MEDIA-AND-INFORMATION-LITERACY-REVIEWER.pdf

COMMUNICATON  the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express or exchange information or to express your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else  the exchange of information and the expression of feeling that can re...

COMMUNICATON  the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express or exchange information or to express your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else  the exchange of information and the expression of feeling that can result in understanding TRANSMISSION MODELS Lasswell’s Communication Model (1948) Who COMMUNICATOR Gerbner’s Model of Communication (1956) Says What MESSAGE In Which Channel MEDIUM To Whom RECEIVER With what effect? PUBLICITY MODEL EFFECT communication as display and attention Shannon -Weaver’s Communication audience as “spectators” rather than participants or information Model (1948) receivers RECEPTION MODEL “Encoding/ Decoding" model of communication by Stuart Hall (1993) Messages are open to various interpretations. RECEPTION MODEL Osgood- Schramm Model of Communication (1954) Westley and MacLean’s Model of Communication (1957) Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication (1960)  - According to William James Potter (2004), a Canadian communication educator, defines media literacy as a set of perspectives that people use actively to expose themselves to mass media and interpret the meaning of the messages they encounter. Perspectives in Potter’s definition relate to people’s positions. - According to New Mexico-based Media Literacy Project (MLP) defines media literacy as “the ability to access, analyzes, evaluate, and create media.” From, this two definition, it is concluded that media literacy is to build active, rather than passive, consumers of media. However, Media Literacy defined by UNESCO as understanding and using mass media in either an assertive or non-assertive way, including an How is communication affected by media and information? informed and critical understanding of media, what techniques they employ and their effects. Also, the ability to read, analyze, evaluate and MEDIA produce communication in a variety of media forms, e.g. television, print, radio, computers etc. Another understanding of the term is the ability to  Communication Tools decode, analyze, evaluate and produce communication in a variety of forms. INFORMATION While Information Literacy is a set of abilities which require  data, knowledge derived from study, experience, or instruction, individuals to recognize when information is needed and to locate, signals or symbols evaluate, and use it effectively (The Association of College and Research Libraries, 2000).  knowledge of specific events or situations UNESCO refers Information Literacy to the abilities to recognize MEDIA LITERACY when information is needed and to locate, evaluate, effectively use, and The ability to read, analyze, evaluate and produce communicate information in its various formats. communication in a variety of media forms. From these bases, media and information literacy therefore is the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create information from INFORMATION LITERACY media and other information sources. The ability to recognize when information is needed and to UNESCO refers Media and Information Literacy also as to the locate, evaluate, effectively use and communicate information essential competencies and skills that allow citizens to engage with media in its various formats. and other information providers effectively and develop critical thinking TECHNOLOGY (DIGITAL) LITERACY and life-long learning skills to socialize and become active citizens. Similarities and differences between Media and Information The ability to use digital technology, communication tools or Literacy and Technology Literacy: networks to locate, evaluate, use, and create information. It must be considered that studying Media and Information MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY (MIL) Literacy (MIL), technology literacy is another important concept and part of Media and Information Literacy. Definition of Technology Literacy: The Colorado Department of Education (2009) defines technology literacy as the ability to responsibly use appropriate technology to communicate, solve problems, access, manage, integrate, evaluate, design, and create information to improve learning in all subject areas and acquire lifelong knowledge and skills in the 21st century. According to University of Illinois technology literacy is the ability to use digital technology, communication tools or networks to locate, evaluate, use and create information. It also refers to the ability to understand and use information in multiple formats from a wide range of sources when it is presented via computers and to a person’s ability to perform tasks effectively in a digital environment. Digital literacy includes the ability to read and interpret media, to reproduce data and images through digital manipulation, and to evaluate and apply new knowledge gained from digital environments. MEDIA AND INFORMATION Thus, if media and information literacy is concerned with the use of the message, technology literacy focuses on the responsible and According to United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural effective use of technology, tools, or networks in accessing, analyzing, Organization (UNESCO), media and information literacy recognizes the evaluating, and creating message. primary role of information and media in people’s everyday lives. Media and Information Literacy: Every person’s need UNESCO defined MEDIA as to sources of credible and current information created through an editorial process determined by 1. 