Unit I: An Overview of the Curriculum PDF

UNIT I: AN OVERVIEW OF THE CURRICULUM WHAT IS CURRICULUM **Currere \"to run"** **Curriculum** is the sequence of potential experiences set up in school for the purpose of disciplining children and youth in group ways of thinking and acting. **Curriculum** is a structured set of learning outcomes...

UNIT I: AN OVERVIEW OF THE CURRICULUM WHAT IS CURRICULUM **Currere \"to run"** **Curriculum** is the sequence of potential experiences set up in school for the purpose of disciplining children and youth in group ways of thinking and acting. **Curriculum** is a structured set of learning outcomes or task that educators usually call goals and objectives. **Curriculum** is the "what" of teaching **Curriculum** is the listings of subjects to be taught in school **Curriculum** is a document which describes a structured series of learning objectives and outcomes for a given subject matter area **Curriculum** includes a specification of what should be learned, how it should be taught, and the plan for implementing/assessing the learning. **Teaching philosophies** Essentialism **Essentialism** focuses primarily or entirely on the teaching and mastery of core basic subjects and skills. In an essentialist approach, the topics and competencies covered are commensurate with the learners\' **level of** development. **Progressivism** The progressivist teaching philosophy is a student-oriented approach that considers the significance of individuality and its connection to active learning **Characteristics of the Curriculum** **Essentialist School** - **It considers the curriculum as something rigid, consisting of discipline subjects** - **Its major motivation is discipline and considers freedom as an outcome and not a means of education.** - **Its approach is authoritative.** - **It is book-centered and methods recommended are memory work, mastery of facts and skills, and development of abstract intelligence.** - **Teaching basic skills.** **Progressivist School** - **It conceives of the curriculum as something flexible based on areas of interest** - **It is learner-centered, having in mind that no two persons are alike.** - **Its factor of motivation is individual achievement believing that persons are naturally good** - **Uses facilitative approach.** - **Uses life-experience approach and methods emphasize individual** - **Teachers act as facilitators in a classroom where students explore physical, mental, moral, and social growth** **Essentialist** It is a document which describes a structured series of learning objectives and outcomes for a given subject matter area and includes a specification of what should be learned, how it should be taught, and the plan for implementing/assessing the learning **Progressivists** It is the total effort of the school to bring about desired outcomes in school and out-of-school situations **Curriculum planning -** is the process whereby the arrangement of curriculum plans or learning opportunities are created. **Curriculum plan** - is the advance arrangement of learning opportunities for a particular population of learner **Curriculum guide -** is a written curriculum plan **curriculum laboratory -** is the place or workshop where curriculum materials are gathered or used by teachers or learners of a curriculum **Resource unit- -** is the collection or suggested learning activities and materials organized around a specific topic or area which a teacher might use in planning, developing, and evaluating a learning unit **Curriculum development-** is the process of selecting, organizing, executing, and evaluating learning experiences on the basis of the needs, abilities, and interests of learners and the nature of society or community. It must be purposeful, planned and progressive. **2^nd^ topic** **TYPE OF CURRICULUMS** Different types of curriculums 1. **Recommended Curriculum**-proposed by scholars and professional organizations. The curriculum comes from a national agency or any professional organization. - DEPED - CHED Written curriculum- Includes documents, course of study or syllabi for implementation. Most written curricula are made by curriculum experts with participation of teachers. An example of this is the Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) and the written lesson plan of each classroom teacher made up of objectives and planned activities of the teacher. **TAUGHT CURRICULUM**: The different planned activities teachers implement or deliver in the classrooms and schools, which are put into action compose the taught curriculum. These are varied activities that are implemented in order to arrive at the objectives or purposes of the written curriculum. It varied according to the learning styles of the students and the teaching styles of the teacher. EXAMPLE: - Lecture and discussion - Group projects - Hands on experiment - Role playing - Debates - Field trips **SUPPORTED CURRICULUM**-Includes material resources such as textbooks, computers, audio-visual materials, laboratory equipment, playgrounds, zoos and other facilities, which support and help in the implementation of the curriculum. Support curriculum enables each learner to achieve real and lifelong learning. **ASSESSED CURRICULUM**-This refers to a tested or evaluated curriculum. Series of evaluations are being done by the teachers at the duration and end of the teaching episodes to determine the extent of teaching or to tell if the students are progressing. Assessment tools like pencil-and-paper tests, authentic instruments like portfolio are being utilized **Example:** Quizzes and tests Oral presentations Project based assessment Exit tickets **LEARNED CURRICULUM**-This refers to the learning outcomes achieved by the students. Learning outcomes are indicated by the results of the tests and changes in behavior which can be either cognitive, affective or psychomotor. In other words, what you as students actually learn and what is