Module 01 - Concepts, Principles and Definitions PDF

Module 01 Concepts, Principles and Definitions Introduction and waterborne wastes”. This course is intended to introduce...

Module 01 Concepts, Principles and Definitions Introduction and waterborne wastes”. This course is intended to introduce students and equip them with the In addition, plumbing includes fixtures and fixture traps; fundamental knowledge of plumbing the soil and waste pipes; vent pipes; the building drain and sanitary systems as vital and building sewer; and the storm drainage pipes; with elements of a building and a system their devices, appurtenances, and connections to all component of Building Services or within or adjacent to the building. Building Utilities Systems. Moreover, this course is an introductory topic leading to The term plumbing is a derivative of the Latin word other building services courses, namely: Electrical, plumbum which refers to the common metallic element Auxiliary, Mechanical, Acoustics and Lighting lead, a soft material which was widely used for piping Systems. This course is the first of the Building Utilities and water channels especially during the Roman empire Course Series. and later replaced with cast iron in the 19th century. In the Roman times, a person who worked in the field of A building is never complete without plumbing, that is, sanitation is called a plumbarius. the pipes, fixtures, appurtenances and other related components that is purposely designed and integrated Historical Background into a building for the reason that these elements of Since the dawn of civilization, plumbing and sanitation has served a vital purpose in man’s daily life. The necessity of plumbing convey water to the building for the use of waste disposal has been a commonality among all human occupants, visitors and all other users and remove waste beings, no matter the era. and other waterborne wastes to a safe and acceptable means of disposal system. Attempts to retrace the history of plumbing caused historians to painstakingly record the developments across different As part of a building envelope plumbing is manifested on time periods. The oldest artifact to have been unearthed was plans as indicated toilets or comfort rooms and more a copper pipe used in a water system in the ruins of an specifically shown in graphical presentations of water ancient palace in Indus Valley, estimated to be 5,500 years closets, lavatories, and other fixtures. The lines that are old. This discovery established the oldest known period wherein the knowledge of plumbing systems was used. invisibly indicated on these plans are those that convey Around 2,500 B.C., the Egyptians used copper pipes in their water to every fixture and those lines within that removes irrigation and sewage systems. In liquid or water borne wastes. This is the domain of ancient Babylon, the skillfully plumbing. planned network of canals served as evidence that they had a knowledge Architects, engineers and designers need to understand of the science of hydraulics. The how plumbing works being a component system of the inhabitants of Crete constructed overall building system. A building without the freshwater cisterns, which collected necessary plumbing system in it is bound to fail and water for their everyday needs. renders it unusable hence, this course is as important as Massive developments in plumbing the other courses in building utilities are. were incorporated into the infrastructure of the Roman Plumbing Technically Defined Empire (500 BC – 455 AD). Plumbing is defined as the, “art and science of creating Aqueducts were constructed to readily supply houses with and maintaining sanitary conditions in building used water from vast reservoirs, while extensive underground by humans”. It may also be defined as, “the art and sewers were constructed beneath the streets of Rome. Notable among these developments was the construction of science of installing, repairing and servicing the pipes, underground public water supply systems made of cast lead fixtures, and appurtenances necessary for bringing in sections. In this era of leisure and wealth, public baths water supply and removing liquid and water-borne proliferated; among them notably the Baths of Diocletian, wastes”; also, “the art and science of installing in an architectural marvel which could accommodate 3,200 buildings the pipes, fixtures and other appurtenances bathers at a single time, with separate hot, cold, and tepid for bringing in the water supply and removing liquid baths. Each bath was lined with ceramic tiles, which helped in retaining the temperature of the water. Roman bathhouses Important Notice: This module is purposely prepared by Ar. Rafael C. Alli, of the Building Technology (BT) and Building Utilities (BU) course cluster for the exclusive use of the students of the College of Architecture (CA), University of Santo Tomas (UST). Any unauthorized reproduction, use, sale or distribution of this material is strictly prohibited and any violation thereof shall be dealt with accordingly.  