1st People Power Revolution in 1986: during the martial law journalistic values, whereby editorial accountability can be attributed to a under Pres. Marcos, the late Jaime Cardinal Sin urges Filipino specific organization or a legal person. Media are vehicles that carry people to support the military rebels against the dictatorship, messages from one person to another or from one person to a group of he then used the power of radio to call upon thousands of large people. They serve as channels which people use to send or/receive Filipino to go to EDSA, prayed, rallied, marched and sang for days, information. which eventually had Marcos oust from presidency. On the other hand INFORMATION is a broad term that is derived 2. 2nd People Power Revolution (EDSA Dos) in 2001: Filipinos used from study, experiences, and or instructions. It can refer to any facts or their cellphones to text messages and convince their friends to details about subject that depict meanings to a person. (A broad term that participate in revolution; it was just one day 70million texts can cover data, knowledge derived from study, experience, or instruction, were recorded. signals or symbols. In the media world, information is often used to describe knowledge of specific events or situations that has been gathered 3. In 2014, mobile telecommunications networks, through or received by communication, intelligence or news. (UNESCO MIL widespread text messaging, advised the public against falling Curriculum for Teachers). victim to text scams on supposed “discount,” “prizes,” and other fraudulent claims that aimed to deceive the consumers into Media and Information Literacy sharing cellphone loads and private information.  The above examples exemplify how media can be used efficient. to transmit various kinds of information. Examples: One primary purpose of MIL is to promote freedom of access to information that is essential to both democracy and Transistor Radio governance. According to UNESCO: Television (1941) Citizens have the right to free speech and the right of Large electronic computers- i.e. EDSAC (1949) and UNIVAC 1 (1951) access to public information. This information is equally the property of citizens. Media and other information providers such Mainframe computers - i.e. IBM 704 (1960) as libraries, archives and the Internet should help to ensure the right to freedom of information for each citizen. Personal computers - i.e. Hewlett-Packard 9100A (1968), Apple 1 (1976) OHP, LCD projectors However, not all information is true and reliable. MIL promotes Information Age (1900s-2000s) - The Internet paved the way critical thinking to empower citizens to process and raise questions about for faster communication and the creation of the social network. People the information they receive, the manner it was disseminated, and the advanced the use of microelectronics with the invention of personal purpose for which it was shared. computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound and data are digitalized. We are now living in the In general, it is concerned with giving people understanding of information age. the importance of media and other information providers in order to: Examples: 1. Come up with informed decisions through careful evaluation and analysis of media messages and information. Web browsers: Mosaic (1993), Internet Explorer (1995) 2. Learn about the “real world” around them, including the Blogs: Blogspot (1999), LiveJournal (1999), Wordpress (2003) context or setting of messages and information, being able to segregate Social networks: Friendster (2002), Multiply (2003), Facebook (2004) the truth from lies. Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tumblr (2007) Video: YouTube (2005) 3. Build a sense of community through which people become active participants in producing and sharing useful media messages and Augmented Reality / Virtual Reality information Video chat: Skype (2003), Google Hangouts (2013) Overall, learning MIL will help every person become a critical thinker, a producer of information, and an innovator of media and Search Engines: Google (1996), Yahoo (1995) information Portable computers- laptops (1980) netbooks (2008), tablets (1993) LESSON 2: THE EVOLUTION OF TRADITIONAL MEDIA TO NEW MEDIA Smart phones Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700s) - People discovered fire, Wearable technology developed paper from plants, and forged weapons and tools with stone, bronze, copper and iron. Cloud and Big Data Examples: EVOLUTION OF MEDIA Cave paintings (35,000 BC) Where did these types of media originate? How did the people in the past communicate without media? How did media evolve? Clay tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC) Marshall McLuhan (1969), a renowned Canadian communication Papyrus in Egypt (2500 BC) theorist from University of Toronto, provides a clear story on how media Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC) evolved through technological determinism. Dibao in China (2nd Century) Technological determinism – is a theory that believes technology is a steering factor in how a society develops its structure and Codex in the Mayan region (5th Century) values. Printing press using wood blocks (220 AD) It tends to posit that technology is a single cause resulting in a multitude of complex political, economic, and social changes. Industrial Age (1700s-1930s) - People used the power of steam, developed machine tools, established iron production, and the McLuhan contends that media are