Philo Reviewer PDF

PHILO REVIEWER LESSON 1 Philosophy -Defined as “love of wisdom” -from Greek words >Philos (love) >Sophia (wisdom) -Greece is the birthplace of philosophy in the West -Human being possesses a keen desire to know Thales -Father of Philosophy in the Western civilization...

PHILO REVIEWER LESSON 1 Philosophy -Defined as “love of wisdom” -from Greek words >Philos (love) >Sophia (wisdom) -Greece is the birthplace of philosophy in the West -Human being possesses a keen desire to know Thales -Father of Philosophy in the Western civilization -water as the ultimate stuff of the universe. -involves the widest generalizations (Rand,1982) -philosophy is all about fundamentals -philosophy is driven by the desire to integrate things in to a one coherent whole Phytagoras -Phytagorean Theorem -Established a community of learners devoted to philosophy Heraclitus -everything that exists is based on a higher order or plan (called logos) -change is permanent -“No man never steps in the same river twice” Democritus -natural phenomena -matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms Diogenes of Sinope -advocate of living a simple and virtuous life -one should not only talk of virtue but should show it in words and action -was said to have lived like a beggar Epicurus -philosophy could enable a man to live a life full of happiness -Epicureanism >School of philosophy >believes that wisdom and simple living will result in a life free of fear and pain Socrates -foremost philosopher of ancient times -merely considered himself a “midwife” -philosophy could enable a man to live a life of virtue -Socratic Method >devising a series pf question >question and answer Plato -student of Socrates -foundation of Western Philosophy -founded Academy >Institution of higher learning Aristotle -student of Plato -all ideas and views are based on perception -deductive reasoning >specific statements are analyzed to reach a generalization >general to specific Branche of Philosophy -Aesthetics >Deals with beauty -Logic >deals with correct reasoning  -Epistemology >discusses nature of knowledge and knowing -Ethics >deals with moral questions and dilemmas -Political Philosophy >studies government >deals with questions of justice, power, and the rights and obligations of citizens -Metaphysics >deals with questions regarding reality and existence -Philosophy of the Human Person >understanding the human person from a philosophical perspective *Cognitive Branches -Provides a description of being (existence) and knowing -what “is” -Metaphysics and Epistemology *Normative Branches -concerned with the standard of the good -what “ought” to be -Ethics, Politics, and Aesthetics LESSON 2 Holistic Thinking -perspective that considers large-scale patterns -looking at the “big picture” -It requires an individual to have an open mind set -enables a person to view a problem more objectively and come up with better decisions and solutions Partial Thinking -Focuses on specific aspects -individual focuses on certain areas or aspects of a problem LESSON 3 Philosophical Tools -philosophy uses reason to arrive at a certain knowledge or truth. -Philosophical Questions (1st Philosophical tool) >Simple - influenced by curiosity and sense of wonder >Serious - influenced by our experiences and circumstances >Deep - influenced to search for meaningful answers. - Lead for meaningful/insightful answers in life - Cannot be answered by yes or no, it needs reflection. *Socrates >poses questions to people which is the beginning of series of questions and responses >dialectics >Socratic Method - also known as method of elenchus, elenctic method, or Socratic debate - dialogue between individuals based on asking and answering questions *Aristotle >it was the preSocratic philosopher Zeno of Elea who invented dialectic >dialogues of Plato are the examples of the Socratic dialectical method *Kant >ancient Greeks used the word "dialectic" to signify the logic of false appearance or semblance *Socratic Dialectic >The goal is to expose one’s own hidden assumptions and find the truth through questioning everything. *Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel >expounded dialectics which later influenced Karl Marx, the father of communism.  -Logical Reasoning >the process of thinking about something in a logical way in order to form a conclusion or judgement >Deductive Reasoning – general to specific >Inductive Reasoning – specific to general LESSON 4 -Reflection >an activity that requires a person to examine his or her thoughts, feelings and actions and learn from experience -Gabriel Marcel >philosophical reflection is the act of giving time to think about the meaning and purpose of life. -Philosophical Reflection >Allows us to have opportunities to think more deeply >vital in ensuring that our actions and decisions are well thought out >helps us understand ourselves and our actions better -2 Types of Philosophical Reflection >Primary Reflection -ability to think logically. -examines its object by