PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration 2024 PDF

POLANGUI COMMUNITY COLLEGE Alnay, Polangui, Albay Bachelor of Public Administration PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration MEI R. SASUCA, MPA Program Head/Instructor, BPA  POLANGUI COMMUNITY COLLEGE...

POLANGUI COMMUNITY COLLEGE Alnay, Polangui, Albay Bachelor of Public Administration PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration MEI R. SASUCA, MPA Program Head/Instructor, BPA  POLANGUI COMMUNITY COLLEGE Alnay, Polangui, Albay Bachelor of Public Administration PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART ONE: Overview of Public Administration MEI R. SASUCA, MPA Program Head/Instructor, BPA PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Contents: What is Administration? What is Private Administration? What is Public Administration? Nature of Public Administration Scope of Public Administration Evolution of Public Administration PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration What is Administration? The word Administration is derived from two Latin words ‘ad’ and ‘ministiare’ which means ‘to serve’, in simple words administration means to look after people or to manage affairs. L.D White rightly said that administration is a “process, common to all group efforts; public or private; civil or military, large scale or small scale. It is a process of work in a departmental store, a bank, a school, a hotel or a city.” So it can be said that Administration is the. process of managing the proper coordination of the relevant elements to achieve a specific goal Administration can be private or public. (Now the questions are which administration is private and which one is public?) PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Definition of Administration from Famous Writers E.N. Gladden “Administration is a long and slightly pompous word, but it has a humble meaning, for it means to care for or look after people, to manage affairs…. is determined action taken in pursuit of conscious purpose”. Brooks Adams “Administration is the capacity of coordinating many, and often conflicting, social energies in a single organism, so adroitly that they shall operate as a unity.  PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Definition of Administration from famous writers… Felix A. Nigro “Administration is the organisation and use of men and materials to accomplish a purpose”. J.M. Pfiffner and R. Presthus “Administration is the organisation and direction of human and material resources to achieve desired ends”. L.D. White “The art of administration is the direction, co-ordination and control of many persons to achieve some purpose or objective”. Luther Gullick “Administration has to do with getting things done, with the accomplishment of defined objectives”. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Definition of Administration from Famous Writers… F.M. Marx “Administration is determined action taken in pursuit of a conscious purpose. It is the systematic ordering of affairs and the calculated use of resources, aimed at making those things happen which one wants to happen and foretelling everything to the country”. Herbert Simon, D.W. Smithburg and V.A. Thompson “In its broadest sense, the administration can be defined as the activities of group cooperating to accomplish common goals.” PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Definition of Administration from famous writers… A brief analysis of the definitions listed above reveals that administration comprises two essentials, namely (1) cooperative effort, and (2) pursuit of common objectives. One does not find any administration if there is only a common purpose without a collective effort or vice-versa. Administration is also called a ‘technology of social relationships’. Thus, administration is a process common to all 3 group effort, public or private, civil or military, large scale or small scale. It is process at work in a department store, a bank, a university, a high school, a railroad, a hospital, a hotel or a local government. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration What is Private Administration? Private Administration is the administration that deals with the activities of a household, club, corporation, and private companies. The purpose of private administration may be carried out by an individual or a group. The ultimate goal of a private administration is the maximization of profit. What is Public Administration? Public refers to the government so, public administration means governmental administration. In simple language, public administration is the management of governmental affairs and activities. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Differences PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Similarities between Public Administration and Private Administration The following similarities between the two types of administration may be noted: 1. Both public and business administration rely on common skills, techniques and procedures. 2. In modern times the principle of profit motive is not peculiar to private administration, because it is now accepted as a laudable objective for public sector enterprises also. 3. In personnel management, the private organizations have been influenced greatly by the practices of public organizations. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Similarities between Public Administration and Private Administration… 4. The private concerns are also subjected to many legal constraints. Government is exercising much control over business firms through regulatory legislation such as taxation, monetary and licensing policies, etc. Consequently, they are not as free as they once used to be. 5. There is a similar type of hierarchy and management systems, both in public and private sectors. Both have same kind of organization structure, superior – subordinate relationships, etc. 6. Both Pubic and private administration carries on continuous efforts to improve their internal working and also for efficient delivery of services to people or customers. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Definition of Public Administration ✓ According to L.D White, Public administration is the activity required for the implementation of public policy. ✓ Felix A. Nigro defines public administration as- Co-operative group efforts in a public setting, Covers all three branches of the government that is executive, The legislative and judicial branches of the government, Public administration has an important role to make public policy and its implementation, It is also associated with various private groups and provides public services to the people. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Definition of Public Administration… ✓ According to Luther Gullick, “Public Administration is that part of the science of administration which has to do with Government and thus concern itself primarily with the executive branch where the work of the Government is done.” ✓ In a simple way we can say that public administration is the administration in which public policies are implemented. It is the action part of the government. ✓ From the above definitions you can find that there are two views to define public administration, one is a broader view and the second is a Narrow view. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Definition of Public Administration… Broader View Public administration refers to the activities of all three branches (is executive, legislative, and judicial) of the government. That means in a broader sense public administration deal with all the work processes of the three branches of the government. Narrow View In the narrow view, Public administration refers to only activities of the executive branches of the government. Gullick, Simon, Willoughby, Fayol, and Ordway Tead discuss public administration as only the activity of the executive branch of the government. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Definition of Public Administration… Public Administration also includes such questions such as- How are the laws implemented? Is Law justifiable or not? How are efficient our administrations dealing with those laws? To whom public administration is accountable? What are the Roles of people in the process of administration? PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Nature of Public Administration In terms of nature, there are also two divergent views on public administration. The first one is the Integral view and the second one is the Managerial view. 1.Integral View From this perspective, Public administration refers to all activities from clerical to the managerial activity of the administration. That means the integral view proposes that administration is the sum total of all activities manual, clerical, or managerial. Simply we can say, all the work processes done by government officials from peons to executive officers are part of public administration. L.D White and Woodrow Wilson, Marshal E. Dimock are the main supporters of this view. