Biology Review Sheet - Grade 12 - 2024-2025

Al-Hussan Model Schools International Section 2024 - 2025 Biology Review Sheet Grade 12 Name:................................................................ Grade:.......................................................

Al-Hussan Model Schools International Section 2024 - 2025 Biology Review Sheet Grade 12 Name:................................................................ Grade:............................................................... 1 Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology 1. What is the definition of Biology? a) The study of rocks and minerals b) The study of living organisms, their origin, morphology, anatomy, physiology, and behavior c) The study of chemical reactions in non-living things d) The study of weather patterns 2. Growth in living organisms refers to: a) Only an increase in the number of cells b) Only an increase in size c) An increase in size and/or number of cells d) A decrease in metabolic activities 3. A stimulus is best defined as: a) A reaction to the environment b) A change in the environment that results in a reaction c) A group of cells working together d) A state of equilibrium 4. The reaction that occurs due to a stimulus is called: a) Adaptation b) Homeostasis c) Response d) Reproduction 2 5. The basic functional unit of life is: a) Tissue b) Organ c) Cell d) Organ system 6. A group of cells working together to perform a specific function is called: a) Organ b) Tissue c) Organ system d) Organism 7. Which of the following is an example of an organ? a) Muscle cell b) Muscle tissue c) Bladder d) Circulatory system 8. A group of organs working together to perform one or more functions is called: a) Cell b) Tissue c) Organ system d) Organism 9. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a living organism? a) Ability to react to stimuli b) Ability to reproduce c) Ability to maintain homeostasis d) Ability to exist without energy 3  10. Homeostasis refers to: a) A state of equilibrium of an organism’s internal conditions b) The process of reproduction c) A change in the environment d) The formation of tissues Characteristics of Living Organisms 11. Multicellular organisms are made up of: a) Only one cell b) Many cells grouped into tissues, organs, and organ systems c) Only tissues d) Only organs 12. Reproduction is important because it: a) Increases the size of an organism b) Maintains the continuity of a species c) Changes the environment d) Causes mutations 13. The Venus Flytrap responds to stimuli by: a) Growing taller b) Consuming insects for nitrogen c) Changing its color d) Producing flowers 4 14. Adaptation is determined by: a) The weather b) An organism’s genetic makeup c) The number of cells in an organism d) The type of tissue in an organism 15. Which of the following is an example of a response to a stimulus? a) A plant growing toward light b) A rock eroding over time c) Water evaporating d) A cloud forming 16. Homeostasis is essential for: a) Reproduction b) Survival c) Growth only d) Adaptation only 17. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living organisms? a) Organization b) Reproduction c) Inability to respond to stimuli d) Growth 18. Tissues are formed by: a) A single cell b) A group of cells working together c) A group of organs d) A group of organ systems 5  19. An organ system is composed of: a) Cells b) Tissues c) Organs d) Organisms 20. Which of the following is an example of an organ system? a) Heart b) Circulatory system c) Muscle tissue d) Neuron Scientific Methods 21. The first step in the scientific method is: a) Forming a hypothesis b) Asking a question c) Conducting an experiment d) Drawing a conclusion 22. A hypothesis must be: a) General and untestable b) Specific and testable c) Based on opinions d) A proven fact 6 23. Quantitative data is represented by: a) Descriptive sentences b) Numbers c) Colors d) Shapes 24. Which of the following is an example of quantitative data? a) The plant is green b) The plant is 2 meters tall c) The plant smells sweet d) The plant is rough to touch 25. Qualitative data is best described as: a) Numerical measurements b) Short descriptive sentences c) Graphs and charts d) Mathematical equations 26. In an experiment, the control group: a) Is exposed to the factor being studied b) Provides a standard for