the Cabotage Law D. Acceptance of the Turkish Civil Code ANSWER: D Which of the following cannot be shown as evidence that the principle of secularism is taken as a basis in the administration of a state? A. Respect for religious beliefs B. The state being unifying and guiding in religious affairs C. Taking freedom of religion and belief as a basis D. Basing state order and legal rules on reason and science ANSWER: B Which of the following provided the Republic of Turkey with the opportunity to include Turkish culture courses in the curriculum of foreign schools? A. With the Law on the Organization of Education B. With the Law on the Unification of Education C. With the abolition of the Madrasahs D. With the abolition of the Ministry of Sharia and Evkaf ANSWER: A The purpose of which of the following revolutionary movements is given incorrectly? A. Opening of National Schools - Increasing the literacy rate B. Acceptance of weight and length measurements - Doing so in line with the principle of nationalism C. Turkish Civil Code - Ensuring unity in the field of law D. Surname Law - Supporting the principle of populism ANSWER: B Which of the following is not one of the purposes of the principle of etatism? A. To establish heavy industry facilities in the country B. To provide raw materials and capital to the private sector C. To provide pioneering advances in every field of the economy D. To ensure planned development, to develop the economy without external dependency ANSWER: B Rationalism and scientificness are the results of which of the following principles of Atatürk? A. Nationalism B. Statism C. Revolutionism D. Secularism ANSWER: D............. means changing the current order in society in a short time with a certain amount of force and establishing a new social structure in its place....................... is the sum of all the material and spiritual values produced by a human community in every field in a certain period of time. ---------------- is the political unity that regulates and executes society. Which of the following should be placed in the blanks above, respectively? 20 A. Civilization - modernization - constitution B. Reform - civilization - law C. Revolution - culture - state D. Revolution - civilization - parliament ANSWER: C During the Republic period; - The inability of the production activities carried out to meet the needs of the country - The desire to save Turkey from being an agricultural society Which of the following was the reason for this? A. Increasing the authorities of İş Bankası B. Enacting the Cabotage Law C. Enacting the Encouragement of Industry Law D. Enacting the Takrir-i Sükun Law ANSWER: C Which of the following occurred after the others? A. Enactment of the Surname Law B. Addition of 6 principles to the 1924 Constitution C. Acceptance of the Gregorian calendar D. Opening of the Turkish Historical Society ANSWER: B Mustafa Kemal Atatürk turned the handle that would operate the machines at the opening of the Nazilli Printed Fabric Factory, which belonged to the state, on October 9, 1937. 480 machines started to operate with loud noises. Atatürk said, “Here are the sounds that will bring prosperity to the people.” The above event is directly related to which of the following principles? A. Nationalism - Republicanism B. Populism - Revolutionism C. Revolutionism - Modernization D. Statism - Populism ANSWER: D Which of the following Atatürk principles is not explained correctly? A. Nationalism - The Turkish nation being superior to other nations B. Revolutionism - Modernization, preserving and continuing Atatürk's revolutions C. Secularism - Religion not interfering with state affairs D. Populism - Equality before the law, ensuring social justice ANSWER: A Which of the following is not one of the developments related to the principle of national economy? A. Enactment of the Industrial Incentive Law B. Cabotage Law C. Tevhid-i Tedrisat Law D. Establishment of İş Bankası ANSWER: C Which of the following incorrectly explains the revolutionary principles of Atatürk? A. Destroying institutions that have left the Turkish nation backward B. Making Atatürk's revolutions stereotyped and frozen C. Advancing towards modernization