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Nature of Public Administration… 2. Managerial View In the managerial view, Public administration refers to only the managerial activity of the administration. That means in this view administration constitutes the work of only those people who are performing managerial functions. Activities of clerical, manual, and also technical departments are excluded from the range of public administration. Luther Gulick, Henry Fayol, and Herbert Simon are the main supporters of the managerial view. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Scope of Public Administration Traditional writers restrict the scope of public administration to only one branch (executive) of the government. But modern administrative thinker extends the scope of public administration to all branches (Executive, Legislature, and Managerial) of the government. There are also two views on the scope of public administration. These are the POSDCORB view Subject Matter view PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Scope of Public Administration… 1. POSDCORB View The POSDCORB view in the scope of public administration is given by the prominent administrative scholar Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick.. According to them every administration has should seven elements. These seven elements are acronym as POSDCORB. Each letter of this acronym implies one element of administration. They explain these seven elements of administration in the following way- P- Planning– It is the task of managers of every administration to plan everything that needs to be done and the methods for doing them to accomplish the purpose set for the enterprise. O- Organizing- Every organization needs to be well organized. Managers should allocate the task to their employees and other subordinates by the proper techniques. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Scope of Public Administration… 1. POSDCORB View… S- Staffing- Staffing refers to the whole personnel function of bringing in and training the staff and maintaining favorable conditions for work. D- Directing- It refers to the continuous task of making decisions and embodying them in specific and general order and instructions and also serving as a leader to the enterprise. CO- Coordinating- It is the important duty of the manager to coordinate between coworkers and executives. R-Reporting- It is referred to inform every report of the work to the executives. B- Budgeting- All that goes with budgeting in the form of fiscal planning, accounting and control. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Scope of Public Administration… 2. Subject Matter View Subject matter view in the scope of public administration simply refers to the subject matter of public administration. M.E Dimock said that “administration is concerned with ‘What’ and ‘How’ of the government. The ‘What’ is the subject matter, the technical knowledge of a field, which enables the administrator to perform his task. The ‘how’ is the technique of management, the principles according to which the cooperative programs are carried to success. Each is indispensable; together they form the synthesis called administration.” PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Scope of Public Administration… 2. Subject Matter View Public Administration as a discipline consists of several branches or subject matters such as- ❑ Organizational, Administration ❑ Public Policy ❑ Social Welfare Administrative ❑ Comparative ❑ Governance Administration Theories and Public ❑ Good ❑ New Public Behavior Administration Governance Management ❑ Public ❑ Development ❑ E-Governance Personnel Administration Administration ❑ Corporate Governance ❑ New Public PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Evolution of Public Administration Theories Early Foundations (Late 19th to Early 20th Century): ❑ Max Weber's Bureaucracy: Introduced principles of hierarchy, division of labor, and formal rules to achieve efficiency and rationality in public organizations. ❑ Fayol's Principles of Management: Emphasized administrative principles such as unity of command, scalar chain, and equity, contributing to the formalization of organizational management. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Evolution of Public Administration Theories… Scientific Management Era (Early 20th Century): ❑ Frederick Taylor's Principles: Applied scientific methods to management practices, aiming to maximize efficiency through systematic observation, measurement, and standardization of tasks. ❑ Gulick and Urwick's POSDCORB: Proposed a functional approach to management with activities of Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, and Budgeting, influencing organizational structure and management processes. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Evolution of Public Administration Theories… Human Relations Movement (1930s - 1940s): ❑ Hawthorne Studies: Highlighted the importance of social and psychological factors in productivity and employee satisfaction, shifting focus towards human factors in organizational behavior. ❑ Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Introduced a motivational theory emphasizing individual needs and aspirations as drivers of behavior within organizations. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Evolution of Public Administration Theories… Systems Theory and Contingency Theory (1960s - 1970s): ❑ Systems Theory: Viewed organizations as complex systems interacting with their environments, emphasizing interdependencies and feedback mechanisms. ❑ Contingency Theory: Proposed that organizational effectiveness depends on aligning structure and practices with external and internal contingencies, advocating for flexible management approaches. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Evolution of Public Administration Theories… New Public Management (1980s - 1990s): ❑ Market-Based Reforms: Advocated for principles borrowed from private sector management, such as performance measurement, competition, and customer orientation, aiming to enhance efficiency and responsiveness in public sector organizations. ❑ Contracting Out and Privatization: Introduced practices to increase efficiency and cost-effectiveness through outsourcing of services and privatization of government functions. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Evolution of Public Administration Theories… Governance Networks and Collaborative Governance (1990s - 2000s): ❑ Networked Governance: Emphasized collaboration and partnerships among public, private, and non-profit sectors to address complex societal issues, recognizing the interdependence of stakeholders. ❑ Collaborative Governance: Highlighted the importance of shared decision-making, consensus building, and joint problem-solving in achieving effective public policy outcomes. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Evolution of Public Administration Theories… Complexity Theory and Digital Transformation (2000s - Present): ❑ Complexity Theory: Suggested that organizations are adaptive systems capable of responding to dynamic and unpredictable environments, encouraging flexibility and resilience in governance. ❑ Digital Transformation: Leveraged digital technologies to streamline processes, enhance service delivery, and improve citizen engagement, promoting transparency and efficiency in public administration. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Part 1: Overview of Public Administration Evolution of Public Administration Theories… Current Trends and Future Directions: ❑ Inclusive Governance: Emphasizes equity, diversity, and inclusion in decision-making processes and policy implementation to address social disparities and promote social justice. ❑ Sustainable Governance: Focuses on environmental sustainability and resilience in public administration practices to mitigate climate change impacts and promote sustainable development goals. ❑ Agile Governance: Advocates for agile methodologies in public sector management to foster innovation, adaptability, and responsiveness to emerging challenges and opportunities.  POLANGUI COMMUNITY COLLEGE Alnay, Polangui, Albay Bachelor of Public Administration PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART TWO: The Role, Importance and Key Concept in Public Administration MEI R. SASUCA, MPA Program Head/Instructor, BPA PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART TWO: The Role, Importance and Key Concept in Public Administration Significance of Public Administration Public administration plays its role in many ways which makes the public administration more significant to us. It plays an important role- 1. As an Instrument for Providing Service 2. As an Instrument for Implementing the Laws and Policies of the Government 3. As an Instrument for Development and socio-economic change 4. As an Instrument for the Sustainable Development 5. As an Instrument for National Integration 6. As an Instrument for Community Development 7. As an Instrument for Public Safety 8. As a Separate Academic Discipline PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART TWO: The Role, Importance and Key Concept in Public Administration Significance of Public Administration.. 