were also constructed with large public latrines, sometimes solids, and clogging, and with adequate cleanouts so with marble seats. arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned. After the fall of the Roman 9. The piping of the plumbing system shall be of durable Empire in A.D. 476, the overall quality of plumbing in material, free from defective workmanship, and so the Western world declined. designed and constructed as to give satisfactory service From the Middle Ages for its reasonable expected life. onward, people would dispose of their wastes by hurling them 10. Each fixture directly connected to the drainage onto the streets. This practice system shall be equipped with a water seal trap. carried on for a long time until further developments in 11. The drainage system shall be designed to provide an plumbing were discovered. It was in the 1500’s that a type of adequate circulation of air in all pipes with no danger water closet was developed. Septic tanks were then introduced in the mid-1800’s, and a modern sewerage system of siphonage, aspiration, or forcing of trap seals under began operating beneath London in the 1860’s. conditions of ordinary use. Basic Plumbing Principles 12. Each vent terminal shall extend to the outer air and The following are the general plumbing principles used be so installed as to minimize the possibilities of in the design and installation of plumbing systems in a clogging and the return of foul air to the building. building. 13. The plumbing system shall be subjected to such tests 1. All premises intended for human habitation, as will effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the occupancy, or use shall be provided with a supply of work. clean and wholesome water, neither connected with unsafe water supplies nor subject to the hazards of 14. No substance which will clog the pipes, produce backflow or backsiphonage. explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints, or interfere unduly with the sewage disposal process shall 2. Plumbing fixtures, devices, and appurtenances shall be be allowed to enter the building drainage system. supplied with water in sufficient volume and at pressures adequate to enable them to function 15. Proper protection shall be provided to prevent satisfactorily and without undue noise under all normal contamination of food, water, sterile goods, and conditions of use. similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device, or appliance shall be 3. Plumbing fixtures shall be designed and adjusted to connected indirectly with the building drainage use the minimum quantity of water consistent with system. proper performance and cleaning. 16. No water closet shall be located in a room or 4. Devices for heating and storing water shall be so compartment that is not properly lighted and designed and stored as to prevent dangers from ventilated. explosion through overheating. 17. If water closets or other plumbing fixtures are 5. Every building having plumbing fixtures installed and installed in buildings where there is no sewer within a intended for human habitation, occupancy, or use on reasonable distance, suitable provision shall be made premises abutting a street, alley, or easement in which for disposing of the building sewage by some there is a public sewer shall have a connection with the acceptable method of sewage treatment and disposal. sewer. 18. Where a plumbing drainage system may be subjected 6. Each family dwelling unit or premises with a sewer or to a backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be with a private sewage disposal system shall have at made to prevent its overflow in the building. least one water closet and one kitchen-type sink. 19. Plumbing systems shall be maintained in a sanitary 7. Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth, non- and serviceable condition. absorbent material, shall be free from concealed fouling surfaces, and shall be located in ventilated 20. All plumbing fixtures shall be so installed with enclosures. regards to spacing as to be reasonably accessible for their intended use. 8. The drainage shall be designed, constructed, and maintained so as to guard against fouling, deposit of 21. Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to 2.1 Sanitary Drainage preservation of the strength of the structural members and Vent Piping and prevention of damage to the walls and other System surfaces through fixture usage. The sanitary drainage and vent piping system 22. Sewage or other waste from a plumbing system are installed by the which may be deleterious to surface or subsurface plumber to remove waters shall not be discharged into the ground or any wastewater and waterway unless it has been first rendered innocuous waterborne wastes from through subjection to some acceptable form of plumbing fixtures and treatment. appliances, and to provide air circulation Plumbing Concepts and Definitions within the drainage piping. Plumbing System