Philosophy Review PDF

DLSMHSI-SHSSHS Philosophy Review LORD JOSEAS C. CONWI, LPT, RPM, RGC, MAED, CHRA, CHMA, CLSSDC Logical Fallacy Fallacy Type Explanation Example 1. "You can’t be right because yo...

DLSMHSI-SHSSHS Philosophy Review LORD JOSEAS C. CONWI, LPT, RPM, RGC, MAED, CHRA, CHMA, CLSSDC Logical Fallacy Fallacy Type Explanation Example 1. "You can’t be right because you’re Argumentum Ad This is when someone attacks the person, not too young to understand!" Hominem (Attack the argument they’re making. It's like saying, 2. "Don’t listen to him; he always gets against the person) “You’re wrong because I don’t like you!” bad grades!" 1. "Everyone else is buying the new Argumentum Ad This is when someone says something is true phone, so it must be the best!" Populum (Appeal to or right just because many people agree. Like 2. "The entire class agrees, so we the people) saying, “Everyone does it, so it must be okay!” should do it!" 1. "If you don’t pick me for the team, Argumentum Ad This is when someone tries to win an I’ll cry all day!" Misericordiam argument by making you feel bad for them, 2. "I didn’t do my chores because I (Appeal to pity) instead of discussing the real issue. was so tired and sad." Argumentum Ad 1. "This cereal is healthy because a This is when someone says something is true Verecundiam (Appeal famous singer said so!" because a famous person or someone who to inappropriate 2. "A famous chef said this soda is isn’t an expert says it is. authority) good, so it must be!" Fallacy Type Explanation Example This is when someone tries to 1. "If you don’t agree with me, I won’t Argumentum Ad Baculum make you agree with them by be your friend anymore!" (Appeal to the Stick) threatening you. It’s like 2. "Agree with the group, or you’ll get saying, “Do what I say or else!” in trouble!" This is when someone says something is true just by 1. "Why is he the leader? Because he Petitio Principii repeating the same thing in leads!" (Begging the question) different words. It’s like 2. "Why is this game fun? Because it’s answering a question with the really fun to play!" same question. This is when someone says 1. "There must be ghosts because no Argumentum Ad Ignorantiam something is true or false one has proven they don’t exist." (Appeal to ignorance) because no one has proven it 2. "Nobody has found proof of aliens, wrong yet. so they must not be real!" Forms and Matter  World of Matter vs Forms 1.Form 1.Matter 2.A priori “from the former 2.A posteriori “from the 3.Knowleddge is obtained by latter analyzing concepts 3.Knowledge is obtained independent of experience thru experience 4.Changeless 4.Ever-changing 5.Eternal 5.Temporary 6.Absolute 6.Sensory Perceptions 7.Perfect Copy 7.Copy of a copy of perfect 8.Math, Logic, Abstract form Reasoning 8.Science and 9.Theism Experimentation 9.Atheism Concept Plato Aristotle - Forms exist within objects, not - Ideal, perfect, and unchanging (e.g., the separately - Form and matter are Form perfect circle) - Exists in a separate realm of inseparable (e.g., a tree has a specific Forms - Represents eternal truths form but is still a tree) - Matter is real and important - Ever- - Matter is just a copy of the perfect Forms - Matter changing and subject to experience - Changes and is imperfect - Not truly real Matter gives substance to form - A posteriori knowledge: Understanding - A priori knowledge: Understanding through through experience and observation - Knowledge reason and concepts - Knowledge is eternal, Knowledge is based on sensory absolute, and perfect perceptions and experimentation - Focuses on empirical science, - Emphasizes the importance of abstract Philosophy experimentation, and realism (often reasoning, idealism, and theism associated with atheism)  Examples Explanation The ideal Form of a "House" A specific house is Matter, represents perfect design, with its physical structure, functionality, and aesthetics materials, and imperfections, (e.g., safety, comfort). which may differ from the ideal Form.  Examples Explanation The Form of "True Friendship" A specific friendship is Matter, encapsulates the perfect influenced by circumstances, qualities of trust, support, and emotions, and individual shared experiences. traits, which may vary from the ideal.  Examples Explanation The ideal Form of "Love" Love in the physical world is represents perfect, Matter. It exists in unconditional love—completely relationships with specific selfless, eternal, and pure, people, and it can change existing beyond individual based on emotions, experiences. experiences, and circumstances.  