1. As an Instrument for Providing Service It provides several services to citizens such as education, health, housing, social security, and a lot more. All these services affect every moment of human life. Without public administration, the services provided by the government can never reach the people. 2. As an Instrument for Implementing the Laws and Policies of the Government It plays a crucial role in the implementation of laws, public policies, and programs made by the government. The government makes laws and policies for the interest of the people. Public administration puts them into reality. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART TWO: The Role, Importance and Key Concept in Public Administration Significance of Public Administration.. 3. As an Instrument for Development and socio-economic Change It is also responsible for the nation’s development and it’s socio-economic change. After the second world war, there was a lot of nations emerged. After independence, public administration played a crucial role for their socio-economic development.. 4. As an Instrument for the Sustainable Development Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs is called sustainable development. That means economic development without harming the environment. Administrators are playing a significant role in the protection of the environment. All the environmental issues are solved through public administration. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART TWO: The Role, Importance and Key Concept in Public Administration Significance of Public Administration.. 5. As an Instrument for National Integration During the time of crisis, it helps to maintain the national integration. For example, after the partition in India, there was a crisis of national integration, and public administration played a very important role to overcome this situation. It helped in the rehabilitation process of the refugees and integrate the princely states with Indian territory. 6. As an Instrument for Community Development Different races and religions live in every country. Therefore, a common policy for all does not apply effectively. Public administration gathers neutral information about each community in the society and based on that information the government makes policies and the public administration applies those policies to that particular community. So public administration also has a leading role in community development. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART TWO: The Role, Importance and Key Concept in Public Administration Significance of Public Administration.. 7. As an Instrument for Public Safety Above all, it has to admit that it provides us with social security. We can never be safe without public administration. It provides a lot of services that make citizens secure such as fire, police and medical services, and more. 8. As a Separate Academic Discipline As time goes by, the importance of public administration to the people is increasing. Now it has become essential to study the administrative system of the government. Therefore for better understanding and its development, public administration as an academic discipline has emerged. Nowadays a lot of universities have prioritized this subject. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART TWO: The Role, Importance and Key Concept in Public Administration What is Bureaucracy? ❑ "Bureaucracy is an organizational structure characterized by many laws, standardized procedures, procedures and requirements, number of desks, the meticulous division of labor and responsibility, clear hierarchies and professional interactions between employees that are almost impersonal."- Max Weber. ❑ Bureaucracy is a way of organizing where tasks are divided among specific roles, rules guide decision-making, and authority flows from higher to lower levels. It aims to bring order and efficiency but can sometimes be criticized for being slow or inflexible. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART TWO: The Role, Importance and Key Concept in Public Administration Theory of Bureaucracy – Max Weber… Theory of Bureaucracy – Max Weber A bureaucratic theory introduced by Max Weber includes two essential elements, including structuring an organization into a hierarchy and having a clearly defined role to help administer an organization and its members. The Concept of Max Weber Bureaucracy Theory A German scientist, Max Weber, describes bureaucracy as an institution that is highly organized, formalized, and also impersonal. The bureaucracy of Max Weber has the following attributes: Specialization of labor A formal set of rules and regulations Well-defined hierarchy within the organization Impersonality in the application of rules PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART TWO: The Role, Importance and Key Concept in Public Administration Theory of Bureaucracy – Max Weber… Max Weber Bureaucracy Theory Organizational Structure Bureaucratic organizations evolved from traditional structures due to the following changes: In traditional structures, the leader delegates duties and can change them at any time. However, over time, this changed and there was a clear specification of jurisdiction areas along with a distribution of activities as official duties. In a bureaucratic organization, the subordinates follow the order of superiors but can appeal if they feel the need. On the other hand, in the traditional structure, the authority was disseminated.  PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART TWO: The Role, Importance and Key Concept in Public Administration Theory of Bureaucracy – Max Weber… Max Weber Bureaucracy Theory Organizational Structure… The rules are detailed, stable, and can be easily understood by employees. Additionally, the company registers them in permanent archives. Personal property is distinct from property in the workplace. The means of production or administration, therefore, belong to the bureau. The selection of officials shall be based on professional qualification and appointment and shall not be based on an election. In addition, for their service, officials receive a salary as compensation. The official is hired for a trial period and then offered a permanent position with the organization. This protects him from arbitrary discharge.  PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Chapter PART 1:Role, TWO: The Meaning andand Importance Scope of Public Key Concept Administration in Public Administration Characteristics of Bureaucracy Bureaucracy is a form of organizational structure characterized by several key features: 1. Hierarchical Structure: Bureaucracies have a clear hierarchy where authority flows from top to bottom. Each level of the hierarchy has distinct roles, responsibilities, and decision-making powers. 2. Division of Labor: Tasks and responsibilities are divided among specialized roles within the bureaucracy. This specialization allows for efficiency and expertise in performing specific functions. 3. Formal Rules and Procedures: Bureaucracies operate according to established rules, regulations, and procedures. These formal guidelines ensure consistency, fairness, and predictability in how decisions are made and actions are taken.  PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Chapter PART 1:Role, TWO: The Meaning andand Importance Scope of Public Key Concept Administration in Public Administration Characteristics of Bureaucracy… 4. Impersonality: Bureaucratic decisions are based on rules and procedures rather than personal preferences or relationships. This principle aims to treat all individuals equally and to minimize bias or favoritism. 5. Merit-based Recruitment and Promotion: Bureaucracies typically emphasize recruitment and promotion based on qualifications, skills, and performance rather than nepotism or favoritism. 6. Career Service: Bureaucracies often have career civil servants who are employed on a permanent basis and can expect job security, benefits, and opportunities for advancement based on their performance and tenure. 7. Specialization and Expertise: Bureaucratic organizations value specialized knowledge and expertise, which allows them to effectively manage complex tasks and deliver specialized services.  PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration Chapter PART 1:Role, TWO: The Meaning andand Importance Scope of Public Key Concept Administration in Public Administration Characteristics of Bureaucracy… 8. Impartiality: Bureaucratic decisions are expected to be objective and impartial, focusing on the public interest rather than personal or political considerations. 