Contemporary Philippine Arts Module: Senior High School

 Contemporary Philippine Arts Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;...

 Contemporary Philippine Arts Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; from the Regions 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph Grade Level/Section: Senior High School Module 2 - Phil Arts Subject Teacher: HUMSS Faculty CONTEMPORARY ART After learning the introductory concepts of art, we will now delve into to the world of contemporary art. What is its nature, theme, and scope? What is its difference with traditional art? Why is it relevant to social issues? These questions will be answered in this module. Learning Objectives: A. define contemporary art; B. identify different elements of contemporary art; and C. appreciate contemporary art through the analysis of notable works of Filipino artists. WHAT IS A CONTEMPORARY ART? Contemporary art refers to any art created in the present. Basically, any art created by artists living today is considered as a contemporary art. However, there’s more to contemporary art than a mere period in history. Contemporary art is characterized as unusual and unconventional. Something that challenges the traditional practices in art. Contemporary art is often about ideas and concerns, rather than solely the aesthetic. It raises awareness on social issues, and provokes critical thinking. Contemporary art has the following elements: A. Appropriation Hipster Rizal by Justine Cruz | Inquirer.Net Artists today create a new work of art by taking preexisting images from other sources and modify and/or incorporate those images with new ones. It is not considered as a mere imitation of an artwork since it is modified in a creative way. One example of this is the artwork Contemporary Art & Philippine Art | Page 2 of 17 Edited By: Mr. Erwin John E. Resurreccion  Contemporary Philippine Arts Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; from the Regions 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph Grade Level/Section: Senior High School Module 2 - Phil Arts Subject Teacher: HUMSS Faculty above. The “Hundred Years Challenge” is a parody of the “Ten Years Challenge” that became viral on social media. Through this challenge, some images of our national heroes, such as Jose Rizal, were appropriated to make them look like millennials. Artist Justine Cruz transformed Rizal’s retro look into a modern teen appearance. Art appropriation can also be seen in logos. Observe how my former students appropriated some prominent logos on the photos below. 1. Adidas (Chicken Feet) 2. What Currency Does Outer Space Use? (Starbucks) Contemporary Art & Philippine Art | Page 3 of 17 Edited By: Mr. Erwin John E. Resurreccion  Contemporary Philippine Arts Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; from the Regions 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph Grade Level/Section: Senior High School Module 2 - Phil Arts Subject Teacher: HUMSS Faculty 3. Nagparaya (Nagaraya) 4. di aFord (Ford) Art appropriation artworks from my class ABM 12-O, batch 2018-2019 in Phil Arts class. University of the Cordilleras Senior High School Contemporary Art & Philippine Art | Page 4 of 17 Edited By: Mr. Erwin John E. Resurreccion  Contemporary Philippine Arts Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; from the Regions 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph Grade Level/Section: Senior High School Module 2 - Phil Arts Subject Teacher: HUMSS Faculty B. Hybridity Dirty Watercolor | Photo from TBWA Contemporary artists use a wide variety of art materials; some of these materials deviate from the traditional medium artists use through time. It pushes the boundaries of art, and lets everyone realize that you can create art using nonconventional materials. Take a look at the painting above called “Dirty Watercolor.” Instead of using pigments that can be bought on art stores, the artists used pigments gathered from portions of dirty water from Manila’s most polluted rivers. This is to raise awareness of the impact of water pollution not only in Manila but also on the rest of the Philippines. Photo from Andre Manguba | Barcroft Images Another example of hybridity is the pasta art above. Instead of using paintbrush and paint, the artist used pasta noodle and tomato sauce to create images of Filipino celebrities. Contemporary Art & Philippine Art | Page 5 of 17 Edited By: Mr. Erwin John E. Resurreccion  Contemporary Philippine Arts Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; from the Regions 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph Grade Level/Section: Senior High School Module 2 - Phil Arts Subject Teacher: HUMSS Faculty C. Time The meaning of the work is dependent on the passing of time. Artists today manipulate how moments of time are experienced through the viewing of their artwork. Take a look at the artwork below. As you can see, the artist crafted ice sculptures of people. After a long exposure to sunlight, some of these sculptures melted. By manipulating the artwork through the use of time, the artist was able to provoke an awareness on the perilous effects of global warming and climate change. Melting Population | Photo from Fubiz Media “Our future is disappearing.” This is a thought-provoking message of the ice sculpture below