Human Embodiment  St. Augustine of Concept Plato Aristotle St. Thomas Aquinas Hippo The body is a prison Body and soul are The soul is more for the soul. The soul Body and soul are united, but Body and Soul Unity connected and need important, but both are seeks to be free from the soul is spiritual and special. each other to work. united. the body. The soul helps us reach The soul is eternal and The soul is the life The soul is incorruptible and God; it's more Nature of the Soul the true essence of a force of the body but can exist even after the body important than the person. can’t exist without it. dies. body. Humans are spiritual Humans are rational Humans have rational Humans are embodied spirits, Humans as Rational beings with souls that animals (able to think souls that help them meaning the soul is more than Beings exist beyond the body. and reason). connect with God. just part of the body. The soul lives on after When the body dies, The soul lives on after the body dies and The soul lives on after the Soul After Death the soul also stops death and connects enters the world of body dies and exists with God. existing. with God. forms. The soul gives life to The body is a The soul is the real self, The soul and body are one, but Soul as Form of the body, and they temporary vessel for but needs the body for the soul can live without the Body make a person the eternal soul. action. body. together. Human dignity is tied Did not emphasize Human dignity comes Human dignity is linked to the Human Dignity and Philosoph Teaching on Human Embodiment Simple Explanation er Plato thought that our body is like a cage that Believed the soul is separate from the body. The holds our soul. Our true self is our soul, and it is Plato soul is trapped in the body and only finds true much wiser than the body. We’ll understand life knowledge and freedom after death. better when we are no longer in our bodies. Aristotle believed that the body and soul are Believed the body and soul are connected. The like partners. They need each other to make us Aristotle soul gives life to the body, and they work who we are. The body can’t live without the together to make a person whole. soul, and the soul needs the body to act in the world. St. Thomas said the body and soul are like a St. Thought that the body and soul are united but team, but the soul is the part that lasts forever. Thomas the soul is more important. After death, the soul When we die, our soul stays with God, even Aquinas lives on and connects us to God. though our body doesn’t. St. Augustine thought that while our body is Believed that the body is important, but the important, what matters most is our soul St. soul's relationship with God is the most because it helps us connect with God. Augustine important. The body can distract us from Sometimes the body can make us forget about focusing on God, but the soul guides us back. God, but our soul helps us remember.  Examples Explanation Imagine your body is like a Plato thinks that the real you cage and your soul is the bird is your soul, and it’s stuck in inside. Plato believed that your body. After you die, your your soul is trapped inside the soul escapes and keeps on body and when your body living. dies, your soul can be free and live forever. Think of your body and soul For Aristotle, your body and like a light bulb and soul are a team. They need electricity. The light bulb can’t each other to make you who glow without electricity, and you are. Neither can do the electricity needs the light anything without the other. bulb to shine. Aristotle said that your body and soul work together like this.  Examples Explanation Imagine you’re driving a car. The car St. Augustine believed your is like your body, and you are the soul soul is what’s most important, driving it. You need the car to get but it still needs your body to around, but who you really are is the move and act in the world. person driving, not the car itself. That’s how St. Augustine saw the soul and body. St. Thomas said your soul is Think of a robot with a program that special because it can live on runs it. The program is like the soul— after your body dies. Your it keeps going even if the robot body and soul work together, breaks. St. Thomas Aquinas believed but your soul can keep going that even if your body stops working after death. (like the robot), your soul will keep living and connect with God.  Open Discussion Human Embodiment How does the human capacity for reason distinguish us from animals and plants in both our actions and relationships? How do the different aspects of human embodiment (social, emotional, moral, and spiritual) influence the way we make decisions, experience emotions, and interact with others? In what ways do you think the integration of both soul and body (as seen in the idea "soul + body = man") contributes to a fuller understanding of what it means to be human?  Become a Better Professional Critical thinking should be initiated, modeled, and educated from the beginning of a student’s enrollment and remain a continuous and interactive process obtained through close supervision that gives way to independence ( Jones & Mehr, 2007) Critical Thinking is the process of using and assessing reasons to evaluate statements, assumptions, and arguments in ordinary situations. (Watson, 2024)