and Westernization D. Ensuring the continuous development of society ANSWER: B Which of the following principles is not among the revolutions made in the social field? A. Enactment of the Industrial Incentive Law B. The Law on Surnames C. Dress code revolution 21 D. Acceptance of the Gregorian Calendar ANSWER: A On which dates did the Izmir Economic Congress convene? A. September 4 - 11, 1919 B. July 23 - August 7, 1919 C. October 13, 1923 D. February 17 - March 4, 1923 ANSWER: D What is the main reason why foreign embassies hesitated to come to the new capital Ankara? A. Expectation and wish that the Republic would not continue B. Inadequate social conditions in Ankara C. Accommodation conditions in Ankara were worse than in Istanbul D. Difficulty and discomfort in transportation from Istanbul to Ankara ANSWER: A Which of the following is the reason for the assignment of army members to agricultural fields during planting and harvesting seasons? A. To teach soldiers farming B. To increase agricultural production as soon as possible C. To increase the sale of agricultural equipment D. To implement the saying "Working iron shines" ANSWER: B Which countries had embassies in Ankara when the Republic was declared? A. England, Germany, Russia B. Russia Germany, Azerbaijan C. Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Greece D. Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Soviet Union ANSWER: D Which of the following is the military figure who served as the Chief of General Staff for the longest period since the declaration of the Republic? A. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk B. İsmet İnönü C. Kazım Karabekir D. Fevzi Çakmak ANSWER: D Which of the following is the date on which the Sultanate was abolished? A. October 29, 1922 B. October 30, 1922 C. November 1, 1922 D. April 20, 1923 ANSWER: C Which of the following is the first opposition party of the Republican period? A. Free Republican Party B. Republican People's Party C. Freedom and Accord Party D. Progressive Republican Party (Terakkiperver) ANSWER: D Which Turkish political leader was given the title of National Chief? A. Rauf Orbay B. İsmet İnönü C. Adnan Menderes D. Celal Bayar ANSWER: B Which of the following is the party founded by Fethi (Okyar) Bey in 1930? A. Free Republican Party 22 B. Republican People's Party C. Progressive Republican Party (Terakkiperver) D. Democrat Party ANSWER: A By which law were all schools connected to the Ministry of National Education? A. The Fundamental Law B. The Fundamental Organization Law C. The Tevhid-i Tedrisat Law D. The Civil Code ANSWER: C What are the names of the institutions opened as of January 1, 1929 to teach the new Turkish alphabet to the public? A. Darülfünun B. Turkish Hearth C. National School D. Community center ANSWER: C Which of the following names represented the Turkish delegation in the Mudanya Armistice? A. Mustafa Kemal Pasha B. Rauf Bey C. İsmet Pasha D. Kazım Karabekir ANSWER: C Which of the following is not one of the economic provisions of the Treaty of Lausanne? A. It was requested that open policies be adopted in the economy. B. It was requested that the Ottoman customs tariffs remain in force for a while longer. C. With the Public Debt Administration, a large portion of the Ottoman debts were transferred to the Republic of Turkey. D. The implementation of new prohibitions on customs tariffs was brought to the agenda. ANSWER: A Which of the following should go in the blank in the sentence “established on June 14, 1935 to conduct mining and energy activities in ------------.”? A. Etibank B. Halkbank C. Ziraat Bank D. Türkiye İş Bankası ANSWER: A Which characteristics of the Republican People's Party were emphasized in the 1927 Regulation? A. Republican, Populist, Nationalist B. Secular, Republican, Statist C. Republican, Secular D. Republican, Secular, Statist, Revolutionary, Populist, Nationalist ANSWER: D “It is the homeland within our current political borders where the Turkish nation lives with its ancient and high history and the works that preserve their existence in the depths of its lands.” Which of the following does this definition in the 1923 Regulation define? A. State B. Homeland