comparison c) Is not needed d) Changes the independent variable 27. The experimental group is: a) The group that is not exposed to any factors b) The group that is exposed to the factor being studied c) The same as the control group d) Used only in qualitative studies 7 28. The independent variable is: a) The factor being changed by the scientist b) The factor that remains constant c) The result of the experiment d) The group that is not tested 29. The dependent variable is: a) The factor being changed by the scientist b) The factor that is observed or measured c) The control group d) The hypothesis 30. A conclusion is: a) A guess made without evidence b) An assumption based on previous experience and data c) The same as a hypothesis d) Always incorrect 31. A theory is: a) A guess with no evidence b) A viewpoint that brings together many facts, hypotheses, and experiments c) The same as a hypothesis d) A proven fact with no exceptions 32. Which of the following is an example of a theory? a) The sky is blue b) The Cell Theory c) Water is wet d) Plants need sunlight 8  33. Which of the following is a step in the scientific method? a) Ignoring data b) Making random guesses c) Observation d) Avoiding experiments 34. Direct observation is a method for: a) Ignoring data b) Collecting data c) Changing the hypothesis d) Skipping experiments 35. A hypothesis is: a) A final answer b) A proposed answer for a scientific study c) A random thought d) A type of qualitative data Additional Questions 36. Ibn al-Baytar contributed to biology by: a) Studying rocks b) Writing a book on Islamic medicine and plants c) Inventing the microscope d) Discovering electricity 37. The role of biologists includes: a) Only studying animals b) Studying diseases, species, and improving agriculture c) Ignoring the environment d) Only working in laboratories 9 38. Technological development in biology includes: a) The invention of cars b) The development of prosthetic limbs c) Building houses d) Creating new languages 39. Genetically engineered plants are designed to: a) Grow slower b) Be resistant to insects and diseases c) Produce less oxygen d) Avoid sunlight 40. Protecting the environment involves: a) Ignoring endangered species b) Studying reproductive patterns of threatened species c) Polluting rivers d) Cutting down forests 41. Which of the following is NOT a role of biologists? a) Studying diseases b) Improving agriculture c) Ignoring the environment d) Technological development 42. The study of different species helps in: a) Identifying their characteristics b) Destroying their habitats c) Making them extinct d) Ignoring their behavior 10 43. The book “Compendium on Simple Medicaments and Foods” was written by: a) Charles Darwin b) Ibn al-Baytar c) Albert Einstein d) Isaac Newton 44. Which of the following is an example of improving agriculture? a) Using pesticides to kill all plants b) Genetically engineering disease-resistant plants c) Avoiding water d) Planting only one type of crop 45. The study of reproductive patterns helps in: a) Preventing extinction b) Causing extinction c) Ignoring species d) Reducing biodiversity 46. Which of the following is an example of a living organism? a) A rock b) A river c) A tree d) A cloud 47. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of life? a) Growth b) Reproduction c) Inability to adapt d) Response to stimuli 11 48. The term “morphology” refers to the study of: a) The structure of living organisms b) The weather c) Chemical reactions d) Rocks and minerals 49. The study of the origin of life is part of: a) Biology b) Geology c) Astronomy d) Physics 50. Which of the following is an example of a response to a stimulus? a) A plant wilting when not watered b) A rock sitting on the ground c) A puddle drying in the sun d) A cloud moving in the wind Answer Key: 1-b, 2-c, 3-b, 4-c, 5-c, 6-b, 7-c, 8-c, 9-d, 10-a, 11-b, 12-b, 13-b, 14-b, 15-a, 16-b, 17-c, 18-b, 19-c, 20-b, 21-b, 22-b, 23-b, 24-b, 25-b, 26-b, 27-b, 28-a, 29-b, 30-b, 31-b, 32-b, 33-c, 34-b, 35-b, 36-b, 37-b, 38-b, 39-b, 40-b, 41-c, 42-a, 43-b, 44-b, 45-a, 46-c, 47-c, 48-a, 49-a, 50-a 12 Chapter 2: Classification of Living Organisms Prokaryotes and Bacteria 1. Prokaryotes are characterized by: a) Having membrane-bound organelles b) Being multicellular c) Lacking a nuclear membrane d) Being visible to the