critical forces or compelling manufacturing of various products (including books through the printing influences that shape how an individual think, feel, and act and how press). societies organize themselves and operate. In other words, media greatly affect other things, thereby resulting too many changes in the lives of its Examples: users - the audience. Printing press for mass production (19th century) McLuhan explained how this setup works by subdividing the Newspaper- The London Gazette (1640) history into four epochs or ages. Typewriter (1800) Telephone (1876) 1. Tribal Age – first period that is characterized by the prevalence of oral communication, its structure of Motion picture photography/projection (1890) society being described as “dominant auditory sense of life.” Tribal age is described also as “Oral society Commercial motion pictures (1913) dependent on speech and word-of-mouth”, who lives in a Motion picture with sound (1926) world of “acoustic space.” The first of these innovations is the development of the phonetic alphabet, which paved Telegraph the way to what McLuhan termed as the age of literacy. Punch cards 2. Age of Literacy – the introduction of phonetics as a bombshell, “installing sight at the head of the hierarchy of senses.” Human beings learned to read and write, which amplified the use of the sense of sight, lessening the role of the other sense of the human body. This development allowed the people to communicate and share information privately. From auditory sense, the Electronic Age (1930s-1980s) - The invention of the transistor tribal people learned to write and express themselves ushered in the electronic age. People harnessed the power of transistors through hieroglyphs, such as in the early writing forms that led to the transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the early of the Egyptian, Babylonian, Mayan and Chinese cultures, computers. In this age, long distance communication became more later through the alphabets. By this age writing also  formed a linear way of communication, example letters the invention of computers and the internet, paving the beginning of a form words, and words form sentences. This cultivated new era of media – the new media or information age. linear thinking contributed to the development of disciplines such as mathematics. The dominance of sight New media as defined by Cambridge dictionary as the products over the sensory balance of the tribal man characterizes and services that provides information or entertainment using computers this age. or the internet. 3. Print Age – the third period as McLuhan detailed was Dr. W. James Potter (2008) enumerated three key innovations highlighted by the invention of the Gutenberg press or that led to the development of this new mass medium: affordable movable type in 15th century. Books and papers were personal computer, the digitization of information and the internet. reproduced manually, making these forms of media All other traditional media, Potter explains, were channels to restricted to the ruling class or the elite members of the deliver uniform, intact messages from senders. New media changed this society. But when Johannes Gutenberg invented the landscape. It marked a major turnaround in communication, transforming printing press, books were reproduced by thousands. the end users of media from being mere “receivers” of messages into Knowledge was no longer restricted to the privileged rich “senders” who are also able to create content themselves and ruling class. This period was characterized by the further dominance of visual space and logical thinking. Philippine scenario on Media evolution: Sharing ideas became faster and acquiring information became easier. The same age laid the groundwork for the Major media evolution in the Philippines existed in the pre- industrial age, a point in history from the 18th to the colonial period when the Spaniards introduced the natives to the effects of 19th centuries, marked by the transition in the print age, but the use of media started in the country during the pre- manufacturing processes. The mechanization became the colonial times. blueprint of the forthcoming development during the Pre-Colonial Period: industrial age. - Umalohokan or town crier served as a walking bulletin that 4. Electronic Age – last period in McLuhan’s theory is the went around the barangay to deliver public announcements. electronic age, a period characterized by the dominance of the electric media, such as telegraph, radio, film, - Different forms of literature were also developed during the telephone, computer and television. For McLuhan, the pre-colonial years (e.g. sabi (maxim), bugtong (riddle), kumintang (war invention of the telegraph in 1830’s started an electronic song), tutul (folk tale), darangan (epic poetry). age revolution that diminished the role of the print media. McLuhan further describe the electronic age as a - Decrees and other forms of literature were immortalized forced that turned the planet into a global village, where through scripts on leaves and barks of trees, written in ancient Filipino are all globally connected, even at a distance. With this, systems of writing (such as baybayin and kavi) the movement of information further expanded and Spanish Period: enabled a person to be at one with humankind. Television brought global news to everyone’s knowledge. - Spaniards introduced the print media to Filipinos using paper and ink. The Stages of Communicative Change - In 1593, Doctrina Christiana, first ever book published in the In history there have been three major phases of change in country. communication