OBL-Module-GIT-Class-Note1-3.pdf

MODULE IN Living in the IT Era...

MODULE IN Living in the IT Era GIT Computer Science & Computer Applications Department SCHOOL OF ACCOUNTANCY, MANAGEMENT, COMPUTING AND INFORMATION STUDIES Table of Contents Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 1 Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  Table of Contents MODULE 1: Information Technology in Basics.................................................................... 3 Unit 01: Information Technology Defined.................................................................................. 3 Unit 02: Components of a Computer System............................................................................. 4 Unit 03: Computer Types and Varieties.................................................................................... 12 Unit 04: Evolution of a Computer............................................................................................. 14 Unit 05: Information Technology and Emerging Trends.......................................................... 23 Unit 06: Information Systems................................................................................................... 37 MODULE 2....................................................................................................................... 42 Unit 07: Systems Development Life Cycle................................................................................ 42 Unit 08: Computer and Internet Etiquette.............................................................................. 52 Unit 09: Computer and Cybersecurity..................................................................................... 55 Unit 10: Cybercrime Law.......................................................................................................... 60 Unit 11: Security Controls......................................................................................................... 78 Final Requirement: User Interface (Prototyping)..................................................................... 82 Appendix......................................................................................................................... 84 2 Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  MODULE 1: Information Technology in Basics Unit 01: Information Technology Defined Technology has reshaped our lives at home, at work and in education. Almost all businesses have an online presence and most business processes require the use of computers in some way. Information Technology is the use of any computer, storage, networking and other physical device to create, process, store, secure and exchange all forms of electronic data. IT focuses on the information processing from the collection, to the processing, and the sharing of information. IT deals with the methods and tools used in the information processing. Information is now a necessity in today’s society, sometimes even provided real-time and reaches people in different parts of the world. This is an engagement in the 21st century that is lucrative in a business setting. IT, beyond communications, offers many personal career paths and company growth leading to competitive advantage in each respective field. To become more competent in each respective field, one must know basic computer skills and must build a foundation using the fundamental technology concepts. We go beyond learning the basic definition of information technology in the classroom, but also in an online or digital presence. An individual’s ability to find, evaluate, and compose clear information through writing and other media on various digital platforms is known as digital literacy. Computer literacy is also known as digital literacy. An individual must keep up with the changes in technology and become computer literate. Now why do we need to study information technology? Simply because we use these technologies in our everyday lives, and we need to further understand how these hardware and software are working. Computer skills are needed regardless of setting and field, whether at home, work, school or play. By understanding computers, you become self-sufficient whether you use it for research, communications or time management. By mastering fundamentals, you will develop a strong base to support furtherance of your knowledge in the years to come. Some computer roles in our lives 1. Tiny embedded computers control alarm clocks, entertainment centers and home appliances 2. Today’s automobiles cannot run efficiently without embedded computer systems 3 Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  3. An estimated 10 mil people work from home instead of commuting to work because of PCs and networking technologies 4. People use social media for communications nearly 10 times as often as snail mail and 5 times more than a telephone. 5. Routine daily tasks such as banking, buying groceries are affected by computer technologies In a world that being defined by technology and digital trends, the demand for digital literacy has increased exponentially. We need to expand our knowledge to avoid unfamiliar situations and modernize our skills to stay relevant in a dynamic work environment. That is why it is important for us to learn the fundamentals of information technology. Unit 02: Components of a Computer System A lot of people believe that computers are extremely complicated devices because of the tasks they perform. Like any machine, there are components that are complicated from an outsider perspective, but as soon as you learn about these components, the complexity unravels and becomes understandable. As previously discussed, a computer is a machine, a collection of parts that work together. The collection of parts is categorized in many ways, in this case they are categorized according to their function. In this unit, we learn the different components (parts) of a computer system. The most important parts, how the different components work together to achieve success in terms of using a computer will be shown. Figure 03-A: The Computer System A computer system is a collection of parts, a computer combined with hardware and software used to perform desired tasks. No matter the size and capability, a computer system consists of four components: HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, DATA, and the USER. 4 Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  HARDWARE This is the first component of a computer system. It refers to the tangible, physical computer equipment and devices which provide support for the major functions of the computer system. Mainly the mechanical aspects of the computer. As seen in Figure 03-A, the hardware controls the input of data into the computer system and the output of information from the computer system. All these devices are interconnected with each other. Below are some classifications of hardware based on their functions. 