Pines City Colleges Biochemistry Module-1 PDF

Pines City Colleges GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT First Semester, A.Y. 2023-2024 Course Number: BIOCHEM 101 Course Title: BIOCHEMISTRY Modular Learning Guide #1 Topic: COURSE...

Pines City Colleges GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT First Semester, A.Y. 2023-2024 Course Number: BIOCHEM 101 Course Title: BIOCHEMISTRY Modular Learning Guide #1 Topic: COURSE OVERVIEW AND INTRODUCTIONS Expected Time of Completion: 3 hours A. Learning Outcomes 1. Explain the relationship between biochemistry and medicine B. Learning Content This module is intended to introduce the course and also to give you the set of rules or guidelines that you need to follow throughout the course. Guidelines: 01. This module is intended for students enrolled in BIOCHEM 101 only. Do not reproduce the module without the instructor’s approval. 02. If you have questions about a particular item, just send a message through any means (Google classroom, messenger, SMS, and the likes) that is available. I am the only person who can best answer queries. Queries must be in English. It should be formal, i.e., complete sentence, proper capitalizations and punctuations. Do not forget to introduce yourself. 03. Each Modular Learning Guide (MLG) provides learning outcomes which are expected to be achieved at the end of the MLG. In addition, it also comes with Modular Learning Output (MLO). 04. You may also go through the resources listed in each module to clarify issues in your mind. 05. At the end of each module you are required to answer the learning activities (if there are any) and the assessment. If questions are of the essay type, do not copy word per word from sources (answers must be original). 06. Read the entire lesson before answering the learning activities and/or assessment. 07. The MLO (learning activities and assessment) must be submitted in person to your instructor on time. Late submission will have deductions or score will be zero. If the assessment will be in the form of a quiz, then it is in person during the regular class schedule. 08. All MLOs may be handwritten (using blue or black pen only). If the output is a drawing, use pencil and color it. 09. The papers will be returned to you as soon as the instructor is done checking the output. Remember that requirements submitted late will have deductions or score will be zero. 10. Always use your own PCC account in accessing the MLGs. 11. Google ID picture must be formal and not like that of Facebook profile picture. Using your PCC ID picture is much preferred. Course Description: Biochemistry deals with the study of chemical composition of living cells. This embraces enzymes and their metabolism when taken as food by man. Rationale of the Course: Biochemistry is a branch of science that deals with the chemicals and reactions involving living organisms. Through this branch of Chemistry, one could understand the chemical composition and the processes that take place in the human body. By understanding the nature of the environment in which life processes exist, one could logically conclude or generalize as to why processes occur as they do. Intended Learning Outcomes: 1|Page  At the end of the course, you are expected to: 1. Explain the relationship between biochemistry and medicine 2. List the biomolecules and identify the biochemical activities that they undergo 3. Solve for the pH and pOH of solutions and explain the effects of buffers and buffer systems in maintaining the pH 4. Discuss the nature, structure, and functions of amino acids, peptides, proteins and enzymes 5. Discuss the nature, structure, functions, and pathways of carbohydrates 6. Explain the nature, structure and functions of lipids 7. Describe the structure and explain the functions of nucleic acids in the living cell 8. Explain the concepts of replication, translation and transcription 9. Explain the importance of vitamins and minerals in the human body Why do you need to study biochemistry? There are three simple reasons why you need to study biochemistry: 1. It is a part of the curriculum. 