and this change affected the three dimensions mentioned above: energy, time and space. - First Spanish information sheet called Aviso al public appeared in the country on 1809. The first phase, which took place over the course of centuries and dovetailed with the expansion of the ancient empires, was grounded - Del Superior Gobierno was the first regular newspaper in the upon certain transportation techniques, namely animals and the wheel, but country, introduced on 1811 by Spanish government. it culminated in the discovery of new intellectual technologies: writing and arithmetic. This gave rise to major invasions and migrations from - La Esperanza (1846) was the first newspaper distributed daily the lands of ancient China to Rome. It opened up major routes that plied in the country. (All these papers catered to the Spanish elite, focusing on the lands from East to West. Along the way, the communicative energy news from Spain.) improved, communication time was stepped up and space was somehow - During this period, strict government censorship was applied to reduced. However, from today’s perspective, the movements appear very newspapers. tentative. - Upon the rise of Filipino ilustrados, nationalistic newspapers The second phase, starting around 1400, particularly dovetailed came into existence. (E.g. La Solaridad (1889), Kalayaan (1898), La with the expansion in maritime transport, namely the discovery of new Independencia (1898), etc.) navigation and cartography instruments and techniques, and with the development of the book and the consequent spread of printing in Europe, - Cinema came to the Philippines in 1897, just as the spotlight which in turn fostered an expansion in the tales that intellectually was dimming for zarzuela and vaudeville; a Spaniard named Pertierra promoted the adventure of “discoveries” and “new worlds”. These introduced the motion picture to Filipinos in Manila on January 1, 1897. transformations proliferated; the cultural climate generated vast By August 1897, the Spanish soldier Antonio Ramos opened up a movie successive critical movements in the West, including the Renaissance, the house in Manila for the general public to enjoy. It was also Ramos filmed Reformation and the Enlightenment. The world began to resemble what it local scenes in Manila, making him the first motion picture producer in is today. But the vast compression of energy, time and space of our age the country. had not yet taken place American Period :( 1898 – 1946) The third phase became explosive and it has been taking place since World War II until today. It dovetails with the information explosion - Newspapers published by American journalists were introduced. and the communications revolution — electricity, digitalization, (E.g. The Manila Times (1898), The Bounding Billow and Official Gazette information technology and telecommunications. New languages and codes (1898), Manila Daily Bulletin (1900) and Philippine Free Press (1908). are emerging, as are new instruments for processing and spreading Similar to Spanish period, most of the editorial content of these information, and a considerable step has been made toward mobility and newspapers were pro-American and were based on religious and political flexibility in transport and the circulation of goods, people and partisanship. information. This process, which we can encapsulate with the name digital - The Philippine Herald was among the nationalist newspapers revolution, has radically transformed the way humanity establishes emerged during these times. relationships among its members: from now on, these relationships will be universal. A key factor in this is the exploitation of fossil fuels and - El Nuevo Dia (The New Day) founded by Sergio Osmeña in Cebu nuclear energy in both automotives and aviation and the digitalization of (1900). information and its application to all walks of life. - El Renacimiento (1908) and Sakdal (1930) New Media or Information Age - During these times American regime when the broadcast radio Tribal age, age of literacy, print age and electronic age all was introduced. (It was KZKZ (1922) the first radio station was revolved around traditional media. But the recent decades blossomed with established by American ex-soldier Henry Herman Sr.  - The first feature films with and without sound also emerged Do you think you will be able to finish reading all these results during this period such as the Rose of the Philippines (1909), Ang Aswang in one setting? Or do you need to read all the information these results (1932) and Punyal na Guinto (1933). provide? - From 1930’s to 1950’s, the golden age of Philippine cinema If you want to look for the definition of the word “information” began. It was these period also when the films such as Zamboanga (1937) only few results will be relevant and the rest results are just only and Genghis Khan (1950) were recognized internationally. connected to various websites about objects and institutions containing the word “information.” Being able to determine which of the information - Another mass medium that was used in the country was the one has to consume is one skill necessary amid the expansion of available Komiks. Antonio Velasquez “Father of Filipino Komiks” first illustrated information in the society – information literacy. with Romualdo Ramos a cartoon character named Kenkoy, published in January 11, 1929 issue in Liwayway. Komiks continued to flourish in The invention of the computer and the creation of the internet succeeding decades until its decline in the early 2000s. opened the door for an interconnected society where massive information is