1. Input Devices – Used to enter data or instructions into a computer system. Input devices fall into two categories: manual input devices (needs to be operated by a human to input data) and automatic input devices (can input data on their own. Each input device is concerned with a specific type of data: Scanner – documents or images, Digital Camera – still and moving images Figure 03-B: Common Manual Figure 03-C: Common Automatic Input Devices Input Devices 2. Output Devices – Used to convey information from the computer system to one or more people. When raw data has been processed it becomes usable information. Output devices are pieces of hardware that send this usable information out of the computer. Output devices send information out temporarily and some send information out permanently: temporary output device (monitors) and permanent output devices (printers which output information onto paper as hard copy). Figure 03-D: Common Output Devices 5 Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  Almost all input and output devices are known as ‘Peripheral Devices’. These are non- essential hardware components that usually connect to the system externally. Peripherals are called non-essential because the system can operate without them. Figure 03-E: Common Peripheral Devices 3. System Unit – houses the electronic components to process data  Motherboard – This is the main circuit board of the system unit. The motherboard is central to any computer system. All components are plugged into the motherboard either directly (straight into the circuit board) or indirectly (vis USB ports) Figure 03-F: Motherboard  Processor – The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer. Electronic component that interprets and carries out basic instructions. The CPU 'controls' what the computer does and is responsible for performing calculations and data processing. 6 Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  Figure 03-G: Example of a processor  Memory – Electronic component that store instructions waiting to be executed and data needed by those instructions. There are two types of internal memory. These two memories are used to store computer data and this can be directly accessed by the CPU. The RAM and ROM device are sometimes referred to as ‘primary storage’.  ROM (Read Only Memory) - ROM is used to permanently store instructions that tell the computer how to boot (start-up). It also loads the operating system (e.g. Windows). - These instructions are known as the BIOS (Basic input/output system) or the boot program. - Information stored in ROM is known as READ ONLY. This means that the contents of ROM cannot be altered or added to by the user. - ROM is fast memory. Data stored in ROM can be accessed and read very quickly. - ROM is Non-Volatile memory. This means that stored information is not lost when the computer loses power. Other examples of ROM include: - DVD/CD ROMS bought in stores containing pre-recorded music and movie files. These are played back at home but cannot be altered. - ROM in printers which is used to store different font types. Figure 03-H: Example of a Read-only Memory 7 Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.   RAM (Random Access Memory) - RAM is used to temporarily store information that is currently in use by the computer. This can include anything from word documents to videos. - RAM can be read from and written to and so the information stored in RAM can change all the time (it depends what tasks you are using the computer for). - RAM is a fast memory. Data can be written to and read from RAM very quickly. RAM is generally measured in GB (Gigabytes). - RAM is Volatile Memory and stores date ‘non-permanently’. This means that information stored in RAM is deleted as soon as the computer is turned off. - The more RAM you have installed in your computer -- the faster it can perform. You can open and use more programs at the same time without slowing the computer down. Figure 03-I: Example of a Random-Access Memory Table 03-A: Differences between RAM and ROM RAM ROM Contents are lost when the computer is turned off. ✓ Contents are not lost when the computer is turned off. ✓ Stores instructions that tell the computer how to start up. ✓ Stores data and programs currently in use. ✓ Your computer will perform faster with more of this. ✓ This cannot be written to (altered)... only read. ✓ Stands for Random Access Memory. ✓ Stands for Read Only Memory. ✓ 4. Storage Devices – Holds data, instructions and information permanently for future use. It records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to and from storage media. Secondary storage devices are used to store data that is not instantly needed by the computer. Secondary storage devices permanently store data and programs for as long as we need. These devices are also used to back-up data in case original copies are lost or damaged. There are two categories of storage devices: internal storage (internal hard disk drives) and external storage (external hard disk drive, memory sticks, etc.) 8 Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  Example of Storage Devices  Magnetic Storage Device - one of the most popular types of storage used.  Hard drive – An internal hard drive is the main storage device in a computer. An external hard drive is also known as removable hard drive. It is used to store portable data and backups.  Optical Storage Device – uses lasers and lights as its mode of saving and retrieving data.  Blu-ray disc – A digital optical storage device which was intended to replace the DVD format.  CD-ROM disc – An optical storage device that is read-only or cannot be modified nor deleted.  CD-R and CD-RW disc – CD-R is a recordable disc that can be written to once, while CD- RW is a rewritable disc that can be written to multiple times.  DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW and DVD+RW disc – DVD-R and DVD+R are recordable discs that can be written to once, while DVD-RW and DVD+RW are rewritable discs that can be written to multiple times. The difference between the + and – is in the formatting and compatibility.  Flash Memory Device – is now replacing magnetic storage device as it is economical, more functional and dependable.  Memory card – An electronic flash memory device used to store digital information and commonly used in mobile electronic devices.  Memory stick – A memory card that is removable.  SSD – Solid State Drive – A flash memory device that uses integrated circuit assemblies to save data steadily.  