naked eye 2. Which of the following is NOT found in prokaryotic cells? a) Ribosomes b) Mitochondria c) DNA d) Cell wall 3. The capsule in prokaryotic cells functions to: a) Facilitate movement b) Prevent desiccation c) Store genetic material d) Produce energy 4. Pili in prokaryotes are used for: a) Movement b) Attachment to surfaces c) Photosynthesis d) DNA replication 13 5. The flagellum in prokaryotes is primarily for: a) Reproduction b) Movement c) Nutrient storage d) Protection 6. Halophiles are archaea that thrive in: a) Acidic environments b) Very salty environments c) Extremely hot environments d) Oxygen-free environments 7. Thermoacidophiles are typically found in: a) Sewage treatment plants b) Acidic hot springs c) Freshwater lakes d) Polar ice caps 8. Methanogens produce which of the following as a metabolic by-product? a) Oxygen b) Carbon dioxide c) Methane d) Nitrogen 9. Gram staining is used to classify bacteria based on: a) Their size b) The thickness of their peptidoglycan layer c) Their ability to photosynthesize 14  d) Their motility 10. Gram-positive bacteria appear: a) Pink b) Dark purple c) Blue d) Green 11. Gram-negative bacteria have: a) A thick peptidoglycan layer b) A thin peptidoglycan layer and high lipid content c) No cell wall d) Chloroplasts 12. Conjugation in prokaryotes involves: a) Binary fission b) Transfer of genetic material through direct contact c) Spore formation d) Photosynthesis 13. Binary fission is a form of: a) Sexual reproduction b) Asexual reproduction c) Meiosis d) Genetic recombination 14. Escherichia coli is an example of: a) A pathogenic bacterium b) Normal flora in the intestines c) A fungus 15  d) A virus 15. Bacteria are used in the production of: a) Yogurt and cheese b) Plastic c) Metals d) Glass 16. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria form symbiotic relationships with: a) Animals b) Legumes c) Fungi d) Viruses 17. Which of the following is a respiratory disease caused by bacteria? a) AIDS b) Tuberculosis c) Influenza d) Malaria 18. Acne is caused by bacteria affecting the: a) Respiratory system b) Skin c) Digestive tract d) Nervous system 19. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by: a) A virus b) A fungus c) A bacterium 16  d) A protist 20. Tetanus affects the: a) Respiratory system b) Nervous system c) Digestive tract d) Circulatory system Taxonomy and Classification 21. The largest classification group is the: a) Kingdom b) Domain c) Phylum d) Species 22. The three domains of life are: a) Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya b) Animalia, Plantae, Fungi c) Protista, Monera, Fungi d) Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista 23. Eubacteria belong to the domain: a) Archaea b) Bacteria c) Eukarya d) Protista 17 24. Archaebacteria can survive in: a) Only neutral pH conditions b) Harsh conditions like high heat and acidity c) Only freshwater environments d) Only the human body 25. Eukarya includes organisms that: a) Lack membrane-bound organelles b) Have membrane-bound organelles c) Are always unicellular d) Are always prokaryotic 26. The kingdom Animalia is characterized by: a) Having a cell wall b) Being heterotrophic c) Photosynthesizing d) Being unicellular 27. The cell wall of plants is made of: a) Chitin b) Cellulose c) Peptidoglycan d) Lipopolysaccharide 28. Fungi have cell walls composed of: a) Cellulose b) Chitin c) Peptidoglycan 18  d) Silica 29. Protists are characterized by: a) Having highly specialized tissues b) Lacking specialized tissues or organs c) Being prokaryotic d) Always being photosynthetic 30. Viruses are: a) Considered living organisms b) Not part of the classification system for living organisms c) Classified under the domain Eukarya d) Always beneficial to humans 31. The correct order of taxonomic classification from largest to smallest is: a) Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species b) Kingdom, Domain, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species c) Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain d) Domain, Phylum, Kingdom, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species 32. The term "division" is used instead of "phylum" for: a) Animals b) Plants and bacteria c) Fungi d) Protists 33. A genus is a group of: a) Unrelated species b) Closely related species c) Different kingdoms 19  