being sent received by people every second. The technological Japanese Period :( 1941-1945) breakthrough is the past decade – smartphones, tablets, Wi-Fi connections, - Japanese disbanded all publications during their occupations except those others – impeccably brought mass communication to the world of used by the Japanese government such as the Manila Tribune, Taliba and cyberspace. La Vanguardia. A board of information was setup serving as primary Still, this unparalleled advancement also brings a number of regulatory body for regular censorship. However, underground papers still conflicts to the users; the following are the conflicts that users may made their rounds in the country. The period that followed, the Postwar encounter: Era (1945 – 1972) became the golden age of Philippine journalism, for the Philippine press was considered the “freest in Asia”. In 1953, unrelated and irrelevant information are displayed television was introduced in the country. often time’s information is not essential to what you are researching or Martial Law Period: (1969-1986) trying to look for. - During these times privately owned institutions were taken This because search engines are programmed on displaying often over by the government. Few newspapers that operated during those clicked or visited results that contain the keyword(s) that you have typed. years were Daily Express, Bulletin Today and the Times Journal. Some of these results may not be relevant to the information that you are looking for, but they are related through keywords. – Media was fully censored and many editors and journalist were arrested. Broadcast stations like ABS-CBN 2, RPN 9, and IBC 13 were The problem with information age is the proliferation or excess also sequestered by the government but also these times amid the of wrong information (Hollis, 2011). Each day, there are different repressive political environment, the film industry flourished, with information being produced in all parts of the world. Whether in schools, notable filmmakers producing what may be considered as the best in workplaces, or in your own personal home, you come across different Philippine cinema. information that are available through libraries, the media, community resources, organizations, and other information sources. Post-Martial Law Period: Difference of INFORMATION, DATA and KNOWLEDGE. - People Power Revolution of 1986 proved beneficial to the media industry as censorship was lifted and the freedom of expression, of Information defined as knowledge that a person gets about speech and of press were reinstituted. Democracy was reestablished and someone or something (According to MerriamWebster’s Dictionary). As media institutions were once again thriving. mentioned in Lesson 1, it is a broad term derived from study, experiences, or instruction. Internet was first made available in the Philippines on March 29, 1994 through connection made by Benjie Tan at a PLDT network center in Data refer to unstructured facts and figures that create the Makati City. least impact on the receiver (Thierauf, 1999). - Today, there are 44.2 million active internet users in the Knowledge on the other hand refers to the human understanding country, representing 44% of the total population estimated at 101 of a subject matter derived from experienced, learning, and thinking. million. Interestingly, there are 114.6 million mobile subscriptions in the country as of 2015, which is more than the total Filipino population. This People often confuse information with data and knowledge and only means that many Filipinos own more than one mobile phone, use the term interchangeably. reflecting their need to have greater access to information. Data become information when they are contextualized, - Consequently, many government agencies and private entities categorized, calculated, and condensed (Davenport and Prusak, 2000). are now using the power of mobile technologies and the internet in Information therefore is data organized with relevance and purpose, made communicating and transacting with their clients. Scheduling of passport meaningful by person. Words, news, and numbers are data that become applications are done online; ecommerce and online shopping have become a information when people associate something to it that makes it useful trend; and even complaints and customer feedback are taken through text to them. messaging, social media monitoring (on Facebook and Twitter) and e-mail. Knowledge Societies as a Source of Development The Philippine media have evolved through many difficulties Knowledge societies are about capabilities to identify, produce, brought by colonization, wars and political struggles. Although Filipinos process, transform, disseminate, and use information to build and apply lag behind other Asian countries in terms of infrastructure and knowledge for human development. They require an empowering social technologies, this did not limit their capacity to acquire and utilize vision that encompasses plurality, inclusion, solidarity, and participation. A various forms of media. In terms of governance, especially in a s emphasized by UNESCO during the first phase of World Summit democratic society, communication and media play important roles in on the Information Society (WSIS), the concept of Knowledge Societies is ensuring that people are able to voice out redresses and grievances, and more all-embracing and more conducive to empowerment than the concept provide citizens the information they need. Repression during the Spanish, of technology and connectivity, which often dominates debates on the American, Japanese and Martial Law