measured. **HIDDEN CURRICULUM**-This is the unintended curriculum which is not deliberately planned but may modify behavior or influence learning outcomes. Peer influence, school environment, physical condition, teacher-learner interaction, mood of the teacher and many other factors make up the hidden curriculum. **EXAMPLE**: - Punctuality and time management - Work ethic - Empathy and kindness - Environmental responsibility **CONCOMITANT CURRICULUM-**Things that are taught at home; those experiences that are part of a family\'s experiences, or related experiences sanctioned by the family. This type of curriculum may be received at church, in the context of religious expression, lessons on values, ethics or morals, molded behaviors, or social experiences based on a family\" **Example:** - Table manners and etiquette - Financial literacy - Conflict resolution **PHANTOM CURRICULUM**-The messages that are prevalent in and through exposure to any type of media. These components and messages play a major part in your enculturation into the predominant meta-culture or in acculturating you into narrower or generational subcultures **Example:** - Cultural awareness - Sexual identity and orientation **NULL CURRICULUM (EXCLUDED CURRICULUM)-**Various contents that must not be taught to you. Sometimes your teacher ignores some content or skill, deliberately or unknowingly. S/He may consider some idea unimportant and ignore it. Similarly, your teacher may avoid detailed description of some topic for the one or other reason. Sometimes also, you fail to learn certain knowledge, skills or attitude for various reasons. **3^rd^ topic** **Philosophical foundations of education** **Philosophy means love of wisdom** **4 types of philosophical foundations** - Perennialism - Essentialism - Progressivism - Reconstructionism **Perennialism-** subject centered philosophy - Educator is to teach students to think rationally and develop minds that can think critically. **Perennialist classroom-** aims to be closely organized and well discipline environment. - It is a lifelong guest Progressivists- believe that individuality a progress and change - Believing that people learn from **what they consider** **Progressivists center-** their curricula on the need's experiences, interest, abilities of students **Essentialism-** is also a subject centered and advocates training the minds **Essentialist educators-** focus on transmitting a series of progressively different topic and promoting of students to the next level. Reconstructionism- focus om empowering the learners to take control to their own learning - Agent of change - Freedom of students **AIMS, ROLES, AND TRENDS OF EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY** **AIMS:** **perennialism**- to educate the rational person - To cultivate the intellect **Essentialism-** to promote intellectual growth and educate a competent **Progressivism**- to promote democrat and social living. **Reconstructionism-** to promote and reconstruct society and education for change **PERENNIALISM AND ESSENTIALISM:** TEACHER CENTERED **PROGRESSIVIST AND RECONSTRUCTIONISM**: STUDENTS CENTERED **ROLES:** **Perennialism-** teacher helps student think with reason. Based on Socratic methods of oral disposition. - Explicit or deliberate learning of traditional values. **Essentialism**-teacher is Sole authority in his or her subject area or field of specialization **Progressivism**-knowledge lead to growth and develop of life long learners who actively learn by doing **Reconstructionism**-teachers act as agents of changes and reform in various educational projects including research. **Focuses:** **Perennialism-** classical subjects literary analysis curriculum is constant **Essentialism-** skills for 3R's **Progressivism-** subject is interdisciplinary, integrative and interactive. Curriculum is focus on interest **Reconstructionism-** focus and present and future trends and issues and international interest. **TRENDS** **Perennialism-** use of great books and returns to liberate arts **Essentialism-** excellence in education back to basis **Progressivism-** school reforms, relevant and contextualize curriculum humanistic education **Reconstructionism**- equality of education opportunities in education **4^th^ topic** **Psychological foundations of the curriculum** Psychology provides; learners are not a machine Students' minds are not a computer **The three types of psychological** **BEHAVIORISM** **COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY** **HUMANISTIC PSCHOLOGY** **BEHAVIORISM-** focus on how students learned in their environment. Example: **Positive reinforcement** American psychology: focus on observable **B.F. Skinner-** best known for theory of behaviorism **Operant conditioning**: voluntary behavior (incentives) **John B. Watson**- founder of behaviorism and exposure to a good environment **Ivan Pavlov**- Pavlov's Behaviorism **Classical conditioning**: involuntary behavior (no rewards) **Behavioral learning theory**: a key in understanding how to motivate and help students. Under: **positive reinforcement** **Learning-** is organized in order that you can **Edward Thorndike** concept of reinforcement (operant) **Ralph Tyler**: curriculum theory **Hilda Taba**: theoretical and critical thinking **Robert Gagne**: 9 levels of learning **Cognitive Psychology**: how people think These are exemplified: **reflective thinking, intuitive thinking, creative thinking** Proponents: **Jean Piaget**: 1^st^ stage of child cognitive **Howard Gardner**: professor and proponent of Multiple Intelligence **Daniel Coleman**: 5 key of emotional intelligence **Humanistic psychology**: concern on how you develop (student centered) - Environmental situations **Humanistic theory**: based on gestalt theory - Students is the authority on how they learn. **Gestalt theory**: emphasizes that the whole of anything is greater that its part. **Curriculum:** focus on a process not the product