OIPT-PRELIMS-TOPICS PDF

OIPT - PRELIMS TOPICS BSPT 1-1|1st Semester|A.Y. 2024-2025 I. DEFINITION OF PHYSICAL THERAPY? ▼ WHAT IS PHYSICAL THERAPY? ★ is services provided by physical t...

OIPT - PRELIMS TOPICS BSPT 1-1|1st Semester|A.Y. 2024-2025 I. DEFINITION OF PHYSICAL THERAPY? ▼ WHAT IS PHYSICAL THERAPY? ★ is services provided by physical therapists to individuals and populations to develop, maintain, and restore maximum movement and functional ability throughout the lifespan. The service is provided in circumstances where movement and function are threatened by aging, injury, pain, diseases, disorders, conditions, and/or environmental factors, with the understanding that functional movement is central to what it means to be healthy. MOVEMENT CONTINUUM THEORY ★ At every level of functional organization (meaning the cells, tissues, and organs, even below the cells), we have chemicals, the systems, and the organism itself (us), it is expected that movement should be present at all levels of functional organization. ★ movement occurs on a continuum from the microscopic to individual levels and is influenced by physical, psychological, social, and environmental factors ★ Physical therapy involves the interaction between the physical therapist, patients/clients, other health professionals, families, caregivers, and communities in a process where movement potential is examined/assessed and goals are agreed upon, using knowledge and skills unique to physical therapists. Physical therapists are concerned with identifying and maximizing quality of life and movement potential within the spheres of promotion, prevention, treatment/intervention, and rehabilitation. These spheres encompass physical, psychological, emotional, and social well-being. Physical therapists are qualified and professionally required to: undertake a comprehensive examination/assessment of the patient/client/population or needs of a client group evaluate the findings from the examination/assessment to make clinical judgments regarding patients/clients formulate a diagnosis, prognosis, and plan provide consultation within their expertise and determine when patients/clients need to be referred to another professional implement a physical therapist intervention/treatment program and education in agreement with the patient/client evaluate and re-evaluate the outcomes of any interventions/treatments/education make recommendations for self-management collaborate with health professionals and other key stakeholders. ★ The physical therapist’s extensive knowledge of the body and its movement needs and potential is central to determining strategies for diagnosis and intervention. The scope of physical therapist practice is not limited to direct patient/client care, but also includes: public health strategies, advocating for patients/clients and health, supervising and delegating to others, leading, managing, teaching, research, developing, and implementing health policy at the local, national, and international levels Physical therapists are guided by their own code of ethical principles. Thus, they may have any of the following purposes: promoting the health and wellbeing of individuals and the general public/society, emphasizing the importance of physical activity and exercise, and the facilitation of such activities preventing impairments, activity limitations, participatory restrictions, and disabilities in individuals at risk of altered movement behaviors due to health factors, socio-economic stressors, environmental factors, and lifestyle factors providing interventions/treatment to restore the integrity of body systems essential to movement, maximize function and recuperation, minimize incapacity, and enhance the quality of life, independent living, and workability in individuals and groups of individuals with altered movement behaviors resulting from impairments, activity limitations, participatory restrictions, and disabilities modifying environmental, home, and work access and barriers to ensure full participation in one’s normal and expected societal roles WHERE IS PHYSICAL THERAPY PRACTICED? ★ Physical therapy is an essential part of the health and community/welfare services delivery systems. Physical therapists practice independently of other health care/service providers and also collaboratively within interdisciplinary rehabilitation programs that aim to prevent movement disorders or maintain/restore optimal function and quality of life in individuals with movement disorders. Physical therapists practice in and across a wide variety of settings. WHAT CHARACTERIZES PHYSICAL THERAPY? The following assumptions are embedded in this description and reflect the central components of physical therapy. Physical therapists are autonomous practitioners prepared through professional entry-level physical therapy education. Physical therapists exercise their professional judgment to reach a diagnosis that will direct their physical therapy interventions/treatment, education, and rehabilitation of patients/clients/populations. Diagnosis in physical therapy is the result of a process of clinical reasoning that results in the identification of existing or potential impairments, activity limitations, participation restrictions, environmental influences, or abilities/disabilities. The purpose of the diagnosis is to guide physical therapists in determining the prognosis and most appropriate intervention/treatment/education strategies for patients/clients and in sharing information with them. In carrying out the diagnostic process, physical therapists may need to obtain additional information from other professionals. If the diagnostic process reveals findings that are not within