by a non-government organization called Greenpeace International. You can see on the first image the sculpture of a mother and child holding each other. Disappearing Future | Photo from Greenpeace International On the succeeding images, the child slowly faded; this implies that our future is slowly disappearing as we do not provide substantial solution to environmental issues. Contemporary Art & Philippine Art | Page 6 of 17 Edited By: Mr. Erwin John E. Resurreccion  Contemporary Philippine Arts Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; from the Regions 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph Grade Level/Section: Senior High School Module 2 - Phil Arts Subject Teacher: HUMSS Faculty D. Performance Art Do not confuse “performance art” with “performing arts.” Both art forms involve executing or performing actions. However, performance art can take place everywhere while performing arts is commonly held on theaters or concert halls. Performance art is conceptual-based. Performing arts is skill-based. Instead of singing, dancing, or acting, performance artists place emphasis on the message they want to impart to the public. Take a look at the image below. Photo from Dong Abay | Facebook Last 2012, musician Dong Abay tied himself on a tree as a protest against earth balling, cutting of trees, and other forms of deforestation in Baguio City. This presentation is considered as a performance art because it places an emphasis on message or concept rather than skillful presentation. The beauty of this act comes from its thought-provoking protest against the commercialization of the city that puts nature in jeopardy. When you think about it, Baguio’s trees are slowly being replaced with buildings and commercial structures. The city of Pines, which is once teeming with pine trees, is now becoming a concrete jungle. And its dangerous effects are now felt due to the negligence of the people and the government. Through the power of performance art like Dong Abay’s, our awareness and initiative on these social issues can be boosted. Contemporary Art & Philippine Art | Page 7 of 17 Edited By: Mr. Erwin John E. Resurreccion  Contemporary Philippine Arts Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; from the Regions 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph Grade Level/Section: Senior High School Module 2 - Phil Arts Subject Teacher: HUMSS Faculty E. Destruction Some artists use methods to show damage in or to their artwork. Many times, this destruction is documented as a process, which, in return, becomes the work itself. In short, artists use destruction to create a new work of art. Notice how the artist use destruction on his work. Solar Art by Jordan Mang-osan | Photo from deMilked Pyrography artist Jordan Mang-osan uses sunlight and magnifying glass to burn his drawings on a canvas, particularly on wood surfaces. By amplifying the sunlight through careful manipulation of magnifying glass, Mang-osan sketches his spectacular artworks with themes that are heavily influenced by his cultural background and heritage. This is an example of destruction art because the artist destroys portions of the surface of his canvas to create a new artwork. Through destruction, the artist was able to have a new creation. Wall Art by Alexandre “Vhils” Farto | Photo from My Modern Met Another example of destruction art is the street art you see above. These portraits are created by Vhils by scratching substantial portion of the wall. He carefully scrapes and remove blocks from the wall to draw the details of his work. Through an interview, Vhils explained that even in destruction, we can create an art. “I'm really trying to focus on the act of destruction as a creative force in itself,” said by Vhils. Contemporary Art & Philippine Art | Page 8 of 17 Edited By: Mr. Erwin John E. Resurreccion  Contemporary Philippine Arts Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; from the Regions 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph Grade Level/Section: Senior High School Module 2 - Phil Arts Subject Teacher: HUMSS Faculty F. Perspective Perspective play a role in the way the viewer looks at the artwork or even the way the work is perceived. An artwork can have different features when looking at it on different angles. Some artist even manipulate perspective to create optical illusions. Take a look at the 3D art below. 3D Art from Art in Island Museum | Photo by Anton Diaz The person in the photo appears to be getting devoured by a large crocodile. But if you take a close inspection, you would realize that this is just a 3D painting that when viewed at certain angle, it becomes lifelike or realistic. Another example of art that uses the element perspective is the wire sculpture below. On one side, you see an image of two giraffes, but when you look on the other side, you will see an image of elephant. Wire Sculpture by Mattheau Robert Ortis | Pininterest Contemporary Art & Philippine Art | Page 9 of 17 Edited By: Mr. Erwin John E. Resurreccion  Contemporary Philippine Arts Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; from the Regions 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph Grade Level/Section: Senior High School Module 2 - Phil Arts Subject Teacher: HUMSS Faculty G. Installation (Space) A handful of artists today