LESSON-03-NOTES.pdf

LESSON 03: WRITING THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND CITING SOURCES REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE “Comprehensive background of the literature within the interested topic area” (O’Gorman & MacIntosh, 2015, p.31) “Critical component of the research process that provide...

LESSON 03: WRITING THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND CITING SOURCES REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE “Comprehensive background of the literature within the interested topic area” (O’Gorman & MacIntosh, 2015, p.31) “Critical component of the research process that provides an in-depth analysis of recently published research findings in specifically identified areas of interest” (Houser,2018, p. 109) The RRL, also called literature review, is very crucial to your research paper that without it, there would be void or an absence of a major element in research (Afolabi, 2012). It helps you explain how the research problem to be investigated fits into the larger picture. Also, it lets you identify what has already been done so as not to replicate other researcher’s work. Importance of the Review of Related Literature Bourner (2006) and Johnson and Christensen (2007) ❑ To identify the gaps in the literature ❑ To identify information and ideas that may be relevant to your project ❑ To increase your breadth of knowledge of your subject area ❑ To identify opposing views ❑ To identify methods that could be relevant to your research ❑ To tell you whether the problem you have identified has already been researched. If it has, you should either revise the problem in the light of the result of the other studies or look for another problem, unless you think there is a need to replicate the study. ❑ To assist you in forming your research questions ❑ To give you the ideas as to how to proceed with and design the study so that you can obtain an answer to your research questions. TYPES OF LITERATURE REVIEW (Griffith University, 2015) 1. Narrative or Traditional Narrative or Traditional literature reviews critique and summarize a body of literature about the thesis topic. The literature is researched from the relevant databases and is generally very selective in the material used. The criteria for literature selection for a narrative review is not always made open to the reader. These reviews are very useful in gathering and synthesizing the literature located. The principle purpose of a narrative review is the give the author and reader a comprehensive overview of the topic and to highlight significant areas of research, narrative reviews can help to identify gaps in the research and help to refine and define research questions. Where a narrative approach differs from a systematic approach is in  the notation of search methods criteria for selection, this can leave narrative reviews open to suggestions of bias. 2. Scoping Reviews A scoping review is quite similar to a Systematic literature review. The key difference being that there are no restrictions on the materials resourced. The purpose of the scoping review is to find ALL the materials on the topic. When undertaking a scoping review it is important to systematize your search strategies to ensure you can replicate your searches and to attend to any gaps that appear in results. When reading and sorting the results, again apply some of the measures used in a systematic review so that your search results are sorted by key themes and well organized. 3. Systematic Quantitative It bridges the gap between traditional narrative review methods and meta-analysis. Narrative methods that are commonly used in many research theses, rely on the expertise and experience of the author, making them challenging for novices. In contrast, the method we use and recommend involves systematically searching the literature using online database and other sources to find all relevant papers that fit specific criteria (systematically identifying the literature), entering information about each study into a personal database, then compiling tables that summarize the current status of the literature (quantifying the literature). The results are reliable, quantifiable and reproducible. STEPS IN SYSTEMATIC QUANTITATIVE REVIEW 4. Cochrane Reviews Cochrane Reviews are systematic reviews primary research in human health care and health policy, and are internationally recognized as the highest standard in evidence-based health care. They investigate the effects of interventions for prevention, treatment and  rehabilitation. They also assess the accuracy of a diagnostic test for a given condition in a specific patient group and setting. 