C. Citizen D. Nation ANSWER: B 23 In the sentence “The rate of participation of the people in the elections of the head of state also determines his/her qualification”, which of the following should be placed in the blank? A. Statism B. Secularism C. Republic D. Nationalism ANSWER: C In the sentence “In this sense, the creation, administration and consciousness of protecting national existence in the Orkhon monuments are extremely valuable as their first examples”, which concept should be placed in the blank? A. Nationalism B. Populism C. Statism D. Republicanism ANSWER: A Which of the following is the principle that was put into practice as a result of the conditions affected by the world economic crisis (Great Depression) experienced in 1929? A. Secularism B. Republicanism C. Statism D. Revolutionism ANSWER: C When and on what occasion did the six principles of Atatürk appear in the party charter? A. 1919 Sivas Congress B. 1927 Second Congress C. 1931 Third Congress D. 1935 Fourth Congress ANSWER: C “It would be appropriate for the conditions, conditions and obligations we find ourselves in today if those who govern the Republic of Turkey do not deviate from the principle of democracy but act in accordance with the principle of moderate statism.” Which of the following principles does this definition belong to? A. Populism B. Statism C. Secularism D. Nationalism ANSWER: B The understanding that ‘science is the key that opens the door to all material and spiritual success’ is directly related to which of the following? A. Nationalism B. Modernism C. Being subject to positive science and reason D. Statism ANSWER: C What is the main reason for the opening of the National Schools? A. Teaching the new Turkish alphabet B. Ensuring unity of language C. Developing Turkish literature D. Contributing to vocational education ANSWER: A “Hat and Surname Laws can be counted among the steps aiming for change in ………………….” Which of the following should go in the blank above? 24 A. Social structure B. Legal system C. Political field D. Educational system E. Economic structure ANSWER: A I. People's House II. High School III. National School Which of the above options can we associate with widespread education? A. Only I B. Only II C. Only III D. I-III ANSWER: D At the end of which revolution was Atatürk given the title of Head Teacher? A. Alphabet Revolution B. Dress Code Revolution C. Hat Law D. Proclamation of the Republic ANSWER: A Which of the following was not introduced to the Turkish education system with the Proclamation of Tevhid-i Tedrisat? A. Contemporary education B. Secular education C. Religious education D. National education ANSWER: C Which of the following is not one of the works that strengthened the reforms in writing? A. Establishment of the Turkish Language Association B. Opening of National Schools C. Establishment of the Turkish Historical Society D. Establishment of the Translation Office ANSWER: D Which of the following issues were not among the issues between Turkey and Greece after Lausanne? A. Population exchange B. The Patriarchate remaining in Istanbul C. The rights of the Turks in Western Thrace D. The Pontus issue ANSWER: D Which of the following is a Balkan country that was not included in the Balkan Pact? A. Romania B. Bulgaria C. Greece D. Yugoslavia ANSWER: B In which of the following is the editor-in-chief and newspaper that Atatürk used his column in the Hatay issue correctly given? A. Yunus Nadi- Cumhuriyet B. Mehmet Asım Us- Kurun C. Necmeddin Sadak- Akşam D. Falih Rıfkı Atay- Ulus ANSWER: B To which person does the phrase “40 centuries old Turkish homeland cannot remain a prisoner in enemy hands” belong? 25 A. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk B. İsmet İnönü C. Kazım Karabekir D. Tayfur Sökmen ANSWER: A Which country has Syria under its mandate in the issue known as the “Sancak” issue in Turkish foreign policy? A. England B. United States C. Soviet Union D. France ANSWER: D The first Balkan Conference, which was accepted as the first step of the Balkan Pact and was initiated by Turkey and Greece in October 1930, was held in ………. Which capital will come in the blank in the sentence? A. Ankara B. Sofia C. Athens D. Bucharest ANSWER: C Which of the following Middle Eastern countries was not included in the Sadabad Pact? A. Syria B. Iran C. Iraq D. Afghanistan ANSWER: A In which year was the Montreux Straits Convention, which allowed Turkey to control the Straits, signed? A. 1933 B. 1934 C. 1936 D. 1938 ANSWER: C It is not one of the characteristics of the Republic of Cyprus established with the agreements signed at the Zurich and London conferences? A. The president would be Greek and his vice-president would be Turkish B. The official language would be Greek C. A legislative assembly would be formed consisting of 70 percent Greeks and 30 percent Turks D. 7 of the government members would be Greeks and 3 would be Turks ANSWER: B On which of the following events did the US impose an embargo on Turkey? A. 1974 Cyprus Peace Operation B. Cuban Crisis C. Turkey establishing close relations with the USSR D. The beginning of World War II ANSWER: A In which year was the document known as the "Johnson Letter" in foreign policy sent to the Turkish government? A. 1964 B. 1962 C. 1974 D. 1970 ANSWER: A Between which dates did the Cyprus Peace Operation take place? 26 A. July-August 1974 B. February-March 1974 C. July-August 1964 D. March-April 1964 ANSWER: A In which year did Turkey join the League of Nations? A. 1923 B. 1930 C. 1932 D. 1938 ANSWER: C What subject did the Exchange Treaty signed between Turkey and Greece cover? A. Population B. Economy C. Privileges D. Straits ANSWER: A Which subject caused problems between Turkey and England after the Treaty of Lausanne? A. Straits B. Hatay C. Minorities D. Mosul ANSWER: D Which country did Turkey have problems with due to the Grey Wolf Lotus case? A. France B. England C. USA D. Japan ANSWER: A What kind of an attitude was followed in Turkish foreign policy with Atatürk's principle of "Peace at Home, Peace in the World"? A. Aggressive B. Peaceful C. Expansionist D. Imperialist ANSWER: B When and where was the Sadabad Pact signed? A. 1937-Tehran B. 1937-Kabul C. 1945-Baghdad D. 1938-Damascus ANSWER: A Where was the Montreux Treaty signed? A. Italy B. Switzerland C. England D. Istanbul ANSWER: B Which problem from Lausanne was resolved with the Montreux Treaty? A. Straits B. Hatay C. Capitulations D. Cyprus ANSWER: A 27 In which year did Hatay join the Republic of Turkey? A. 1938 B. 1939 C. 1930 D. 1942 ANSWER: B In which year was the Island of Cyprus conquered by the Turks? A. 1571 B. 1897 C. 1453 D. 1878 ANSWER: B In which year was the island of Cyprus transferred to England by the Ottomans? A. 1898 B. 1912 C. 1878 D. 1915 ANSWER: C Under the leadership of which Turkish commander did the Ottoman army organize an expedition to Cyprus? A. Lala Mustafa Pasha B. Ibrahim Pasha C. Damat Ibrahim Pasha D. Fetih Pasha ANSWER: A With which treaty did the Republic of Turkey accept that Cyprus was the property of England? A. Mudanya B. Sevres C. Mudros D. Lausanne ANSWER: D Which nation organized the rebellion against the British administration on the island of Cyprus in 1931? A. Turks B. Venetians C. Greeks D. Armenians ANSWER: C What is the name of the terrorist organization founded by Greek Cypriots? A. EOKA B. ASALA C. PKK D. Dashnak ANSWER: A What is the concept that Greek Cypriots aim to unite with Greece? A. EOKA B. Enosis C. Pan-Turkism D. United Cyprus ANSWER: B What was the thesis that Turkey defended in the 1950s for Turkish Cypriots to live in peace on the island? A. Partition B. Enosis C. Unification 28 D. Full independence ANSWER: A When did the Turkish Cypriot Regiment set foot on the island? A. 1963 B. 1955 C. 1960 D. 1974 ANSWER: C In which year was the Turkish Resistance Organization (TMT) in Cyprus founded? A. 1955 B. 1958 C. 1963 D. 1974 ANSWER: A In which year was the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus established? A. 1987 B. 1975 C. 1960 D. 1983 ANSWER: D Who is the Vice President of the Republic of Cyprus? A. Dr. Fazıl Küçük B. Rauf Denktaş C. Burhan Nalbantoğlu D. Derviş Eroğlu ANSWER: A Who is the US President who sent a letter to İsmet İnönü to prevent a possible Turkish military operation on the island due to the increase in violence in Cyprus? A. Kennedy B. Clinton C. Johnson D. Truman ANSWER: C 29