install or configure objects in space to produce three-dimensional art. Materials and other objects are arranged in a room or gallery space in such a way that it presents a spectacular and powerful image to the audience. Look at the photos below. Balete Colony by Jan Leeroy New | Photo from Wescover As you can see, contemporary artist Jan Leeroy New installs a wide variety of objects in space to produce these trippy visuals to the audience. Unlike sculpture, installation artworks like this are much concerned on space and unified composition. The focus on how the viewer experiences the work and the desire to provide an intense experience for them is a dominant theme in installation art. Take a look at another example below. Ang Ma-bagyong Sabungan ng 2 Bathala ng Hangin by Kidlat Tahimik | Sharja Art Contemporary Art & Philippine Art | Page 10 of 17 Edited By: Mr. Erwin John E. Resurreccion  Contemporary Philippine Arts Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; from the Regions 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph Grade Level/Section: Senior High School Module 2 - Phil Arts Subject Teacher: HUMSS Faculty National artist Kidlat Tahimik installed multiple objects like wooden carved icons, ritual objects, projected images, mosaic, and rattan basket figurines to present an outstanding imagery of a stormy clash between two wind goddesses; a highlight of our rich cultural heritage. These are some of the major elements we can see on present-day artworks. Overtime, artists push the boundaries of art and explore numerous artistic possibilities by experimenting on new or unconventional materials, themes, and presentation. Another key feature of contemporary art is its emphasis on social issues. Contemporary artists use their work to inspire and get people involved in finding solutions to the problems we are facing in the present. Rather than sheer entertainment, contemporary art can be a platform for intellectual discourse. References: Mendez, M. (2016). Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions. DIWA Learning Systems, Inc. Ragans, R. (2005). Art Talk Fourth Edition. Glencoe McGraw-Hill Companies Baltic. What is Contemporary Art?. Baltic.Art. Retrieved from: https://baltic.art/uploads/Question_Kit_Cards.pdf deMilked. Artist Uses Sunlight And A Magnifying Glass To Create These Extraordinary Drawings. Retrieved from: https://www.demilked.com/solar-pyrography-art-jordan-mang-osan/ Hallare, Katrina (2018). Dong Abay to those who mocked his tree protest: ‘Siguro’y alam n’yo na kung ano ang ipinaglalaban ko’. Inquirer.Net. Retrieved from: https://entertainment.inquirer.net/294095/p2fb-dong-abay-to-those-who-mocked-his-tree-protest- siguroy-alam-nyo-na-ngayon-kung-ano-ang-ipinaglalaban-ko Kim, Eugene. (2011). Creation through Destruction. My Modern Met. Retrieved from: https://mymodernmet.com/creation-through-destruction/ Lasic, Gillan (2016). 12 things that would’ve happened if José Rizal were a millennial today. Retrieved from: https://pop.inquirer.net/28755/what-if-jose-rizal-were-a-millennial-in-2016 Rotilie, Susan. Elements and Principles of Today’s Art. Art Today. Walker Art Center Sands, Ian. (2013). New Ideas in Art: Time as an Element. The Art of Education University. Retried from: https://theartofeducation.edu/2014/04/18/new-ideas-in-art-time-as-an-element/ Sharja Art Foundation. Ang Ma-bagyong Sabungan ng 2 Bathala ng Hangin, A Stormy Clash Between 2 Goddesses of the Winds (WW III – the Protracted Kultur War)(2019). Retrieved from: http://sharjahart.org/sharjah-art-foundation/projects/ang-ma-bagyong-sabungan-ng-2-bathala- ng-hangin-a-stormy-clash-between-2-god TBWA. Dirty Watercolors. Retrieved from: https://tbwa.com/work/dirty-watercolors Contemporary Art & Philippine Art | Page 11 of 17 Edited By: Mr. Erwin John E. Resurreccion  Contemporary Philippine Arts Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; from the Regions 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph Grade Level/Section: Senior High School Module 2 - Phil Arts Subject Teacher: HUMSS Faculty PHILIPPINE ART Now is the time to localize our discussion on art by understanding what Philippine art is all about. In this module, we will use historical approach; this means that we will have an overview of the history of Philippine art. We will look into its dominant theme through different periods to shed light on its features or characteristics. Learning Objectives: D. describe Philippine art in historical context; E. distinguish themes in Philippine art in different periods art; and F. develop appreciation on Philippine art from different timelines. WHAT IS PHILIPPINE ART? Philippine art is a reflection of Philippine history and society. It refers to works of art developed and accumulated in the Philippines from the birth of civilization in the country to the present. Since our country had gone through periods of colonization, our native art blended with that of the art indoctrinated by the colonizers – Spain, America, and Japan. More than hundred years since we achieved our independence, the lingering impact of colonization can still be perceived on artworks done by artists today. Hence, it is important to understand history of the Philippines to have a deeper understanding of what Philippine art is all about. A. Before the Conquest Long before the