abstraction, by analytically breaking it down into its constituent parts -concerned with definitions, essences and technical solutions to problems. >Secondary Reflection -enables us to look deeper into our experiences and see the bigger picture of reality -integrates the fragmented and compartmentalized experience into a whole -idea that various systems (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts LESSON 5 -Truth >Truth lies at the heart of any inquiry. >It is a fact that has been verified. -Knowledge >Truth lies at the heart of any inquiry. It is a fact that has been verified (Abella, 2016) >the clear awareness and understanding of something >Propositions or statements which are observed to be real or truthful are considered facts -3 Theories of Truth >Correspondence Theory -states that a proposition is true if it is corresponding to the facts >Coherence Theory -states that if a proposition coheres with all the other propositions taken to be true, then it is true >Pragmatic Theory -states that a proposition is true if it is useful to believe -William James - father of Pragmatism -Rene Descartes >“Doubt everything that can be doubted.” >“If you would be a real seeker after truth, it is necessary that at least once in your life you doubt, as far as possible, all things.” *Systematic doubt is employed to help determine the truth. -Opinion >these statements go beyond providing facts. >They also provide conclusions or perspectives regarding certain situations -Conclusion >a judgment based on certain facts  -Beliefs >statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts -Explanations >statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why the statement is true LESSON 6 -Methods of Philosophizing >a process of determining the truth or drawing conclusions from a statement >Socratic Method -didactic dialogue -Socratic Method of Questioning -Elenchus (origin) -“To inquire” or “to Examine” (meaning) -ask, find or use examples, reject, ask again >Dialectic Method -a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view -Dialektike (origin) -“the art of conversation” (meaning) -ask, clarify, reject >Scientific Method -Empirical method -determining truth or knowledge through experimentation -Scientia (origin) -“To produce knowledge” (meaning) >Historical Method -evaluating what already happened in the past -Analyzing past experiences LESSON 7 -Critical Thinking >the ability to engage in reflective and independent thinking >the careful, reflective, rational, and systematic approach to questions of very general interest -Arguments >series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful -Fallacy >arguments based on faulty reasoning -Kinds of Fallacy >ad hominem -attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument itself >ad baculum -using the threat of force >ad misericordiam -using emotion >ad populum -idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it >ad antiquities -idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time >fallacy of composition -what is true for a part is true for the whole >fallacy of division -what is true for the whole is true for its parts >petitio prinsipi -assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true -circular argument >post hoc -assuming “cause-and-effect” relationship  Bias >personal views of the person presenting it >tendencies or influences which affect the views of people -Kinds of Bias >Correspondence Bias -tendency to judge a person’s personality by his/her actions >Confirmation Bias -tendency to look for and accept information in a way that confirms one’s own beliefs >Conflict of interest -a person or a group is connected to/has a vested interest in the issue >Cultural Bias -analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural standards >Framing -focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspect LESSON 8 -Man >general term commonly used to refer to the entire human race -Human >man as species– HOMO SAPIENS or MODERN HUMAN BEINGS >used to differentiate man from other animals -Person >personality of a human being so called “SELF” >human being granted recognition of certain rights, protection, responsibilities and dignity >totality of an individual, possessing awareness, self-determination and capacity to interact with others and with himself/herself -Personhood >the state of being a person -Human Nature >the nature of humans especially the fundamental characters and traits of humans >the characteristics that distinguish humans from all other creatures -Self-awareness >refers to the person having a clear perception of oneself -Self-determination >refers to the capability of persons to make choices and decisions -Consequence >the result or effect of an action or condition >person acts freely and with due regard for the consequences of his actions -Externality >refers to the capability of a person to reach out and interact with others -Dignity >the innate right to be valued and respected >Philosophers consider all humans as having an inherent worth or value