the scope of the physical therapist’s knowledge, experience, or expertise, the physical therapist will refer the patient/client to another appropriate practitioner. Individuals have the capacity to change as a result of their responses to physical, psychological, social, and environmental factors. Body, mind, and spirit contribute to individuals’ views of themselves and enable them to develop an awareness of their own movement needs and goals. Ethical principles require the physical therapist to recognize the autonomy of the patient/client or legal guardian in seeking his or her services. Movement is an essential element of health and well-being and is dependent upon the integrated, coordinated function of the human body at a number of levels. Movement is purposeful and is affected by internal and external factors. Physical therapy is directed towards the movement needs and potential of individuals and populations. Patient education is important !i Physical therapists may direct their interventions to specific populations. Populations may be nations, states, and territories, regions, minority groups, or other specified groups (eg. screening programs for scoliosis among school children and fall prevention programs for older people). An integral part of physical therapy is the interaction between the physical therapist and the patient/client/family or caregiver to develop a mutual understanding of their needs. This kind of interaction is necessary to positively change body awareness and movement behaviors, which may promote health and wellbeing. Members of interdisciplinary teams also need to interact with each other and with patients/clients/families and caregivers to determine needs and formulate goals for physical therapy intervention/treatment. Physical therapists interact with administration and governance structures to inform, develop, and/or implement appropriate health policies and strategies. II. HISTORY OF PHYSICAL THERAPY (more on in the US) ★ Polio epidemics (1894, 1914, and 1916) ★ World War 1 (1914-1918) ○ Surgeon general sent people to study PT in England and France ○ Division of Special Hospitals and Physical Reconstruction ○ Reconstruction aides ○ Vermont Plan ★ American Women’s Physical Therapeutic Association (AWPTA) (1921) ○ Mary McMillan as the first president ★ AWPTA changed its name to the American Physiotherapy Association (APA) (1922) ★ Georgia Warm Springs (1924) ★ APA Code of Ethics and Discipline (late 1920s to early 1930s) ○ “Registered Physical Therapist” ○ APA Accreditation & “Physiotherapy Review” ○ Constance Greene as new APA president (1934) ★ APA changed its name to the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) (1946) ★ Allied Health Profession Act (1953) ★ Professional Licensing Exam (1954) ★ Physiotherapy Review changed its name to Journal of American Physical Therapy Association ★ Private-based practice (1977-1986) ★ The Guide to Physical Therapy Practice (1980-1990) ★ World War II ○ Mary McMillan was sent to the Phils. To establish medical and surgical unit: University of Santo Tomas (UST) Philippine Civil Affairs Unit I (PCAU 1) Victoriano Luna General Hospital Radiology and Physical Therapy Department in Philippine General Hospital (PGH) (1943)  HISTORY OF PHYSICAL THERAPY IN THE PHILIPPINES ★ First training of Filipinos in physical therapy ○ Elizabeth Ahlberg and Robert Jacques ○ 18-month training for rehabilitation personnel ○ Finishers of this training program were called “technicians” ★ Dr. Henry Kessler (1956) ○ Recommended the establishment of physical therapy schools in the Philippines ★ Dr. Benjamin Tamesis ○ Head of National Orthopedic Hospital (NOH) ○ The UP School of Allied Medical Professions (SAMP) ★ Philippine Physical Therapy Association (PPTA) was founded on December 8, 1964 ○ Standards of practice ○ Code of Ethics ○ Curriculum for PT education ○ R.A. 5680 (1969) ★ Republic Act No. 7277 (Magna Carta for Disabled Persons) (1978) ★ Batas Pambansa Blg. 344 (Accessibility Law) (1978) III. ROLES OF A PHYSICAL THERAPY PROFESSIONAL Roles Assumed by a Physical Therapist Graduates of BSPT are expected to perform any of the following roles: ★ Entry-level general practitioner ★ Educator, using basic teaching-learning principles ★ Manager of his own practice ★ Consumer of research ★ Advocates of the PT practice and functional movement for health ★ Community-based therapist Settings in which physical therapy is practiced ★ Physical therapy is delivered in a variety of settings, which allow it to achieve its purpose. ★ Prevention, health promotion, treatment/intervention, and rehabilitation take place in multiple settings that may include, but are not limited to the following: ○ community-based rehabilitation ○ prisons programs ○ public settings (eg. shopping malls) ○ community settings including for health promotion primary health care centers, ○ rehabilitation centers and individual homes, and field settings residential homes ○ education and research centers ○ schools, including pre-schools and ○ fitness clubs, health clubs, special schools gymnasia, and spas ○ senior citizen centers ○ hospices ○ sports centers/clubs ○ hospitals ○ workplaces/companies ○ nursing homes ○ technology/digitally supported ○ occupational health centers platforms ○ out-patient clinics ○ physical therapist private offices, practices, clinics  STANDARDS OF PT PRACTICE ★ World Physiotherapy - Standards of Physical Therapist Practice ★ APTA - Standards of Practice for Physical Therapy ★ PPTA - Standards of Practice of the Philippine Physical Therapy Association In common: ★ Ethical and legal considerations ★ Administration and practice management ★ Education ★ Patient and client management/care ★ Research