coming of Spain, Philippines was already a goldmine of art. Early Filipino artists crafted numerous works of art which were highly mimetic and ritualistic. Soon, Islam spread in various parts of the country which influenced precolonial art as well. Pre-Historic Philippines by Junyee | Photo from Lakbay ng Lakan Contemporary Art & Philippine Art | Page 12 of 17 Edited By: Mr. Erwin John E. Resurreccion  Contemporary Philippine Arts Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; from the Regions 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph Grade Level/Section: Senior High School Module 2 - Phil Arts Subject Teacher: HUMSS Faculty 1. Mimetic – Early works of art imitate what early Filipinos perceive in their environment. They mimicked the movements of the animals and prey, and the sounds that they made. 2. Ritualistic – Early works of art presents how early Filipinos respond to nature. They developed beliefs about the world, and acted on these beliefs which resulted in the development of ceremonies and practices. They passed their rituals from one generation to another by making it a theme on their works of art. 3. Islamic – Early works of art were influenced by Islamic culture that propagated in the southern parts of the country and was interwoven into the fabric of the society. Muslims in the Philippines by Abdul Mari Asia Imao | Photo from Lakbay ng Lakan Our ancestors, just like all others in the world during those times, were hunter-gatherers. Before there were cities and large monuments, the pre-colonial Filipino hunted food and game that were shared among members of a community in a gathering where they told stories about the hunt. They imitated the movement of animals and prey, and the sounds that they made. In this simple activity alone evolved ritual, music, dance, theater and yes, even literature. As these hunter-gatherer societies prepared themselves for the hunt and prayed to be endowed with the strength of the animal that they hunted; they were in fact performing a ritual. When they partitioned what they hunted and gathered and feasted on the fish that they caught or the pig that they slew, this too was a form of ritual. When they told stories about the hunt, this form of oral storytelling marked the beginnings of literature. In time, they would learn to devise an alphabet and write these stories down. When they imitated the movements of the animals that they hunted, this marked the early beginnings of theater or play acting. When they learned to add drum beating and attach a rhythm to their movements, they had given birth to music and dance. Contemporary Art & Philippine Art | Page 13 of 17 Edited By: Mr. Erwin John E. Resurreccion  Contemporary Philippine Arts Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; from the Regions 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph Grade Level/Section: Senior High School Module 2 - Phil Arts Subject Teacher: HUMSS Faculty B. During Spanish Colonial Period Art that flourished during the Spanish colonial period conformed to the demands of the church and the colonial state. Religious orders were dispatched to convert the natives to Catholicism as part of the larger project of colonization, in which art became instrumental. Aside from Catholic influence, Philippine art blended with western art styles and movements brought not only by the Spaniards but also by Filipinos who studied abroad. Severe condition of the Philippines caused by the oppressive actions and policies of Spaniards caused Filipinos to strive for independence. This was amplified through the works of art by our heroes. 1. Catholic influence – Art was used a propaganda in spreading Catholicism. Religious images drawn from the scriptures were created in paintings and structures. Biblical stories were integrated on songs, music dances, and plays. 2. Western art styles – Different art styles with European and Mexican influences were introduced. This became more profound as Filipino artists who studied abroad integrated these western art styles into their work. 3. Nationalistic – As the Filipinos struggled for independence, art became instrumental in implanting liberal ideas to them. Images, stories, essays, and theatrical performances that showed the abuses of Spaniards and social ills of the country were created by Filipino artists and as a result, it ignited strong nationalism. La Coronacion de la Virgen by Mariano Asuncion y Molo | Photo by Rovi Fernandez C. During the American Colonial Period The independence that the Philippines gained from Spaniards was cut short with the establishment of the American colonial government in the Philippines. Beginning with the institution of government and education systems, the new colonial government took charge of initiating the natives into the American way of life, creating a lasting influence on Filipino art and culture. 