2. To understand the chemistry of life. 3. To prepare you in your professional courses. What is Biochemistry? Biochemistry (coined by Carl Neuber in 1903) or simply the chemistry of life deals with the study of the molecular basis of life. It includes the understanding of the structure, composition, and functions of molecules found in every living matter. Each of the molecules has unique structure, composition, and functions and you also need to know the various ways in which these molecules are put together or broken down. Biochemistry was developed from many disciplines. It is from organic chemistry that one can understand the properties of the biomolecules; biophysics where techniques are developed to study the structures of the biomolecules; medical research that seeks to explain how disease states in molecular terms; other areas such as microbiology, genetics, and many more. History of Biochemistry Biochemistry is rooted from all the disciplines mentioned above but it has its unique identity simply because it focuses on the biomolecules. These biomolecules include water, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, enzymes, nucleic acids, and even vitamins and minerals. These molecules are all important to life. Friedrich Wöhler, the Father of Organic Chemistry, made a pioneering discovery which can be considered as the start of understanding life itself. Before this important discovery, it was believed that the substances of living matter are unique from those of nonliving matter. The Vital Force Theory states that, “only living things can produce organic compounds.” In 1828, Wöhler was able to synthesize urea, a substance excreted by humans and animals (formed from nitrogen metabolism), in the laboratory using inorganic compounds. 2|Page  Eduard and Hans Buchner, in 1897, discovered that dead cells from yeast can still cause fermentation of sugar into ethanol. This work later led to other in vitro (which means ‘in glass’) analysis particularly the identification of reactants and products, and the use of enzymes or biological catalysts (substances that can alter the rate of a chemical reaction). In 1926, J.B. Sumner showed that the protein urease could be crystallized even if proteins are polymers (large molecules) and its structure can be determined using chemical techniques. Today, biochemistry is applied in many medical areas, such as, the study of the mechanisms of diseases, diagnosis, treatments, and even response to treatments. It is also important in the formulation of new drugs and biochemical techniques that can be used in the medical field. Biochemistry may well then be defined as the branch of chemistry that is concerned with the chemical constituents of living cells and with the reactions and processes that they undergo. The cell is the basic unit of life. This is known as the cell theory (formulated by Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann in 1838). The term cell was first used by Robert Hooke in 1665, to identify the tiny parts of a piece of cork when viewed under the microscope. Hooke also observed that the cell was filled with a liquid substance. Johannes Purkinje used the term protoplasm to identify the fluid part of the cell. Robert Brown, in 1831, reported that the cells contained small bodies called nuclei. Figure 1: The Cell The Major Organelles in Eukaryotic (Animal) Cells: ORGANELLE BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION Nucleus Sites of chromosomes Sites of DNA-directed RNA synthesis Mitochondrion Site of citric acid cycle (the cycle involve in the production of adenosine triphosphate, ATP, the principal high-energy intermediate or carrier compound in the cell) Site of oxidative phosphorylation Ribosome Site of protein synthesis Endoplasmic Reticulum Site of protein synthesis a. Rough Site for the synthesis of various lipids b. Smooth Site of oxidation of many xenobiotics (a chemical compound that is foreign to a living organism; it may be a drug, pesticide or carcinogen) Lysosome Site of many hydrolases (enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of molecules using water) Plasma Membrane Transport of molecules in and out of cells Intercellular adhesion and communication Golgi Apparatus Site for intracellular sorting of proteins Site for glycosylation and sulfation reactions Peroxisome Site for the degradation of certain fatty acids and amino acids Site for the production and degradation of hydrogen peroxide Cytosol Site of the enzymes of glycolysis (the major pathway for the utilization of glucose) Site of fatty acid synthesis Note: Synthesis means the manufacture or formation of a substance from others. 3|Page  Chemical Composition of the Cytoplasm: SUBSTANCES FUNCTION Water The most abundant compound; the fluid medium in which all chemical reactions of the cell takes place; it transport nutrients consumed by the cell; the medium of excretion of waste matter. Carbohydrates The main source of fuel or energy for metabolic activities of the cell; stored in the form of glycogen from which ATP is subsequently or eventually produced. Fats The secondary source of energy; provides elasticity to sell; serves as insulator. Proteins Gives strength to the cell membrane; forms the structural framework of the cell. Electrolytes Maintains the fluid-electrolyte balance. a. Potassium Main intracellular cation b. Phosphate Main intracellular