Module 01 - Overview of Computer Architecture, Layers & Logic Gates.pptx

COSC4 25: COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE AND ORGANISATION Image Source: http://www.thedailycrate.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/o-COMPUTER-SCIENCE-facebook.jpg - Retrieved Online on January 11, 2016 ANNOUNCEMENTS!!!  Overview of Computer Architecture, Layers of...

COSC4 25: COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE AND ORGANISATION Image Source: http://www.thedailycrate.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/o-COMPUTER-SCIENCE-facebook.jpg - Retrieved Online on January 11, 2016 ANNOUNCEMENTS!!!  Overview of Computer Architecture, Layers of Computer Architecture & Review of Logic Gates MODULE ONE COMPUTER ORGANIZATION VS ARCHITECTURE Computer Organization: The various the operational units of a Computer, and the interconnections that synthesize to realize the architecture. Computer Architecture: The attributes of a computer system visible to a machine language programmer and have direct impact on the logical execution of programs. As with the analogous illustration of buildings, the physical computer is divided into several levels / strata / layers LAYERS/ LEVELS IN COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE The generic Computer Architecture has six (6) fundamental layers: Layer 0: The Digital Logic / Machine State Level – The physical machine hardware layer. Here exists the logic gates and other digital devices & circuitry (Integrated circuits). Layer 1: The Microarchitecture Level – This is the level at which the memory, registers and ALU function. Instructions at this level could either be micro-coded (using a micro-program) or hard-coded (by physical hardware configurations). LAYERS/ LEVELS IN COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE (contd.) Layer 2: Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) Level – This is the level at which the various types of instructions that are useable and understandable by the computer are built in. Layer 3: The Operating System / Machine Level – This is more often referred to as the bridge / mid- point between the computer hardware and the end user. It is basically the point of abstraction of the computer hardware. LAYERS/ LEVELS IN COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE (contd.) Layer 4: Assembly / Low Level Language (LLL) Level – This is the level at which low level / system programmers work trying to implement virtual machines, language translators and interpreters. Layer 5: The High Level Language (HLL) Level – This is the level at which the application programmers write various programs to solve user problems. This is the level at which problem- oriented & object-oriented design takes place. Programs at this level are made useful / understandable to lower levels by compilers. COMPUTING EVOLUTION The Very First G-P Computing Devices Computer Today GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS Generation Primary Component Year developed 0th Generation Mechanical Computers 16th Century 1st Generation Vacuum Tubes (ENIAC) 1873 2nd Generation Transistors 1947 3rd Generation Integrated Circuits (ICs) 1949 4th Generation Large Scale ICs (LSI) 1974 5th Generation Very Large and Ultra 1986-1989 Large Scale ICs (VLSI & 1989-2005 ULSI) Current Generation System-on-a-chip / AI 2005 - date  HOW WAS IT POSSIBLE? What is observed however, is that throughout the evolutionary stages, computers continually increased in functionality and shrunk in size, leading to a vast number of uses and a vast number and variety of operating systems to meet these uses. This was made possible as a result of trade-offs in cost, speed / performance, reliability, design complexity & LOGIC GATES The majority of the trade-offs that have characterized the evolution of Computers took place at the lower levels of the Computer Architecture: the logic / machine state level. Gates and other digital logic circuitry that functions at the most fundamental layer of the computer has been one of the focal points of the integrations and miniaturizations that have brought about the computers and computing devices we know today. The Digital Logic Gate is the basic building block from which all digital electronic circuits and microprocessor- based systems are constructed. OVERVIEW OF LOGIC GATES  MOORES LAW In 1965, Gordon Moore co-founder of the Intel corporation predicted that “The number of transistors and resistors on a single chip will double every 18 months” regarding the development of semiconductor gate technology. When Gordon Moore made his famous comment way back in 1965 there were approximately only 60 individual transistor gates on a single silicon chip or die. Source: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/logic/logic_1.html - Retrieved September 14, 2016  MOORES LAW (contd.) The worlds first microprocessor in 1971 was the Intel 4004 that had a 4-bit data bus and contained about 2,300 transistors on a single chip, operating at about 600kHz. Today, the Intel Corporation have placed a staggering 1.2 Billion individual transistor gates onto its new Quad- core i7-2700K Sandy Bridge 64-bit microprocessor chip operating at nearly 4GHz, and the on-chip transistor count is still rising, as newer faster microprocessors and micro- controllers are developed. Source: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/logic/logic_1.html - Retrieved September 14, 2016 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Hennessy, & Patterson (2007). Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach (Fourth Edition). San Francisco. Elsevier. 2. Stallings (2010). Computer Organization and Architecture (Eighth Edition). New Jersey. Prentice-Hall. 3. Harris, & Harris (2012). Digital Design and Computer Architecture (Second Edition). San Francisco. Elsevier.  N I O ST E U Q ? S Image Source: http://iamforkids.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/j04278101.jpg - Retrieved Online on January 11, 2016 ANNOUNCEMENTS!!!  L E DU M O O F ND E  COSC 403 quiz (1)The worlds first microprocessor was built in the ------- and named --------------- (2) State Moore’s Law and explain the implications in microprocessor manufacturing. (3)Differenciate between computer organisation and architecture. (4)Explain the ISA level in Computer architecture. Source: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/logic/logic_1.html - Retrieved September 14, 2016