Community Health Nursing Concepts PDF

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING 2 - LECTURE LESSON 1: COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING CONCEPTS COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING CONCEPTS COMPONENTS OF COMMUNITY COMMUNITY PEOPLE - A group of people living in a particular - core that makes u...

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING 2 - LECTURE LESSON 1: COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING CONCEPTS COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING CONCEPTS COMPONENTS OF COMMUNITY COMMUNITY PEOPLE - A group of people living in a particular - core that makes up the community area with common beliefs, values and tradition. HEALTH - Community is seen as a group or - a state of complete physical, mental collection of locality-based individuals, and social well being and not merely interacting in social units and sharing the absence of disease or infirmity common interest, characteristics, values and/ or goals. WELLNESS - an integrated method of functioning DEFINITION OF COMMUNITY which is oriented toward maximizing the potential of which the individual is capable Allender - “ A collection of people who interact with one another and whose common DEFINITION OF HEALTH interest or characteristics form the basis for a sense of unity or belonging. WHO Lundy and Janes - “a state of complete physical, mental, - A group of people who share and social well-being and not merely something in common and interact the absence of disease or infirmity.” with one another, who may exhibit a Pender commitment with one another and - “ actualization of inherent and may share geographic boundaries.” acquired human potential through Clark goal-directed behavior, competent - “ A group of people who share self-care, and satisfying relationships common interests, who interact with with others. each other, and who function Nies collectively within a defined social - is more than a state of well being. It is structure to address common aMultidimensional reality that includes concerns.” Socioeconomic, environmental and even political factors. CORE ELEMENTS OF COMMUNITY Modern Concept of Health - refers to the optimum level of functioning of an individual Family, 1. Locus (a sense of place) community. Optimum level of health 2. Sharing (common interests and (OLOF) is influenced by the Ecosystem. perspectives) 3. Joint action (a source of cohesion and identity) ECOSYSTEM FACTORS 4. Social ties (the foundation of community) Socio-economic status Hereditary factor (Genetic) 5. Diversity (social complexity within Health Care delivery System communities) Activities and Behavior Political factors Environmental factors DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH “Public health refers to all organized measures (whether public or private) to prevent disease, 1. Income and social status promote health, and prolong life among the 2. Education population as a whole. Its activities aim to 3. Physical Environment provide conditions in which people can be 4. Employment and working conditions 5. Social support networks healthy and focus on entire populations, not on 6. Culture individual patients or diseases.” - WHO 7. Genetics 8. Personal behavior and coping skills 9. Health services DEFINITION OF NURSING 10. Gender WHO COMMUNITY HEALTH (According to WHO) - Nursing is autonomous and - is a major field of study within the collaborative care for people of medical and clinical sciences which different ages, communities, and focuses on the maintenance, protection, and improvement of the families. health status of population groups and communities. Nightingale - It is a distinct field of study that may be taught within a separate school of - as means of ensuring that people are (public health) or (environmental health). placed in an optimum condition where - Define as environmental, social, and nature can contribute to healing and economic resources to sustain wellness.” emotional and physical well being among people in ways that advance their aspirations and satisfy their needs Nies in their unique environment. - Art and Science of Caring. PUBLIC HEALTH COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING C.E. Winslow - Specialized Field of Nursing practice that renders care to Individuals, - Science and Art of 3 P’s Families and communities; focusing on - Preventing Disease, Health Promotion and Disease Prolonging Life, Promoting Prevention through People Health and efficiency through Empowerment. - The utilization of the Nursing Process organized community effort in the Different Levels of for; Clientele-Individuals, Families, A. Sanitation of the environment, control Population Groups and Communities, concerned with the Promotion of of communicable diseases, Health, Prevention of Disease and B. Education of individuals in personal Disability and Rehabilitation hygiene, C. Organization of medical and nursing service for the early diagnosis and KEY CONCEPT preventive treatment of disease. Community → as a client Hanlon Health → as a goal Nursing → as the vehicle or means to achieve - “development of social machinery to its aims ensure everyone a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health, so organizing these benefits as to Enable Every Citizen to Realize His PHILOSOPHY OF CHN Birthright to Health and Longevity. - The philosophy of CHN is based on the worth and dignity of man.” - (Dr. M. Shetland)  and that care is provided in the natural environment of the people. MISSION OF CHN Health Promotion Promotes Social Justice Health Protection - Health is a human right and all people Health Balance should enjoy access to healthcare. Disease prevention Social Justice Values Consumer Involvement GOAL OF CHN - Patients in community health are not merely consumers or end-users, they The primary goal of community health nursing are considered as partners in health. is to help a community protect and preserve the Uses Prepayment Mechanism health of its members, while the secondary goal Services provided by the public health system is to promote self-care among individuals and are not given for free. It is funded by taxes of families. the people. PRINCIPLES OF CHN Focuses on Preventive Services 1. The