The plumbing system of a 2.2 Storm Drainage building includes the water System supply distributing pipes; A system of pipes, fixtures and fixture traps; the fittings, devices, and soil and waste pipes; vent appurtenances for removing storm water – pipes; the building drain and rainwater, surface runoff, and underground seepage building sewer; and the storm drainage pipes; with their resulting from precipitation. devices, appurtenances, and connections within the building and outside the building within the property General Elements of Plumbing System line. 1. Pipes Plumbing Systems Categories These are cylindrical conduits or conductors, the wall thickness is sufficient to receive a standard pipe, used 1. Water Supply and to convey water or liquid wastes, e.g. cast iron pipe, Distribution System galvanized iron pipe, plastic pipe, copper pipe, etc. A system in plumbing which provides and distributes water 2. Fittings to the different parts of the These are standardized pre-fabricated components building or structure, for used to connect sections of pipes, equipment, fixtures, purposes such as drinking, trims, etc. Fittings may be categorized as: water line cleaning, washing, culinary fittings or drainage fittings. Examples of fittings are: use, etc.; it includes the water distributing pipes, elbow, coupling, tee, street tee, sanitary tee, bend, control devices, equipment, and other appurtenances. union, cap, plug, etc. This system could either be Cold Water or Hot Water System. 3. Fixture A receptacle attached to a plumbing system other than 2. Drainage Systems a trap in which water or wastes may be collected or All the piping within public/private premises which obtained for ultimate into the plumbing system, e.g. conveys sewage, rainwater, or other liquid wastes to a water closet, lavatory, sink, urinal, floor drain, etc. point of disposal. This system does not include the mains of public sewer systems or private/public 4. Plumbing Fixture Trim sewage treatment/disposal plant. Water supply and drainage fitting installed on fixtures designed to control the flow of water into the fixture or area and the flow of waste water from the fixture to the drainage system, e.g. lavatory fixture trim, bathtub fixture trim and fittings. 5. Plumbing Appurtenance A prefabricated assembly of component parts or a manufactured device or an on-the-job assembly of component parts that is adjunct to the basic piping system and plumbing fixtures and that which does not require additional water nor additional discharge load  to a fixture or to the drainage system, e.g. cleanout, air 9. Branch Interval chamber, pressure regulator, vacuum breaker, etc. 10. Soil or Waste Stack 11. House/Building Drain 6. Plumbing Equipment 12. House/Building Drain Branch An assembly consisting of mechanical or electrical 13. House/Building Sewer components designed and manufactured to perform a 14. Vent Stack or Main Vent specific purpose such as conveying water, pressuring 15. Stack Vent or Main Soil and waste vent water system, heating, etc. 16. Vent Stack Thru Roof 17. Branch Vent 7. Plumbing Appliance 18. Individual or Back Vent A special class of plumbing fixture intended to 19. Common/Dual/Duplex/Unit Vent perform a special function, e.g. washing machine, dishwasher, clothes dryer, water dispenser (cold and General Parts of a Typical Storm Drainage cold), etc. System 1. Gutter 8. Plumbing Accessories 2. Leader Devices that may be added in a plumbing facility or 3. Downspout toilet that adds convenience, comfort, aesthetic or any 4. Catch basin other useful purpose to the user such as soap holder, 5. Storm drainage pipe toilet paper holder, towel bar, towel ring, mirror, 6. Area drain shower curtain rod, etc. 7. Junction box 8. Storm main 9. Valve A device used to control, regulate, divert the flow, Definitions of Basic Plumbing Terms pressure, heat of liquid, fluid or gas or in a plumbing system, e.g. gate valve, globe valve, check valve, pressure Air break relief valve, temperature and pressure relief valve, float The physical separation between a waste pipe and an valve, etc. indirect waste receptor or device indirectly connected. 10. Plumbing Trap Air gap A fitting or device designed and constructed to The unobstructed vertical distance through the free provide, when properly vented, a liquid seal which atmosphere between the outlet of a faucet and the flood prevents backflow and passage of foul air and gases level rim of the fixture or receptacle. without materially affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater through it. General Parts of a Typical Water Supply and Angle valve Distribution System A valve in which the inlet and outlet 1. Water main openings are at 90º angle to one another. 2. Water service pipe Backflow 3. Building supply pipe The flow of water or wastewater in 4. Riser or Upfeed pipe pipes in a reverse direction from that 5. Downfeed pipe normally intended. 