9. Centralization of Authority: Decision-making authority tends to be concentrated at the top of the bureaucratic hierarchy, with lower levels of the organization implementing decisions made by higher-level officials. 10. Accountability: Bureaucracies are accountable for their actions and decisions, both internally to their superiors and externally to elected officials, stakeholders, and the public. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART TWO: The Role, Importance and Key Concept in Public Administration Theory of Bureaucracy – Max Weber… Features of Bureaucratic Organization Following are the different features of bureaucratic organization: A well-defined chain of command exists. The high level of Division of Labor and Specialization. It follows Rationality, Objectively, and Continuity theory. The relationship between the members of the association is formal and impersonal. And it's focused not on personalities, but roles. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART TWO: The Role, Importance and Key Concept in Public Administration Theory of Bureaucracy – Max Weber… Features of Bureaucratic Organization… The rules and regulations are well defined and employee duties and privileges are indicated. Such ideals range from the bottom of the organization to all and must be strictly observed. Professional credentials are used for selection and promotion. Relevance is granted only to bureaucratic or legal authority.  PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART TWO: The Role, Importance and Key Concept in Public Administration Benefits of Bureaucratic Systems: Efficiency: Bureaucratic systems are designed to streamline processes and ensure tasks are completed methodically, minimizing errors & redundancies Order and Stability: They provide a structured framework that promotes consistency and predictability in decision-making and operations. Specialization: By dividing tasks into specialized roles, bureaucratic systems allow individuals to focus on specific responsibilities, enhancing expertise and productivity. Accountability: Clear hierarchies and formal rules help define responsibilities and hold individuals accountable for their actions and decisions. Legal and Regulatory Compliance: Bureaucratic systems ensure adherence to laws, regulations, reducing risks and promoting compliance. Challenges of Bureaucratic Systems: Rigidity: Bureaucratic systems can be slow to adapt to change due to their adherence to established procedures and hierarchical structures. Bureaucratic Red Tape: Excessive bureaucracy can lead to bureaucratic red tape, where processes become overly complex, bureaucratic inertia slows decision-making, and efficiency is compromised. Impersonality: Emphasis on rules and procedures can lead to impersonal interactions and decision-making, potentially alienating individuals and reducing flexibility in handling unique situations. Resistance to Innovation: The emphasis on conformity and adherence to established norms may stifle creativity and innovation within the organization. Costs: Maintaining bureaucratic systems can be costly due to the need for specialized staff, administrative overhead, and compliance efforts.  PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART TWO: The Role, Importance and Key Concept in Public Administration Criticism of Bureaucratic Organization Max Weber's Hierarchical Management Approach still has several fault lines and has attracted criticism for that. The focus is only on rules and laws. Owing to the formalities and regulations of the Hierarchical Organization, there would be needless gaps in decision-making. Owing to so much formality and laws, organization and communication were hindered. Bureaucracy requires a lot of paperwork and has an extensive level of authority, resulting in a lot of time, effort, and resources being wasted. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART TWO: The Role, Importance and Key Concept in Public Administration Criticism of Bureaucratic Organization… A hierarchical approach is not ideal for business organizations because of its unnecessary formality. For government agencies, the bureaucratic model might be appropriate. The professional skills of the personnel for promotion and transfers are given too much significance. The dedication and commitment of the worker are not considered. Human Resource Limited scope exists for human resources. Informal groups are not given any meaning and no scope is given to form one. The hierarchical approach of Max Weber served as a solution to the issues of conventional administrative structures. But it was not the optimal solution or "close to perfect."  POLANGUI COMMUNITY COLLEGE Alnay, Polangui, Albay Bachelor of Public Administration PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART THREE: Organizational Structure MEI R. SASUCA, MPA Program Head/Instructor, BPA PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART THREE: Organizational Structure Centralized vs. Decentralized Organizational Structures Centralized Structure a hierarchical organizational setup where decision-making authority and control over resources are concentrated at the top level or within a central authority relies heavily on top-down decision-making. One person or an executive team is responsible for approving all relevant decisions, which they communicate through various levels of management. The less senior managers complete directives and relay their employees' concerns to their supervisors. it is most effective in companies that prioritize their manufacturing strategies and strive to reduce their operating costs. Centralization also encourages collaboration between departments, streamlining best practices and coordinating with external parties and outside vendors. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART THREE: Organizational Structure Centralized vs. Decentralized Organizational Structures... Decentralized Structure an organizational setup where decision-making authority and control over resources are distributed among different levels or units within the organization, allowing for more autonomy and flexibility in decision-making it involves dispersing decision-making authority among multiple employees or departmental teams. Individuals at a lower level approve decisions and then report them to personnel in upper management. Emerging industries often employ a decentralized organizational structure because it's easier to move employees to different roles and change their responsibilities. this structure is best for companies that want to respond quickly when confronting regionally differentiated customer needs or changing products based on individual markets. it is also great for empowering employees to present new ideas and increasing career growth opportunities because it implements a more relaxed chain of command model. A decentralized structure is usually present in an alternative system that you may observe in newer companies and enterprise-level businesses. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART THREE: Organizational Structure Centralized vs. Decentralized Organizational Structures Aspect Centralized System Decentralized System Decision-Making Concentrated at the top of the hierarchy or Distributed among various levels or units Authority central authority. within the organization. Hierarchical structure; policies and Allows for local autonomy; decision-making Characteristics decisions made centrally. authority dispersed. Advantages Efficient coordination; clear accountability; Faster response to local issues; utilizes local streamlined decision-making. knowledge; promotes innovation. Slow to respond to local needs; Coordination challenges; potential Disadvantages bureaucratic inefficiencies. duplication of efforts; difficulty in maintaining consistency. Suitability Suitable for ensuring uniformity and Suitable for agility and local compliance; effective in stable responsiveness; effective in dynamic environments. environments. Examples Many large corporations, military Tech startups, educational institutions, organizations (e.g., China). federal systems (e.g., United States). PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART THREE: Organizational Structure Advantages and Disadvantages of Centralization and Decentralization Centralization Advantages 1. Efficiency: Centralization can lead to streamlined decision-making and resource allocation, reducing duplication of efforts and maximizing economies of scale. 2. Uniformity: It promotes consistency in policies, procedures, and operations across the organization, ensuring compliance and standardization. 3. Clear Accountability: Centralized structures often have clear lines of authority and accountability, making it easier to track responsibilities and outcomes. 4. Cost Savings: Centralization can reduce administrative costs by eliminating redundancy and optimizing resource utilization. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART THREE: Organizational Structure Advantages and Disadvantages of Centralization and Decentralization Centralization Disadvantages 1. Rigidity: Centralized organizations may struggle to adapt quickly to local or changing conditions due to hierarchical decision-making processes. 