community is the patient in CHN, - Services required at the point of the family is the unit of care and there contact does not limit his/her are four levels of clientele: individual, application of science but extends to family, population group (those who reducing risk of the current patient share common characteristics, being attended to and groups who may similarly end up with the same developmental stages and common condition. exposure to health problems –e.g. children, elderly), and the community. Offers Comprehensive Care 2. In CHN, the client is considered as an - Nursing is caring from womb to tomb is ACTIVE partner NOT PASSIVE recipient realty in the community public health. of care. THEORETICAL MODELS 3. CHN practice is affected by developments in health technology, in HEALTH BELIEF MODEL particular, changes in society, in general - The health belief model is a psychological model that attempts to 4. The goal of CHN is achieved through explain and predict health behaviors by multi-sectoral efforts focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of 5. CHN is a part of health care system and individuals. the larger human services system Characteristics and Features of Community & Public Health Nursing (CPHN) Developmental - Health Education is a primary activity that nurses incorporate in all public health activities and interventions as an approach to help people acquire MILIO’S PROPOSITIONS OF FRAMEWORK FOR knowledge and skills and ultimately PREVENTION instill health consciousness among them. 1. Population Health results from deprivation and excess of critical Multidisciplinary health resources - Health needs of our clientele are 2. Behaviors of populations result from varied. It ranges from sanitation, Food safety, control of non- communicable selection from limited choices; these diseases and infection. arise from actual and perceived Ecology Oriented options available as well as beliefs and - The largest portion of the health care expectations resulting from delivery system is community-based socialization, education and experience.  3. Organizational decisions and policies PRECEDE (both governmental and - Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling nongovernmental) dictate many of the Constructs in Educational Diagnosis options available to individuals and and Evaluation populations, and influence choices. 4. Individual choices related to PROCEED health-promoting or health- damaging - Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational behaviors are influenced by efforts to Constructs in Educational and maximize valued resources. Environmental Development 5. Alteration in patterns of behavior resulting from decision making of a significant number of people in a The PRECEDE-PROCEED model population can result in social change. - is a comprehensive framework used to 6. Without concurrent availability of systematically design, implement, and alternative health-promoting options evaluate health promotion and for investment of personal resources, behavioral change programs. health education will be largely - a participatory model for creating ineffective in changing behavior patterns successful community health promotion and other public health interventions. It is based on the premise that behavior change is by and large voluntary, and that health programs are more likely to be effective if they are planned and evaluated with the active participation of those who will implement them, and those who are affected by them. SPECIALIZED FIELDS OF CHN PENDER’S HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL Standards of Public Health Nursing Practice Pender’s health promotion model concentrates on three major categories: Standards of Care 1. Individual characteristics and Standard 1: Assessment experiences, Standard 2: Population Diagnosis 2. Behavior-specific cognitions and affect Priorities 3. Behavioral outcomes Standard 3: Outcomes Identification Standard 4: Planning PRECEDE-PROCEED MODEL Standard 5: Implementation Coordination, Health Education and Health Promotion, Consultation and Regulatory Activities Standard 6: Evaluation Standards of Professional Performance Standard 7: Quality of Practice Standard 8: Education Standard 9: Professional Practice Evaluation  Standard 10: Collegiality and 2. Coordinating school health Professional Partnership program Standard 11: Collaboration 3. Undertaking functions directly Standard 12: Ethics related to pupil’s health; Standard 13: Research 4. Evaluating school health Standard 14: Resource Utilization programs; and Population 5. Carrying out function related Standard 15: Leadership to the health of school personnel SPECIALIZED FIELDS OF CHN Advantage: School Health Nursing Working hours Workload - A specialized practice of professional Being involved in developing health nursing that advances the well-being, programs in school academic success,and lifelong Disadvantage: achievement of students. Lack of update on current nursing - School nurses facilitate positive issues or programs student responses to normal Stagnant/routine work activity development; promote health and safety;intervene with actual and Examples of Prevention and the Role of the potential health problems;provide case Nurse in the School Setting management services; and actively collaborate with others to build student and family capacity for PRIMARY PREVENTION adaptation, self-management, self Nutrition Education advocacy and learning. –(National Immunizations Association ofSchool nurse , 2000) Safety Health Education 8 Components of School Health Programs (DepEd Order No. 43, s SECONDARY PREVENTION 2011-School Health Nursing Program) Screening Case Finding 1. Health Education Treatment 2. Physical Education Home Visits 3. Health Services 4. Nutrition Services TERTIARY PREVENTION 5. Counseling, Psychological and Referral of student for substance abuse Social Services or behavior problems 6. Healthy School Environment Prevention of complications and 7. Health Promotion for Staff adverse effects 8. Family and Community Faculty and staff monitoring Involvement Some Responsibilities include: 1. Organizing and implementing the school health program; Occupational Health Nursing health nursing, the first person known as primary case manage