periods paved the way for information society. Issues of technology and connectivity emphasize alternative media, which catered to the people’s desire for unbiased and infrastructures and governance of the network planet. They are clearly free information. crucial, but should not be viewed as end in themselves. In other words, the global information society is meaningful, only if it favors the development of knowledge societies and sets itself the goal of “tending towards human development based on human rights”. This objective is all the more vital since the Third Industrial Revolution – the revolution of LESSON 3: INFORMATION LITERACY the new technologies- and the new phase of globalization that What is information? accompanies it have swept away many familiar landmarks and accentuated the divisions between rich and poor, and between If you try search the word “information” by using the search industrialized and developing countries, as well as within national engine Google, in a matter of seconds millions of different and many communities. For UNESCO, the construction of knowledge societies “opens results will come up on the article about the word “information” in such the way to humanization of the process of globalization”. that how you can read each of this article related to the word “information. Information Literacy  Many scholars defined information literacy differently. One is from The Association of College and Research Libraries, 2000 defines information literacy is a set of abilities that enables and individual to recognize when information is needed; and locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed information. While, the Alexandria Declaration adopted by the High Level Colloquium on Information Literacy and Lifelong Learning in November 2005 defines information literacy as means to “empower people in all walks of life to seek, evaluate, use and create information effectively to achieve their personal, social, occupational and educational goal” (Horton, 2007). While media literacy focuses on the understanding, usage, and production of messages received from different media, information literacy is the ability to find, evaluate, and use information effectively. In SUNY Council of Library Directors, Information Literacy Initiative Committee, Final Report, September 30, 1997 defined information literacy constitutes the abilities to recognize when information is needed and to locate, evaluate, effectively use, and communicate information in its various formats. As said by William Pollard, an American physicist, information is a source of learning and is considered a benefit; but when unorganized, unprocessed, and unavailable to people who will use it, information become a burden. Information Literacy, just like media literacy, is all about critical thinking. From the results of the online search exercise 5.0 you did, you should be able to recognize the information you need and carefully select the useful information. Here are the five key questions (Center for Media Literacy, 1995) when engaging with images and information messages around us. Who created this message? What creative techniques were used to attract my attention? How might different people appreciate and understand these messages? What lifestyles, value systems, perspectives, and points-of- view are represented in this message? Conversely, what is omitted? Why is this message being sent? These questions are the building blocks for the analyses of media and information texts. You need to develop the skill of unpacking media and information texts, guide questions such as the five above lead you to an inquirybased experience, where the mere asking of the right questions generate an “Aha!” moment. From there, learning ensues or developed. Who puts Information on the Internet? There are many kinds of Internet sites that you might find during the course of a search – sites created by different people or organizations with different objectives. The three-letter codes preceded by a dot (.), simply known as the domain, give you fairly good idea of who is publishing the Internet site. Ethical Use of Information In the current state of flooding information, one should consider the following familiar concepts that will practice in ethical use of information in order to avoid misunderstanding or worse, legal sanctions. Privacy is defined by the Merriam-Webster’s dictionary as the state of being alone or being away from public attention. In this age where information is easily accessible through the internet, the concept of privacy is often questioned. Even information tagged as private in a digital medium, such as email, a social networking personal message or even a file saved in a hard disk can be still be accessed by a technology expert who has the ability to get through digital securities, this is why different life-ruining scandals happen, such as sex videos and wiretapped phone conversations. Accuracy relates to the correctness and truthfulness of the information source to the details of the information. Dates, places, persons involved and other details are essential data in testing the accuracy of an information source. Plagiarism is a usual problem on the internet these days. Since people have wide access to huge number of information online, it is easy for them to download or copypaste materials on the web. Often, others do not properly cite or mention their sources. According to the MerriamWebster’s Dictionary, to plagiarize is to “use the words or ideas of another person as if they were your own words or ideas.” It can be regarded as an act of fraud that involves stealing someone else’s work.