2. Lack of Innovation: Centralization can stifle creativity and innovation as decisions are made at higher levels, potentially overlooking unique local insights. 3. Bottlenecks: Decision-making authority concentrated at the top can lead to delays and bottlenecks in approvals and responses to issues. 4. Employee Morale: Centralization may reduce employee morale and motivation as lower-level staff may feel disempowered or disconnected from decision- making processes. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART THREE: Organizational Structure Advantages and Disadvantages of Centralization and Decentralization Decentralization Advantages 1. Local Responsiveness: Decentralization allows for quicker responses to local needs and conditions, leveraging local knowledge and expertise. 2. Innovation: It fosters innovation and creativity as lower-level units have the autonomy to experiment with new ideas and approaches. 3. Flexibility: Decentralized organizations are more adaptable to changes in the external environment, enabling faster adjustments and strategic responses. 4. Motivation: Empowering lower-level units with decision-making authority can increase employee motivation and engagement. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART THREE: Organizational Structure Advantages and Disadvantages of Centralization and Decentralization Decentralization Disadvantages 1. Coordination Challenges: Decentralization can lead to coordination difficulties across different units or locations, potentially causing inconsistencies or inefficiencies. 2. Risk of Duplication: Autonomous units may duplicate efforts or resources, leading to inefficiencies and increased costs. 3. Loss of Control: Central management may perceive decentralization as a loss of control over operations and strategic direction. 4. Complexity: Managing a decentralized organization requires effective communication, coordination, and oversight to ensure coherence and alignment with organizational goals. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART THREE: Organizational Structure Types of Public Organization 1. Government Agencies: These are departments or agencies established by governments at various levels (national, regional, local) to implement public policies and deliver public services. Examples include the Department of Health, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and local planning departments. 2. Public Corporations: These are entities established by governments to operate in commercial activities, usually in sectors deemed essential or where private sector involvement may be limited. They may have some degree of autonomy and operate similarly to private corporations but with public ownership. Examples include national airlines, utilities (such as water and electricity), and postal services. 3. Public Authorities: These are bodies established to manage specific aspects of public infrastructure or services, often with a focus on regulation or oversight. Examples include transportation authorities, housing authorities, and regulatory bodies like the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART THREE: Organizational Structure Types of Public Organization... 4. Public Institutions: These include educational institutions, research organizations, cultural centers, and libraries funded and operated by governments to serve the public interest. Examples include public universities, museums, and national libraries. 5. Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs): These are organizations formed by multiple governments to address shared issues or pursue common goals, often at an international level. Examples include the United Nations (UN), World Bank, and European Union (EU). 6. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): While not strictly public organizations, NGOs play a significant role in public service delivery and advocacy. They operate independently of government control but often collaborate with governments to achieve shared objectives in areas such as humanitarian aid, development, and environmental conservation. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART THREE: Organizational Structure Examples of Effective Organizational Structures in the Philippines 1. Department of Trade and Industry (DTI): Structure: The DTI operates under a functional organizational structure, with departments focusing on industry promotion, consumer protection, and trade regulation. Effectiveness: It facilitates economic development by supporting local businesses, promoting exports, and ensuring fair trade practices through specialized departments. 2. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP - Central Bank of the Philippines): Structure: BSP operates under a hierarchical structure with clear divisions for monetary policy, banking supervision, and currency issuance. Effectiveness: BSP's structure supports its mandate of maintaining price stability and promoting a sound financial system through effective regulation and oversight PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART THREE: Organizational Structure Examples of Effective Organizational Structures in the Philippines….. 3. Philippine National Police (PNP): Structure: PNP has a divisional structure organized into regional offices and specialized units (e.g., Criminal Investigation and Detection Group, Special Action Force). Effectiveness: This structure allows PNP to efficiently manage law enforcement across different regions and respond effectively to various security threats. 4. Philippine General Hospital (PGH): Structure: PGH operates under a matrix structure, combining functional departments (e.g., medical services, administration) with specialty units (e.g., oncology, pediatrics). Effectiveness: The matrix structure enables PGH to provide comprehensive healthcare services while supporting specialized medical research and education. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART THREE: Organizational Structure Examples of Effective Organizational Structures in the Philippines….. 5. Ayala Corporation: Structure: Ayala Corporation employs a diversified business model with various subsidiaries operating under a divisional structure based on industries (e.g., real estate, banking, telecommunications). Effectiveness: This structure allows Ayala Corporation to effectively manage its diverse portfolio of businesses, foster innovation, and respond to sector-specific challenges. 6. Department of Education (DepEd): Structure: DepEd operates under a decentralized structure with regional and divisional offices responsible for education policy implementation and management. Effectiveness: This structure enables DepEd to adapt education policies and programs to local needs while ensuring consistent standards across the country’s educational system.  POLANGUI COMMUNITY COLLEGE Alnay, Polangui, Albay Bachelor of Public Administration PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FOUR: Public Policy and Decision-Making MEI R. SASUCA, MPA Program Head/Instructor, BPA PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FOUR: Public Policy and Decision-Making The Public Policy Process 1.Problem Identification Definition: Recognizing and defining a problem or issue that needs government attention. Sources: Issues can arise from public opinion, media reports, interest groups, or internal government assessments. 2. Agenda Setting Definition: Determining which problems will be prioritized and addressed by policymakers. Key Factors: Public awareness, political influence, and media coverage play significant roles in setting the agenda. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FOUR: Public Policy and Decision-Making The Public Policy Process… 3. Policy Formulation Definition: Developing potential solutions or courses of action to address the identified problem. Process: Involves research, consultations with experts, and drafting of policy proposals. Actor: Government agencies, legislators, and think tanks are typically involved in formulating policies. 4. Policy Adoption Definition: Officially deciding on and enacting a policy. Mechanisms: Adoption can occur through legislation, executive orders, or administrative regulations. Actor: The policy is often debated and approved by legislative bodies, signed by executives, or implemented by agencies. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FOUR: Public Policy and Decision-Making The Public Policy Process… 5. Policy Implementation Definition: Putting the adopted policy into action. Components: Includes developing procedures, allocating resources, and managing public services. Challenges: Implementation may face issues such as insufficient funding, bureaucratic hurdles, or resistance from stakeholders. 