d) Different domains 34. Species are defined as organisms that: a) Look similar b) Share common characteristics and can produce fertile offspring c) Live in the same habitat d) Have the same diet 35. The binomial naming system was developed by: a) Charles Darwin b) Carolus Linnaeus c) Gregor Mendel d) Louis Pasteur 36. The binomial name for an organism consists of: a) Kingdom and phylum b) Genus and species c) Family and order d) Domain and kingdom 37. In the binomial naming system, the genus name is: a) Always lowercase b) Always uppercase c) Italicized when printed d) Both b and c 38. The correct way to write the scientific name for humans is: a) homo sapiens b) Homo Sapiens c) Homo sapiens 20  d) Homo sapiens 39. The kingdom Archaebacteria is included in the domain: a) Bacteria b) Archaea c) Eukarya d) Protista 40. The domain Eukarya includes the kingdom: a) Eubacteria b) Archaebacteria c) Plantae d) None of the above 41. Which of the following is NOT a kingdom in the domain Eukarya? a) Animalia b) Fungi c) Protista d) Eubacteria 42. The kingdom Protista includes organisms that: a) Are always multicellular b) Lack specialized tissues or organs c) Have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan d) Are prokaryotic 43. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) causes: a) Tuberculosis b) AIDS c) Cholera 21  d) Syphilis 44. Viruses are classified based on: a) Their own system, separate from living organisms b) The domain system c) The kingdom system d) The phylum system 45. The binomial name "Rosa indica" follows the rules of binomial nomenclature because: a) Both words are lowercase b) The genus name is capitalized and the species name is lowercase c) The entire name is underlined when printed d) The species name is capitalized 46. The primary basis for Linnaeus's classification system was: a) Genetic sequencing b) Morphology and behavior c) Habitat d) Diet 47. Which of the following is a correct example of binomial nomenclature? a) Canis lupus b) canis lupus c) Canis Lupus d) CANIS LUPUS 48. The term "taxonomy" refers to: a) The study of fossils b) The classification of living organisms c) The study of ecosystems 22  d) The study of cells 49. The kingdom Plantae stores carbohydrates as: a) Glycogen b) Starch c) Cellulose d) Chitin 50. The kingdom Fungi is characterized by: a) Photosynthesis b) Absence of a cell wall c) Cell walls made of chitin d) Being prokaryotic Answer Key 1-c, 2-b, 3-b, 4-b, 5-b, 6-b, 7-b, 8-c, 9-b, 10-b, 11-b, 12-b, 13-b, 14-b, 15-a, 16-b, 17-b, 18-b, 19-c, 20-b, 21-b, 22-a, 23-b, 24-b, 25-b, 26-b, 27-b, 28-b, 29-b, 30-b, 31-a, 32-b, 33-b, 34-b, 35-b, 36-b, 37-d, 38-c, 39-b, 40-c, 41-d, 42-b, 43-b, 44-a, 45-b, 46-b, 47-a, 48-b, 49-b, 50-c 23 Chapter 3: Protoctista & Fungi Protoctista (Protists) 1. Protoctista are primarily: a) Prokaryotic b) Eukaryotic and mostly unicellular c) Only multicellular d) Exclusively parasitic 2. Microsporidia are used as: a) Fertilizers b) Insecticides c) Food additives d) Water purifiers 3. Animal-like protists are classified based on: a) Their color b) Their method of movement c) Their size d) Their habitat 4. Ciliates, like *Paramecium*, move using: a) Flagella b) Pseudopods c) Cilia d) Gliding 24 5. Nuclear dimorphism in ciliates refers to: a) Two identical nuclei b) A macronucleus for vegetative functions and a micronucleus for sexuality c) Absence of nuclei d) Multiple nuclei for reproduction 6. Amoeboid protists move using: a) Flagella b) Pseudopods c) Cilia d) Spores 7. Foraminifera are useful to geologists because: a) They produce oxygen b) Their fossils help date rocks and identify oil-bearing sediments c) They fix nitrogen d) They decompose organic matter 8. *Plasmodium* causes: a) Sleeping sickness b) Malaria c) Chagas disease d) Amoebic dysentery 9. Trypanosoma is transmitted by: a) Mosquitoes b) Tsetse flies 25  c) Houseflies d) Ticks 10. Plant-like protists are characterized by: a) Heterotrophic nutrition b) Photoautotrophic nutrition c) Parasitic nutrition d) Saprotrophic nutrition 11. Diatoms store food as: a) Starch b) Oils c) Glycogen d) Cellulose 12. The Red Tide Phenomenon is caused by: a) Diatoms b) Dinoflagellates c) Euglenoids d) Green algae 13. Euglenoids have: a) A silica cell wall b) A pellicle instead of a cell wall c) Chitin cell walls d) No chloroplasts 14. Golden algae contain: a) Chlorophyll only b) Carotenoid pigments 26  c) Fucoxanthin d) Silica shells 15. Spirogyra is an example of: a) Brown algae b) Green algae c) Red algae d) Diatoms Fungi 16. Fungi are: a) Prokaryotic b) Eukaryotic and heterotrophic c) Photoautotrophic d) Always unicellular 17. Fungal cell walls are made of: a) Cellulose b) Chitin c) Peptidoglycan d) Silica 18. Hyphae function to: a) Produce spores b) Absorb nutrients by secreting enzymes c) Photosynthesize d) Fix nitrogen 19. Mycelium refers to: a) A single fungal cell b) A network of hyphae 27  c) A fruiting body d) A spore 20. Yeast reproduces asexually by: a) Binary fission b) Budding c) Fragmentation d) Conjugation 21. Chytrids are unique among fungi because they: a) Produce flagellated zoospores b) Form lichens c) Are multicellular d) Lack cell walls 22. Bread mold (*Rhizopus*) belongs to: a) Ascomycota b) Zygomycota c) Basidiomycota d) Chytridiomycota 23. Sac fungi (Ascomycota) reproduce sexually via: a) Zygospores b) Ascospores c) Basidiocarps d) Conidia 24. *Penicillium* is used to produce: a) Cheese b) Antibiotics 28  c) Bread d) Alcohol 25. Club fungi (Basidiomycota) include: a) Yeast b) Mushrooms c) Bread mold d) Water mold 26. Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between fungi and: a) Animals b) Cyanobacteria or algae c) Protozoa d) Viruses 27. Lichens are bioindicators of: a) Soil fertility b) Air pollution c) Water salinity d) Temperature changes 28. Mycorrhizae benefit plants by: a) Fixing nitrogen b) Increasing water and mineral absorption c) Producing toxins d) Decomposing dead matter 29. Fungi reproduce sexually by producing: a) Spores b) Seeds 29  c) Cones d) Flowers 30. Saprotrophic fungi obtain nutrients from: a) Living hosts b) Dead and decaying matter c) Photosynthesis d) Symbiotic algae Nutrition and Ecology 31. Parasitic fungi: a) Decompose dead matter b) Feed on living hosts, often harming them c) Form mutualistic relationships d) Fix atmospheric nitrogen 32. Mutualistic fungi include: a) Mycorrhizae and lichens b) *Penicillium* c) *Aspergillus* d) Bread mold 33. The Red Tide Phenomenon can be toxic because: a) It depletes oxygen b) Dinoflagellates release neurotoxins c) It causes algal blooms d) It increases water pH 34. *Giardia* is an example of a(n): a) Plant-like protist b) Animal-like protist 30  c) Fungus-like protist d) Bacterium 35. Slime molds are classified as: a) Fungi b) Fungus-like protists c) Plants d) Bacteria 36. Fungi-like protists have cell walls made of: a) Chitin b) Cellulose c) Peptidoglycan d) Silica 37. The contractile vacuole in protists functions for: a) Photosynthesis b) Osmoregulation c) Reproduction d) Movement 38. *Allomyces* is an example of: a) Chytrids b) Zygomycetes c) Ascomycetes d) Basidiomycetes 39. *Aspergillus* is a member of: a) Zygomycota b) Ascomycota 31  c) Basidiomycota d) Chytridiomycota 40. Fruiting bodies in fungi are responsible for: a) Nutrient absorption b) Spore production c) Photosynthesis d) Nitrogen fixation Applications and Examples 41. Which protist causes Chagas disease? a) *Plasmodium* b) *Trypanosoma* c) *Giardia* d) *Amoeba* 42. *Volvox* is a: a) Green alga b) Brown alga c) Diatom d) Dinoflagellate 43. Coral reef ecosystems depend on: a) Red algae b) Green algae c) Diatoms d) Euglenoids 44. *Penicillium* is a: a) Sac fungus b) Club fungus 32  c) Bread mold d) Water mold 45. Which fungus is used in bread and alcohol production? a) *Aspergillus* b) *Penicillium* c) Yeast d) *Rhizopus* 46. Lichens are sensitive to: a) Light intensity b) Air pollutants c) Soil pH d) Temperature 47. Mycorrhizae increase crop yields for: a) Corn and tomatoes b) Wheat and rice c) Cacti and succulents d) Aquatic plants 48. The "kissing bug" transmits: a) Malaria b) Sleeping sickness c) Chagas disease d) Amoebiasis 33 49. *Euglena* is unique because it: a) Has a silica shell b) Lacks a nucleus c) Exhibits both plant and animal characteristics d) Is a fungus 50. Which structure detects light in *Euglena*? a) Chloroplast b) Eyespot c) Contractile vacuole d) Pellicle Answer Key 1-b, 2-b, 3-b, 4-c, 5-b, 6-b, 7-b, 8-b, 9-b, 10-b, 11-b, 12-b, 13-b, 14-b, 15-b, 16-b, 17-b, 18-b, 19-b, 20-b, 21-a, 22-b, 23-b, 24-b, 25-b, 26-b, 27-b, 28-b, 29-a, 30-b, 31-b, 32-a, 33-b, 34-b, 35-b, 36-b, 37-b, 38-a, 39-b, 40-b, 41-b, 42-a, 43-a, 44-a, 45-c, 46-b, 47-a, 48-c, 49-c, 50-b 34