1. Americanization – Philippine art during this period was centralized on the indoctrination of American way of life to the Filipinos. Images, literary pieces, and theatrical performances highlight American culture, and the lingua franca used was dominantly English. The physical structure of societies was also Americanized which can be seen in Baguio City. Contemporary Art & Philippine Art | Page 14 of 17 Edited By: Mr. Erwin John E. Resurreccion  Contemporary Philippine Arts Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; from the Regions 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph Grade Level/Section: Senior High School Module 2 - Phil Arts Subject Teacher: HUMSS Faculty The Philippines under the Stars and Stripes by Cris Cruz | Photo from Lakbay ng Lakan 2. Education – Schools were important in the establishment of schools of art in the Philippines. Different universities offered academic courses in art which became instrumental in spreading modern art styles and movements to the country. D. During the Japanese Colonial Period Art production once again tilted to fulfill the agenda and demands of the new colonial order. The Japanese forces led the formation of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, a propaganda movement that sought to create a Pan-Asian identity that rejected Western traditions. Occupied Philippines by Julius Samson | Photo from Gateway Gallery To amplify the propaganda, Japanese forces supported Filipino culture and languages which paved the way to the growth of Philippine literature. Contemporary Art & Philippine Art | Page 15 of 17 Edited By: Mr. Erwin John E. Resurreccion  Contemporary Philippine Arts Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; from the Regions 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph Grade Level/Section: Senior High School Module 2 - Phil Arts Subject Teacher: HUMSS Faculty 1. War Propaganda – During World War 2, Japan attempted to develop, through arts, a strong Asian nationalism among its neighboring Asian countries such as Philippines. Slogans such as “Asia for Asians” made its way to the public through posters, ephemera, comics, and Japanese sponsored publications and in newspapers and magazines. 2. Rejection of Western Tradition – Japanese forces supported the renewed appreciation of Filipino indigenous and precolonial tradition and use of native languages in arts. Because of this, there was a surge of production of images, music, literary pieces, and theatrical plays that championed Filipino culture. Though many of the Filipino artist during this time were controlled by the Japanese-forces to advance their war cause. E. After the Conquest to the Present Artists and writers reflected about national identity as Filipinos were rising from the ashes of war. This search entailed explorations in subject matter, content, and form, as well as debates between art for art’s sake and art that exposed the “true social conditions” of the period. As a result, modern movements were developed by artists overtime. As the time passes, more artist became drawn to social issues which served as themes in their artworks. Some used art to raise awareness and boost initiative in finding solution to problems. Others created works as a form of protest of government incompetence. In the 90s, when support from the government was practically nonexistent, artists were empowered to initiate projects like regional festivals. Meanwhile, as galleries began to spring up inside mall spaces, equally intriguing were the budding of alternative and artist-run spaces that supported experiments and D-I-Y (Do It Yourself) projects of young artists. Aside from the aforementioned currents, also important to consider as we run through the history of Philippine art are the expatriates or artists who make waves in the international art Contemporary Art & Philippine Art | Page 16 of 17 Edited By: Mr. Erwin John E. Resurreccion  Contemporary Philippine Arts Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; from the Regions 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph Grade Level/Section: Senior High School Module 2 - Phil Arts Subject Teacher: HUMSS Faculty scene by way of their participation in exhibitions. They too broaden our knowledge and inspire us to seek what and how Philippine contemporary art might continue to mean something to us today. As you have seen in the previous modules, Filipino artists of today continue to explore the world of art, and find more artistic possibilities. With the advent of internet and computer, more unconventional practices were introduced in Philippine art. What do you think will be the future of art in the Philippines? Looking at its development throughout history, we can say that Philippine art is a melting pot of indigenous culture, western traditions, and contemporary practices. While some scholars question its lack of “Filipino identity”, Philippine art continues to be “tatak Pinoy” because of the ingenuity of Filipino artists and their efforts in promoting our culture. REFERENCES: Datuin, F. et al. (2016). Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions: Rex Book Store, Inc. Mendez, M. (2016). Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions. DIWA Learning Systems, Inc. Fernandez, R. (2017). The National Museum of Fine Arts: Spanish Colonial Period. Retrieved from: https://medium.com/@rovifernandez/the-national-museum-of-fine-arts-spanish-colonial-period- a6bf426b97ed Lakansining. Sining Saysay, Gateway Mall, Cubao, Quezon City, Part 1: From Our Roots to Subjugation. Retrieved from: https://lakansining.wordpress.com/2019/01/19/sining-saysay- gateway-mall-cubao-quezon-city-part-1-from-our-roots-to-subjugation/ Contemporary Art & Philippine Art | Page 17 of 17 Edited By: Mr. Erwin John E. Resurreccion