6. Policy Evaluation Definition: Assessing the effectiveness and impact of the policy. Methods: Evaluation involves collecting data, analyzing outcomes, and comparing results against objectives. Purpose: To determine whether the policy achieved its goals and to identify areas for improvement. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FOUR: Public Policy and Decision-Making The Public Policy Process… 7. Policy Modification or Termination Definition: Making changes to the policy based on evaluation findings or deciding to discontinue it if it's ineffective. Process: May involve revising the policy, creating new policies, or stopping implementation altogether.  PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FOUR: Public Policy and Decision-Making Key Concepts: Policy Cycle: The public policy process is often described as a cycle, with feedback from the evaluation phase influencing the problem identification phase of future policies. Stakeholders: Various groups such as interest groups, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and the general public can influence each stage of the policy process. Policy Instruments: These include laws, regulations, subsidies, and public programs used to implement policies.  PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FOUR: Public Policy and Decision-Making Case Study Example: Problem Identification: Rising healthcare costs and access issues. Agenda Setting: Increased media coverage and public outcry push healthcare reform to the forefront. Policy Formulation: Experts draft a proposal for universal healthcare coverage. Policy Adoption: The proposal is debated in Congress and signed into law by the President. Policy Implementation: Government agencies develop new programs and allocate resources for healthcare coverage. Policy Evaluation: Assessing the effectiveness of the new coverage in reducing costs and improving access. Policy Modification: Based on evaluation results, adjustments are made to improve the policy. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FOUR: Public Policy and Decision-Making Types of Public Policies 1.Distributive Policies Definition: Policies that allocate resources or benefits to particular groups or individuals. Objectives: To distribute goods, services, or benefits to specific sectors or communities. 2. Regulatory Policies Definition: Policies that impose restrictions or regulations on behavior to achieve specific outcomes. Objectives: To control or guide actions in order to protect public health, safety, and welfare. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FOUR: Public Policy and Decision-Making Types of Public Policies… 3. Redistributive Policies Definition: Developing potential solutions or courses of action to address the identified problem. Objectives: To reduce economic or social disparities and promote equity. 4. Constituent Policies Definition: Policies that establish or alter the structure and functioning of government institutions or processes Objectives: To create or modify government organizations or change how they operate. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FOUR: Public Policy and Decision-Making Types of Public Policies… 5. Public Goods Policies Definition: Policies that provide goods or services that are non-excludable and non-rivalrous, meaning they are available to everyone and use by one person does not reduce availability for others. Objectives: To ensure the provision of essential services that benefit the entire population. 6. Social Policies Definition: : Policies aimed at improving social welfare and quality of life for individuals and communities. Objectives: To address social issues and enhance the well-being of citizens. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FOUR: Public Policy and Decision-Making Types of Public Policies… 7. Economic Policies Definition: Policies designed to influence economic activity and achieve economic goals. Objectives: To manage economic growth, control inflation, reduce unemployment, and stabilize the economy. 8. Foreign Policies Definition: : Policies that govern a country’s interactions and relations with other nations. Objectives: To protect national interests, promote international cooperation, and manage diplomatic relations. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FOUR: Public Policy and Decision-Making Decision-Making Models 1. Rational Decision-Making Model A structured approach where decisions are made logically and systematically, aiming to maximize outcomes. Steps: 1. Define the problem. 5. Evaluate alternatives against criteria. 2. Identify decision criteria. 6. Choose the best alternative. 3. Weigh the criteria. 7. Implement the decision. 4. Generate alternatives. 8. Monitor and evaluate the outcome. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FOUR: Public Policy and Decision-Making Decision-Making Models… 2. Bounded Rationality Model Recognizes the limitations of human cognitive capabilities and the constraints of available information. Steps: 1. Recognize the problem with limited information. 2. Satisfice by choosing an option that meets the minimum criteria. 3. Implement and adapt as needed. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FOUR: Public Policy and Decision-Making Decision-Making Models… 3. Incremental Decision-Making Model Decision-making occurs through small, gradual changes rather than large, sweeping reforms. Steps: 1. Identify small adjustments to current policies or practices. 2. Implement changes incrementally. 3. Evaluate impacts and make further adjustments. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FOUR: Public Policy and Decision-Making Decision-Making Models… 4. Participatory Decision-Making Model Involves stakeholders in the decision-making process to ensure diverse perspectives and enhance acceptance. Steps: 1. Identify stakeholders and gather input. 2. Facilitate discussions and workshops. 3. Incorporate feedback into decision-making. 4. Reach a consensus or make a decision with broad support. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FOUR: Public Policy and Decision-Making Decision-Making Models… 5. Intuitive Decision-Making Model Relies on gut feelings, instincts, and experience rather than a structured analysis. Steps: 1. Recognize the problem or opportunity. 2. Use intuition and experience to assess options. 3. Make a decision based on instinctive judgment. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FOUR: Public Policy and Decision-Making Decision-Making Models… 6. Garbage Can Model Describes decision-making in chaotic or unstructured environments where problems, solutions, and participants are mixed in a "garbage can" of options. Steps: 1. Problems, solutions, and participants are loosely connected. 2. Decisions emerge from the random combination of these elements PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FOUR: Public Policy and Decision-Making Decision-Making Models… 7. Decision Tree Model Uses a visual diagram to map out the various possible decisions and their outcomes. Steps: 1. Identify the decision points and possible choices. 2. Create branches representing each choice and its potential outcomes. 3. Analyze the consequences and probabilities of each branch. 4. Choose the option with the most favorable outcome. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FOUR: Public Policy and Decision-Making Decision-Making Models… 8. Heuristic Decision-Making Model Relies on gut feelings, instincts, and experience rather than a structured analysis. Steps: 1. Apply simple rules or guidelines based on past experiences. 2. Make decisions rapidly without extensive analysis.  POLANGUI COMMUNITY COLLEGE Alnay, Polangui, Albay Bachelor of Public Administration PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FIVE: Ethics and Accountability MEI R. SASUCA, MPA Program Head/Instructor, BPA PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FIVE: Ethics and Accountability Ethical Issues in Public Administration Ethical issues in public administration are critical concerns that influence how public administrators and officials conduct their duties, make decisions, and interact with the public. Here are some key ethical issues in public administration: 1. Conflict of Interest: Situations where personal or financial interests could improperly influence or appear to influence official duties and decisions. 2. Corruption: Abuse of power for personal gain, including bribery, embezzlement, and nepotism.. 3. Transparency and Accountability: Ensuring that government actions and decisions are open to scrutiny and that officials are held responsible for their conduct.  PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FIVE: Ethics and Accountability Ethical Issues in Public Administration… 4. Fairness and Equity : Ensuring that government actions and decisions are open to scrutiny and that officials are held responsible for their conduct.. 5. Public Trust: Maintaining the confidence of the public in the integrity and effectiveness of public institutions. 6. Confidentiality: Protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access and ensuring privacy in public administration. 