USB flash drive, jump drive or thumb drive – A small, portable storage device connected through the USB port.  Online and Cloud Storage – is now becoming widespread as people access data from different devices.  Cloud storage – Data is managed remotely and made available over a network. Basic features are free to use but upgraded version is paid monthly as a per consumption rate.  Network media – Audio, Video, Images or Text that are used on a computer network. A community of people create and use the content shared over the internet. 9 Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  Classification of Memory and Storage Devices  According to Data Retention a. Volatile Memory  Device requires power to retain its stored data – data is lost as soon as power is cut-off from the device b. Non-Volatile Memory  Device can retain stored data even after computer power is turned-off  According to Access Technique a. Random Access  Data stored in the device can be accessed in any order, i.e. random b. Sequential Access  Data stored in the device can be accessed only in sequential order from start to finish  Example: A movie stored in a BluRay Disc is accessed in sequential order so that the movie stored therein can be viewed from start to finish  According to Access Rights a. Read/Write Access  The device allows data to be read and written onto it. b. Read-Only Access  The device only allows data to be read from it – its contents is prefabricated during the production of the device. Example: Memory Device Data Retention Access Technique Access Rights RAM Device Volatile Random Read/Write ROM Device Non-volatile Random Read-Only BluRay Disc Non-volatile Sequential Read-Only Magnetic Tape Non-volatile Sequential Read/Write Audio CD Non-volatile tracks can be chosen at Read-Only (containing multiple random; tracks for a single a single track is played album) sequentially 5. Communication Devices – Enables a computer to send and receive data, instructions, and information to and from one or more computers. A hardware device capable of transmitting an analog or digital signal over the telephone, other communication wire, or wirelessly. 10 Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  Examples: Bluetooth devices, Infrared devices, Modem (over phone line), Network card (using Ethernet), Smartphone, Wi-Fi devices (using a Wi-Fi router) SOFTWARE This is the second component of a computer system. Software is known as the series of related instructions that make the computer perform tasks. In other words, software tells the computer what to do. The term ‘program’ or ‘application’ refers to any piece of software. Some software exists to help the computer perform tasks and manage resources; some software performs tasks that are more specific. The types of software are systems software and application software. Systems Software – Systems software includes the programs that are dedicated to managing the computer itself, such as the operating system, file management utilities, and disk operating system (or DOS). Without systems software installed in your computers, no instructions would be executed for the tasks needed to be done. Examples: Utility software (antivirus, disk tools), system servers, device drivers, operating systems, windows/graphical user interface (GUI) systems Application Software – Simply referred to as ‘applications’, these are end-user programs that execute specific tasks like report generation, spreadsheet management, running games, sending emails, and online research among other functions. They can be as simple as a calculator or as complex as a video editing software. Examples: MS Office Word, Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft Edge, Calculator, Minesweeper, Steam DATA This is the third component of a computer system. It consists of individual facts or pieces of information that are used by the computer system to produce information. Data by themselves may not make much sense to a person. The computer’s primary job is to process data in various ways, making them useful. Without data, the computer wouldn’t be able to function properly. Example: The grades of fifty students in one class, all different pieces of data which doesn’t make much sense yet, but when a chart is created from the data, and frequencies are developed. This now makes sense at a glance. USERS This is the fourth component of a computer system. The operator of a computer is known as ‘peopleware’, other books call them liveware, or human ware. The user commands the computer 11 Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  system to execute on instructions. Some computer systems are complete without a person’s involvement, but not all computers are totally autonomous. Basically, anyone who communicates with a computer system or uses the information it generates. Example: programmer, developer, teacher using MS Excel, student using MS Word Knowing the parts of a computer system allows us, users, to understand better each function of the computer system and our make the experience of using the computer system more efficient. Unit 03: Computer Types and Varieties Before we learn the types of computers still being used today, let us define what a computer is. A computer is defined by Peter Norton as “An electronic device that processes data according to a predetermined set of instructions that convert data info information useful to people. They perform specific tasks based on the instructions provided by a software or hardware program”. Also, according to Gary Shelly, a computer is defined as “An electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its memory that can accept data, process the data, produce and store results for future use”. Computers can also store data for future use with the appropriate storage devices. A computer is a programmable device that can automatically perform a sequence of calculations or other operations on data once programmed for the task. It can store, retrieve, and process data according to internal instructions. Computers can be categorized in many ways: by size and capacity, by data handling and operating system capabilities, based on the number of microprocessors, and based on the number of users. In this module, we’re going to classify computers according to the size and capacity. Before cloud computing and the use of digital systems, large companies use (01) supercomputers because they required a big amount of computing power. A supercomputer has an incredibly high level of performance. These are usually used on a large-scale operation like industrial function, space exploration, weather forecasting, and nuclear testing. 12 Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.