6. Branch or Lateral 7. Fixture branch Back pressure 8. Fixture supply A pressure within the sanitary drainage system or vent 9. Valve piping system that is greater than atmospheric pressure (>14.7 psi). General Parts of a Typical Sanitary Drainage and Ventilation System Back Siphonage 1. Fixtures The flowing by negative pressure of 2. Fixture Drain contaminated or polluted water 3. Trap from a plumbing fixture into a 4. Cleanout potable water system. 5. Soil Pipe 6. Waste Pipe 7. Indirect Waste Pipe 8. Soil and Waste Branch  Backwater valve Cleanout A device installed in piping to A fitting with a removable plate or plug that is placed in prevent the reverse flow of storm or plumbing drainage pipe lines to allow access to the pipes sewage into the drainage system or for the purpose of cleaning and maintenance. their branches. Conductor or Ball valve Leader A valve in which the flow of liquid is Part of the roofing controlled by a rotating drilled ball that and/or area gutter fits tightly against a resilient (flexible) system that takes seat in the valve body. water from a roof above-surface area to a storm drain or other disposal area or system. Battery of fixtures Any group of two or more similar adjacent fixtures Cross connection which discharge into a common horizontal waste or soil Any physical connection or arrangement of pipes branch. between two otherwise separate building water supply pipes or system through which or by means of which Bell or hub water supply may flow from one system to the other, the The end portion of a pipe which for a short distance is direction of flow depends on the pressure difference enlarged to receive the end of another pipe which may be between the two systems. of the same diameter for the purpose of making a joint. Deadend Bibb The extended portion of a pipe that is closed one end to A term that is synonymous with which no connections are made on the extended portion, faucet, cock, plug, tap or spigot. thus permitting stagnation of wastewater or air therein. Branch Downspout Any part of the piping system other The vertical portion of a rainwater conductor. the main, riser or stack. Drain Branch interval A pipe which carries ground and surface water, storm A vertical length of soil or waste stack at least eight feet water or wastewater into the building drainage system. in height (a storey height), within which the horizontal Drainage fixture unit (dfu) branches from one storey or floor of the building or A common measure of the probable discharge into the structure are connected to the stack. drainage system by various types of plumbing fixtures on the basis of one dfu being equal to a discharge rate of 7.5 Building drain/ House drain gals. per minute or one cubic foot of water per minute. That part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which receives the discharge from soil, waste and DWV other drainage pipes inside a building and conveys it to The abbreviation for drainage, waste and vent. the building sewer/house sewer. Faucet Building/ House sewer A valve on a water pipe by means of which water can be That part of the drainage system that extends from the drawn from or held within the pipe. The valve is placed end of the building drain and conveys its discharge to the on the end of the pipe. public sewer, private sewer, individual sewage disposal system, or other appropriate point of disposal. Flood level The level in a fixture at which water begins to overflow Building Supply Pipe the top or rim of the fixture. The first section of water supply piping in a building after the water meter. Flow rate The volume of water used by a plumbing fixture in a Caulking/ Calking/ Cogging given amount of time. Usually expressed in gallons per Plugging an opening with oakum, lead or other material minute (gpm). that are pounded into the annular space. Also, the material pounded into the annular space. Flush valve Main vent/ Vent stack A device located at the bottom of a flush tank for A vertical vent pipe installed primarily for the purpose of flushing water closets and similar fixtures. providing circulation of air to or from any part of the building drainage system. Flushometer valve A device which discharges a predetermined quantity of Manhole water to fixtures for flushing purposes and is actuated by An opening constructed in any part direct water pressure. of plumbing system, of sufficient size for a person to gain access Full bath thereto. A bathroom containing a water closet, a lavatory and a bathtub. Plumbing Gate valve The art and science of installing in buildings the pipes, A valve in which the flow of water is cut fixtures and other apparatus for bringing in water supply off by means of a circular disk, fitting and removing water and waterborne wastes. against machine-smoothed surfaces at right angles to the direction of flow. The Plumbing Fixture disk is raised or lowered by means of a A receptacle attached to a threaded stem connected to the handle of plumbing system other than a trap the valve. The opening in the valve is in which water or wastes may be usually as large as the full bore of the