7. Whistleblowing: Reporting unethical or illegal activities within an organization or government agency. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FIVE: Ethics and Accountability Ethical Issues in Public Administration… 8. Professional Integrity: Upholding high standards of conduct and competence in professional practice. 9. Responsiveness to Public: Ensuring that public administration addresses the needs and concerns of the community effectively and ethically. 10. Ethical Leadership: Demonstrating and promoting ethical behavior and decision-making among public officials and employees. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FIVE: Ethics and Accountability Addressing Ethical Issues 1. Developing Codes of Ethics: Establishing clear ethical guidelines and standards for behavior. 2. Training and Education: Providing regular ethics training and resources for public officials and employees. 3. Monitoring and Enforcement: Implementing mechanisms for monitoring compliance and enforcing ethical standards. 4. Encouraging Reporting: Creating safe channels for reporting unethical behavior and protecting whistleblowers. 5. Promoting Transparency: Ensuring openness in decision-making processes and public communications. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FIVE: Ethics and Accountability Case Examples Conflict of Interest: A city council member who owns a construction company votes to award a city contract to their own company. Corruption: A government official embezzling funds intended for public health programs. Transparency: A government agency failing to release details about its budget and spending to the public. Whistleblowing: An employee exposes widespread corruption within a public agency and faces retaliation.  PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FIVE: Ethics and Accountability Accountability Mechanisms 1.Internal Audits Definition: Regular reviews conducted within an organization to assess compliance with policies and procedures and to identify potential areas of improvement. Purpose: To ensure that internal controls are functioning effectively, detect fraud or misuse of resources, and enhance operational efficiency. 2. External Audits Definition: Independent evaluations performed by external entities or auditors to review the financial statements and operational practices of public organizations. Purpose: To control or guide actions in order to protect public health, safety, & welfare. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART PARTFIVE: FOUR:Ethics Publicand Accountability Policy and Decision-Making Accountability Mechanisms... 3. Performance Reviews Definition: Assessments of the effectiveness and efficiency of programs, projects, or employees based on predefined performance metrics. Purpose: To evaluate whether objectives are being met, identify areas for improvement, and ensure that resources are used effectively. 4. Transparency Measures Definition: Actions and policies designed to make government activities and decisions open and accessible to the public. Purpose: To enhance public trust and allow citizens to monitor and understand government operations. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART PARTFIVE: FOUR:Ethics Publicand Accountability Policy and Decision-Making Accountability Mechanisms... 5. Whistleblower Protections Definition: Safeguards that protect individuals who report unethical or illegal activities from retaliation. Purpose: To encourage reporting of misconduct and ensure that whistleblowers are not subjected to negative consequences. 6. Ethics Committees Definition: Specialized groups within organizations that provide guidance on ethical issues and investigate alleged breaches of ethical conduct. Purpose: To promote ethical behavior, handle complaints, and enforce standards of conduct. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART PARTFIVE: FOUR:Ethics Publicand Accountability Policy and Decision-Making Accountability Mechanisms... 7. Legislative Oversight Definition: The process by which legislative bodies review and monitor the activities of executive agencies and other government entities. Purpose: To ensure that public officials and agencies comply with laws, use resources appropriately, and achieve intended outcomes. 8. Citizen Engagement Participation Definition: Mechanisms that allow citizens to be involved in decision-making processes and provide feedback on government actions. Purpose: To ensure that government actions reflect public interests and improve accountability through community involvement. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART PARTFIVE: FOUR:Ethics Publicand Accountability Policy and Decision-Making Accountability Mechanisms... 9. Regulatory Compliance Definition: Adherence to laws, regulations, and standards that govern public administration and operations. Purpose: To ensure that public officials and agencies operate within legal frameworks and uphold regulatory requirements. 10. Judicial Review Definition: The process by which courts evaluate the legality and constitutionality of government actions and decisions. Purpose: To ensure that government actions are lawful and that individual rights are protected. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FIVE: Ethics PART and THREE: Accountability Organizational Structure Transparency and Integrity Transparency Transparency refers to the openness and accessibility of government processes, decisions, and actions. It involves providing clear, accurate, and timely information to the public and stakeholders about how decisions are made and resources are used. Integrity Integrity involves adherence to ethical principles and standards, including honesty, fairness, and consistency. It ensures that public officials and employees act with moral uprightness and uphold the public’s trust. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FIVE: Ethics PART and THREE: Accountability Organizational Structure Intersection of Transparency and Integrity Transparency and integrity are interrelated and mutually reinforcing: Transparency Enhances Integrity: By making processes and decisions open to public scrutiny, transparency helps ensure that officials act with integrity. It reduces opportunities for unethical behavior and increases accountability. Integrity Supports Transparency: When public officials adhere to ethical standards, they are more likely to engage in transparent practices. Integrity ensures that information shared with the public is accurate and reliable. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FIVE: Ethics PART and THREE: Accountability Organizational Structure Implementing Transparency and Integrity To effectively implement transparency and integrity, public administrations can: 1. Develop and Enforce Codes of Conduct: Establish clear ethical guidelines and standards for behavior and ensure they are enforced through training and oversight. 2. Promote Open Communication: Foster a culture of openness by regularly communicating with the public and stakeholders about decisions, processes, and outcomes. 3. Utilize Technology: Use digital platforms to enhance transparency, such as online dashboards for tracking government performance and expenditures. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART FIVE: Ethics PART and THREE: Accountability Organizational Structure Implementing Transparency and Integrity… 4. Create Feedback Mechanisms: Implement systems for receiving and addressing public feedback and complaints, ensuring that concerns are taken seriously and addressed appropriately. 5. Conduct Regular Reviews: Perform periodic evaluations of transparency and integrity practices to identify areas for improvement and ensure compliance with ethical standards.  POLANGUI COMMUNITY COLLEGE Alnay, Polangui, Albay Bachelor of Public Administration PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART SIX: Public Services and Citizen Engagement MEI R. SASUCA, MPA Program Head/Instructor, BPA PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART SIX: Public Services and Citizen PART THREE: Engagement Organizational Structure Types of Public Services 1. Hospital Services: Services related to the maintenance and improvement of public health. 2. Education Services: Services aimed at providing education and training to individuals. 3. Public Safety Services: Services designed to protect the public from crime, accidents, and disasters. 4. Social Services: Services that support individuals and families in need, often addressing issues of poverty, disability, and social welfare. 5. Transportation Services: Services related to the movement of people and goods within and between communities. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART SIX: PART PublicSEVEN: Services PARTEthics and and THREE: Citizen Accountability Engagement Organizational Structure Types of Public Services… 6. Environmental Services: Services focused on protecting and managing natural resources and the environment. 