Industrial Revolution (1800s) - 1919 - Florence Swift Wright published Rapid expansion and remarkable the books “Occupational Health developments in technology and the Nursing” and “Industrial Nursing” working industry which led to - 1942 - “American Industrial Nurses occupational-related diseases and Association” was founded dangers related to health and safety. - 1977 - changed its title into “American Factory Act (1802) → Health and Association of Occupational Health Morals of Apprentices Act which Nurses (AAOHN)” focuses on protection of children - The National Institute for Occupational working in the Cotton and Mills Trades Safety and Health (NIOSH) in 1970 and change in factory condition together with the Occupational Safety Ramazzini (1633-1714) → “Founder of and Health Administration (OSHA) Occupational Health”, developed a joined with AAOHN systematic approach on workers’ - 1998 - AAOHN adopted the health problems and proposed asking environmental health concept their occupation - 1950 - Industrial Nursing Unit (INU) of the Philippine Nurses Association 18th and 19th Century - 1964- The Occupational Health Nurses Increase of participation of children Association of the Philippines (OHNAP) and women in workforce Longer working hours RA 11058 Unsanitary working conditions - “Occupational Safety and Health Disease outbreaks Standards Act (OSHS)” Increase in health and safety related accidents American Association of Occupational Health Nurses (AAOHN) Development of “Occupational Health Nursing” in parallel with improvements and advances in occupational health area (1802) - The specialty practice focuses on the promotion, prevention, and restoration of health within the context of a safe Industrial Nursing and healthy environment.American - 1878, J&J Coleman Co., Norwich Association of Occupational Health England hired Nurse Philippa Nurses (AAOHN) Flowerday - It includes the prevention of adverse - 1888 Coal Miners Group hired Betty health effects from occupational and Moulder and was considered the environmental hazards. beginning of Occupational Health - It provides for and delivers Nursing in the USA occupational and environmental health - 1895 Vermont Marble Co. hired Ada and safety programs and services to Mayo Stewart as a “local nurse”. Her clients. duty was focused more on health protection not the care of casualties. Occupational Health Nursing derives its When the company founded a theoretical, conceptual and factual framework hospital, she became the first Head from a Multidisciplinary base Nurse. In the field of occupational  Elements of Multidisciplinary Base Community Mental Health Nursing 1. Nursing Science –provide the context for Health care Delivery system A unique clinical process which 2. Medical Science –Specific to treatment includes an integration of concepts and management from nursing, mental health, social 3. Occupational Health Science –includes psychology, psychology, community toxicology networks, and the basic sciences. - 4. Epidemiology –study of health and World Health Organization (WHO) illness trends and characteristics 5. Business and Economic Theories, “Mental Health” Principles and Concepts a state of well-being in which every 6. Social and Behavioral Science –explore individual realizes his or her own influences of various environment, potential, can cope with the normal relationship and lifestyle factors. stresses of life, can work productively 7. Environmental Health and fruitfully, and is able to make a 8. Legal and Ethical Issues contribution to her or his community An estimated 280 million people, Occupational Health Concerns in the including 5% of all adults, experienced Workplace depression. Depression is more common among women than men. 2 Types of Hazards: Worldwide, more than 10% of pregnant women and women who 1. Safety Hazards - Unsafe acts have just given birth experience Poor housekeeping depression Materials handling Schizophrenia affects approximately 24 Machinery million people or 1 in 300 people Electricity (0.32%) worldwide. This rate is 1 in 222 Fire people (0.45%) among adults 2. Health Hazards - Can cause More than 700 000 people die by work-related disease to worker suicide every year, which is one person Biological every 40 seconds. Chemical An estimated 13.2 million adults Enviro seriously thought about suicide, 3.8 Mechanical(Ergonomics) million planned a suicide attempt, and Physical 1.6 million attempted suicide Psychosocial About 39.5 million people are estimated to be affected by drug use disorders (harmful pattern of drug use or drug dependence) Nearly thirty-nine percent (38.73%) admitted to having taken drugs two (2) to five (5) times a week while around twenty-five percent (24.68%) used drugs monthly and twenty-one percent (20.62%) weekly In the Philippines Roles of Community Mental Health Nurse In 2020, deaths caused by international include: self-harm in the Philippines rose by Promotion 57.3 percent to 4,420 from the Prevention previous year. The increase in suicide Advocacy cases had been attributed to the global Referral pandemic that had resulted in Awareness-raising prolonged lockdowns and an increase in unemployment. Close to one in five Filipino youth aged 15-24 have ever considered ending their life. This is among the key findings of the 2021 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study (YAFS5) RA 11036 “Mental Health Act” - The Act seeks to establish access to comprehensive and integrated mental health services, while protecting the rights of people with mental disorders and their family members Objectives: 1. To promote participatory governance and leadership in mental health 2. To strengthen coverage of mental health services through multi-sectoral partnership to provide high quality service aiming at best patient experience in a responsive service delivery network 3. To harness capacities of LGUs and organized groups to implement promotive and preventive interventions on mental health 4. To leverage quality data and research evidence for mental health 5. To set standards for compliance in different aspects of services Program Components: 1. Wellness of Daily Living 2. Extreme Life Experience 3. Mental Disorder 4. Neurologic Disorders 5. Substance Abuse and other Forms of Addiction