pipe. collected or retained for ultimate discharge into the plumbing Globe valve system. A valve in which the flow of water is cut off by means of a circular disk that fits against the valve seat. The plane Plumbing system of movement of the disk is parallel to the normal All water supply, drainage, and venting systems and all direction of flow of water, which is turned through a fixtures and their traps complete with their connections. tortuous passage to direct the flow normal to the face of the disk. Potable water Water that meets the standards of a government agency Half bath and is used for culinary, domestic and drinking purposes. A bathroom containing a water closet and a lavatory. Privy Hose bibb An outhouse or structure used for the deposition of A faucet to which a hose may be attached. excrement. P trap/ 1/2 S trap/ Gooseneck Hub A P-shaped trap commonly used on most plumbing See bell fixtures except for fixture having integral trap. Indirect waste pipe Public sewer A waste pipe that does not connect directly with the A common sewer directly controlled by public authority drainage system but conveys wastes by discharging into to which all abutters have equal rights of connections. a plumbing fixture or receptacle, which is directly connected to the drainage system through an air break or Riser gap into a trap, fixture receptor or interceptor, e.g. A water supply pipe that extends vertically one full refrigerator waste pipe, drinking fountain waste pipe, etc. storey or more to convey water to fixture branches or group of fixtures. Insanitary A condition contrary to sanitary principles or injurious to Roughing-in health. The installation of parts of the plumbing system which can be completed prior to installation of fixtures or Lavatory/ Wash basin finishing. This includes drainage, water supply and vent A fixture designed for washing of the hands and face. piping and necessary fixture supports. Main The principal pipe to which the branches may be connected. Sanitary Drainage Pipes Stack Pipes installed to remove wastewater and waterborne A general term used for any vertical line of soil, waste or wastes from plumbing fixtures and convey these to the vent piping. sanitary sewer and other points of disposal. Sump Seepage pit/ Cesspool/ Dry well A tank or pit below the normal grade of gravity receiving A loosely lined excavation in the ground, which receives liquid wastes or sewage from which the wastes or the discharge of a septic tank and designed to permit the sewage must be mechanically pumped to a higher effluent from the septic tank to seep through the bottom receiving point. and sides of the pit. Ventilation System Septic tank A system of pipes, fittings, and other devices installed A watertight receptacle which the discharge of sanitary for the purpose of providing air circulation and creating plumbing system or part thereof, designed and balanced atmospheric condition within the system, constructed to retain solids, digest organic matter thereby preventing siphonage and backpressure. through a period of detention and to allow the liquids to discharge into the soil outside of the tank through a Vent pipe system of open jointed sub-surface piping or a seepage A pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air pit. in a plumbing system and for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals. Sewage Any wastewater containing animal or vegetable matter in Vent stack/ Main vent suspension or solution and may include liquids The vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing containing chemicals in solution. circulation of air to and from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage system. Sewer A pipe or conduit for carrying sewage and wastewater. Waste Pipe A pipe that conveys only liquid waste free of fecal Siphonage matter. A waste pipe may be connected directly or A suction created by the flow of liquids in pipes; a indirectly depending on the type of fixture. pressure less than the atmospheric pressure. Water distributing pipe Soil Pipe A pipe which conveys potable water from the building A pipe that conveys the discharge of water closets or supply pipe to the plumbing fixtures and other outlets. similar fixtures containing fecal matter, with or without the discharge of other fixtures to the building drain or Water Service Pipe building sewer. A portion of water supply pipe from the water main or other source of water before the water meter. Soil stack A vertical pipe which conveys Yoke vent the discharge of water closet, A pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack urinal or fixtures having similar below the floor and below the horizontal connection to function, with or without the an adjacent vent stack at a point above the floor and discharges from other fixtures to higher than the highest spill level of fixtures for the building drain or building sewer. preventing pressure changes in the stack. Spigot End The end of a pipe which fits into a bell; also a word used synonymously with faucet.