7. Housing and Urban Development: Services related to the development and maintenance of housing and urban areas. 8. Economic Development Services: Services aimed at fostering economic growth and development within communities. 9. Recreational and Cultural Services: Services that promote leisure, culture, and community engagement. 10.Legal and Regulatory Services: Services related to the administration of justice and regulation of various aspects of society. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART SIX: Public Services and Citizen PART THREE: Engagement Organizational Structure Citizen Participation and Engagement Citizen participation and engagement are fundamental aspects of democratic governance that involve the active involvement of citizens in decision-making processes and the management of public affairs. These practices help ensure that government actions reflect the needs and interests of the community, promote transparency, and enhance accountability. Citizen Participation Citizen participation refers to the ways in which individuals are involved in the decision-making processes that affect their lives and their community. It can occur at various levels, from local to national, and can involve both direct and indirect forms of participation. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART SIX: PART PublicSEVEN: Services PARTEthics and and THREE: Citizen Accountability Engagement Organizational Structure Citizen Participation … Key Forms of Participation: 1. Voting 4. Citizen Advisory Boards 2. Public Consultations 5. Public Hearings 3. Participatory Budgeting 6. Surveys and Polls Citizen Engagement Citizen engagement involves deeper and more sustained interactions between the public and government, aiming to foster collaboration & build relationships It goes beyond participation to actively involve citizens in shaping and implementing policies PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART SIX: PART PublicSEVEN: Services PARTEthics and and THREE: Citizen Accountability Engagement Organizational Structure Citizen Engagement… Key Strategies for Engagement: 1. Collaborative Decision-Making 4. Public-Private Partnerships 2. Community Empowerment 5. Social Media and Digital Engagement 3. Feedback Mechanisms 6. Education and Outreach Programs Benefits of Citizen Participation and Engagement: 1. Improved Decision-Making 4. Strengthened Community Bonds 2. Increased Trust and Transparency 5. Greater Policy Acceptance 3. Enhanced Accountability Challenges and Considerations: 1. Ensuring Inclusivity 3. Maintaining Engagement 2. Managing Conflicting Interests PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART SIX: PART PublicSEVEN: Services PARTEthics and and THREE: Citizen Accountability Engagement Organizational Structure Service Delivery Models 1. Traditional Public Sector Model Services are provided directly by government agencies through publicly employed staff and government-operated facilities. 2. Contracting-Out or Outsourcing Government agencies contract private companies or non-profit organizations to deliver specific services. 3. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) Collaborations between public sector entities and private sector organizations to deliver public services or infrastructure projects. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART SIX: PART PublicSEVEN: Services PARTEthics and and THREE: Citizen Accountability Engagement Organizational Structure Service Delivery Models… 4. Community-Based Service Delivery Services are delivered through local community organizations or groups that are closely connected to the needs of the community. 5. Decentralized Service Delivery Service delivery is managed at various levels of government (e.g., local, regional) rather than being centralized at a national level. 6. E-Government or Digital Service Delivery Services are delivered through digital platforms, such as websites and mobile apps, allowing citizens to access services online. 7. Hybrid Models Combines elements of multiple service delivery models to achieve specific goals or address unique needs. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART SIX: PART PublicSEVEN: Services PARTEthics and and THREE: Citizen Accountability Engagement Organizational Structure Choosing the Right Service Delivery Model The choice of service delivery model depends on various factors, including: Service Type: Different models may be more suitable for different types of services (e.g., complex infrastructure projects vs. routine administrative tasks). Cost and Efficiency: Considerations of cost-effectiveness and operational efficiency. Public Needs: The needs and preferences of the community or target population. Capacity and Expertise: The capability of government agencies or external partners to deliver the service effectively. Accountability and Oversight: Mechanisms to ensure that services are delivered as promised and meet quality standards.  POLANGUI COMMUNITY COLLEGE Alnay, Polangui, Albay Bachelor of Public Administration PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART SEVEN: Emerging Trends in Public Administration MEI R. SASUCA, MPA Program Head/Instructor, BPA PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART SEVEN: PART Emerging FOUR: Trends in Public Public Policy Administration and Decision-Making E-Government Technology 1.Digital Service Delivery Providing government services online through digital platforms. 2. Data Analytics and Open Data Utilizing data analytics to inform decision-making and making government data accessible to the public. 3. Cyber Security Protecting digital government systems and data from cyber threats. 4. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Automation Using AI to streamline administrative processes and improve public services. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART SEVEN: Emerging Trends in Public Administration Discussion Points: How can governments ensure that e-government initiatives are accessible to all citizens? What are the key cybersecurity challenges for digital public services? Case Study: Estonia’s E-Government Model: Known for its advanced digital services, including e-residency and online voting. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART SEVEN: Emerging Trends in Public Administration Globalization and Public Administration 1.International Collaboration Cooperation between governments and international organizations to address global issues. 2. Global Standards and Practices Adoption of international best practices & standards in public administration 3. Cross-Boarder Issue Challenges that transcend national borders & require collaborative solutions. 4. Technology Transfer and Innovation Sharing technological advancements & innovations across borders. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART SEVEN: PART Emerging SEVEN: PARTTrends Ethics THREE: and in Public Accountability Administration Organizational Structure Discussion Points: How does globalization affect local public administration practices? What are the benefits and challenges of adopting international standards in public administration? Case Study: European Union (EU) Public Administration: The EU’s approach to harmonizing regulations and policies across member states. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART SEVEN: PART Emerging FOUR: Trends in Public Public Policy Administration and Decision-Making Future Challenges and Opportunities 1.Adapting Technological Change Challenge: Keeping up with rapid technological advancements and integrating new tools effectively. Opportunity: Leveraging technology to improve efficiency, transparency, and public engagement 2. Managing Demographic Shifts: Challenge: Addressing the needs of an aging population and shifting demographics Opportunity: Developing policies and services that cater to diverse and changing populations. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART SEVEN: PART Emerging FOUR: Trends in Public Public Policy Administration and Decision-Making Future Challenges and Opportunities… 3. Addressing Climate Change Challenge: Implementing effective policies to mitigate and adapt to climate change impacts. Opportunity: Investing in sustainable practices and green technologies. 4. Enhancing Civic Engagement Challenge: Engaging citizens in governance and decision-making processes. Opportunity: Using digital tools and participatory approaches to increase public involvement. PA 1 - Introduction to Public Administration PART SEVEN: PART Emerging SEVEN: PARTTrends Ethics THREE: and in Public Accountability Administration Organizational Structure Discussion Points: What strategies can public administrations use to adapt to rapid technological changes? How can governments address the challenges of demographic shifts and climate change? Case Study: Singapore’s Smart Nation Initiative: A comprehensive approach to integrating technology for improving urban living and public services.