anion c. Sodium Main extracellular cation d. Chloride Main extracellular anion Living cells go through the following processes of reproduction, growth, well-being, expenditure of energy, nerve stimulation and response, mental activity, and death. What are the Major Causes of Diseases? Health depends on a balance of biochemical reactions that takes place in the body, and diseases are abnormalities in biomolecules, biochemical reactions, or biochemical processes. The following causes influence biochemical processes: 1. Physical agents 2. Chemical agents 3. Biologic agents 4. Lack of oxygen 5. Genetic disorders 6. Immunologic reactions 7. Nutritional imbalances 8. Endocrine imbalances A student in biochemistry, particularly those in the allied medical courses, is concerned with knowing the composition of living matter, the biochemistry of tissues, food and vitamin chemistry, the study of enzymes, and the metabolism of the different foodstuffs. Click the link - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uM1t0mWXU30 C. Learning Activities Make an infographic about biochemistry. The infographic must contain 5 facts and make sure to include the references. Your output will be rated using the rubric below. INFOGRAPHIC RUBRIC CATEGORY 10 8 6 4 2 Content At least 5 At least 4 At least 3 At least 2 At least 1 accurate facts are accurate facts are accurate facts accurate facts accurate facts are (topic, refrences, displayed in the displayed in the are displayed in are displayed in displayed in the argument) infographic infographic the infographic the infographic infographic Graphics & Selection, color, Selection, color, Selection, color, Selection, color, Selection, color, Visuals shape, size, and shape, size, and shape, size, and shape, size, and shape, size, and arrangement of arrangement are arrangement of arrangement are arrangement are (graphics, graphics eye-catching and graphics present but do distracting or pictures related contribute contribute some contribute little not contribute misleading to argument) meaning to the meaning meaning meaning 4|Page  overall message References All 5 facts have Four facts have Three facts have Two facts have One or zero facts sources identified sources identified sources identified sources identified have sources (sources for on the on the on the on the identified on the content cited infographics infographics infographics infographics infographics properly) D. Resources The following materials are worthy references for you to understand biochemistry better: 1. History of Biochemistry https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17152615/ 2. The Importance of Biochemistry in Medical Science https://www.srgtalent.com/blog/the-importance-of-biochemistry-in-medical-science 3. The Cell Theory https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General _Biology_(Boundless)/4%3A_Cell_Structure/4.1%3A_Studying_Cells/4.1C%3A_Cell_Th eory E. Assessment On a piece of short (8.5”x11”) bond paper, draw something that you would consider as the best way to define what biochemistry is all about. Make a paragraph of not more than 3 sentences to explain your drawing. In order to rate your output, the rubric found below will be used: Criterion Possible points Drawing looks similar to what was 2 observed or taught Drawing includes many details (shapes, 6 colors, sizes) when possible Drawing has a title that helps explain the 2 content Drawing includes a written portion 6 (paragraph) that explains what the drawing is intended to show Drawing is legible and large enough to see 4 all details Total 20 F. References Harvey, Richard and Denise Ferrier. (2017). Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry (7th edition). U.S.A.: Wolters Kluwer. Murray, Robert K. et al. (2015). Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry (30th edition). U.S.A.: McGraw-Hill Book Company. https://www.google.com/search?q=plant+and+animal+cell&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjpkLmlzo_r AhUFKqYKHStsD-YQ2- cCegQIABAA&oq=plant+and+animal+cell&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyAggAMgIIADI CCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAA6BggAEAcQHjoHCAAQsQMQQzoECA AQQzoKCAAQsQMQgwEQQzoICAAQsQMQgwFQ6xlY201gkFFoAHAAeACAAZgBiAG 9DpIBBDE2LjWYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=4LMwX- mgBoXUmAWr2L2wDg&bih=679&biw=1280&rlz=1C1CHBD_enPH798PH798&hl=en#im grc=bxO_hx7N6molMM https://www.google.com/search?q=what+is+biochemistry&rlz=1C1CHBD_enPH798PH798&sou rce=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi_qbuJ1Y_rAhW8LqYKHd8LCv0Q_AUoAXoECB MQAw&biw=1280&bih=679#imgrc=3ECjksR0sAYKoM&imgdii=oR-J0qmoZkvmLM 5|Page Prepared by Noted by Cecilia L. Cabanilla Cecilia L. Cabanilla Instructor Dean/Head 6|Page