5. Campbell Collaboration The Campbell Collaboration is an international research network that produces systematic reviews of the effects of social interventions in Crime & Justice, Education, International Development, and Social Welfare. STEPS FOR WRITING A LITERATURE REVIEW ◼ PLANNING (What type of literature review am I writing?) Focus ✓ What is the specific thesis, problem, or research question that my literature review helps to define? ✓ Identifying a focus that allows you to: Sort and categorize information Eliminate irrelevant information Type ✓ What type of literature review am I conducting? ✓ Theory; Methodology; Policy; Quantitative; Qualitative Scope ✓ What is the scope of my literature review? ✓ What types of sources am I using? Academic Discipline ✓ What field(s) am I working in? ◼ READING AND RESEARCH (What materials am I going to use?) Collect and read material. Summarize sources. ✓ Who is the author? ✓ What is the author's main purpose? ✓ What is the author’s theoretical perspective? Research methodology? ✓ Who is the intended audience? ✓ What is the principal point, conclusion, thesis, contention, or question? ✓ How is the author’s position supported? ✓ How does this study relate to other studies of the problem or topic? ✓ What does this study add to your project? Select only relevant books and articles. SOURCES OF INFORMATION 1. Primary resources contain first-hand information, meaning that you are reading the author’s own account on a specific topic or event that s/he participated in. Examples ✓ Original documents such as diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters, interviews, records, eyewitness accounts, autobiographies ✓ Empirical scholarly works such as research articles, clinical reports, case studies, dissertations ✓ Creative works such as poetry, music, video, photography 2. Secondary sources describe, summarize, or discuss information or details originally presented in another source; meaning the author, in most cases, did not participate in the event. This type of source is written for a broad audience and will include definitions of discipline specific terms, history relating to the topic, significant theories and principles, and summaries of major studies/events as related to the topic. Examples: ✓ Publications such as textbooks, magazine articles, book reviews, commentaries, encyclopedias, almanacs ◼ ANALYZING (How do I assess existing research?) A literature review is never just a list of studies—it always offers an argument about a body of research. The analysis occurs on two levels: Individual sources and Body of research. FOUR ANALYSIS TASKS OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW o Summarize o Synthesize o Critique o Compare Summary and Synthesis In your own words, summarize and/or synthesize the key findings relevant to your study. What do we know about the immediate area? What are the key arguments, key characteristics, key concepts or key figures? What are the existing debates/theories? What common methodologies are used? Sample Language for Summary and Synthesis ✓ Normadin has demonstrated… ✓ Early work by Hausman, Schwarz, and Graves was concerned with… ✓ Elsayed and Stern compared algorithms for handling… ✓ Additional work by Karasawa et. al, Azadivar, and Parry et. al deals with… Example: Summary and Synthesis Under the restriction of small populations, four possible ways [to avoid premature convergence] were presented. The first one is to revise the gene operators....Griffiths and Miles applied advanced two-dimensional gene operators to search the optimal cross-section of a beam and significantly improve results. The second way is to adjust gene probability. Leite and Topping adopted a variable mutation probability and obtained an outperformed result. Comparison and Critique Evaluates the strength and weaknesses of the work: ▪ How do the different studies relate? What is new, different, or controversial? ▪ What views need further testing? ▪ What evidence is lacking, inconclusive, contradicting, or too limited? ▪ What research designs or methods seem unsatisfactory? Sample Language for Comparison and Critique ✓ In this unusual but innovative study, Jones and Wang… ✓ These general results, reflecting the stochastic nature of the flow of goods, are similar to those reported by Rosenblatt and Roll… Example: Comparison and Critique The critical response to the poetry of Phillis Wheatley often registers disappointment or surprise. Some critics have complained that the verse of this African American slave is insecure (Collins 1975, 78), imitative (Richmond 1974, 54-66), and incapacitated (Burke 1991, 33, 38)— at worst, the product of a “White mind” (Jameson 1974, 414-15). Others, in contrast, have applauded Wheatley’s critique of Anglo-American discourse(Kendrick 1993,222-23), her revision of literary models… Analyzing: Putting It All Together Once you have summarized, synthesized, compared, and critiqued your chosen material, you may consider whether these studies Demonstrate the topic’s chronological development. Show different approaches to the problem. Show an ongoing debate. Center on a “seminal” (detailed description) study or studies. Demonstrate a “paradigm shift” (major/significant change). Lastly, consider these questions for ANALYSIS: ✓ What do researchers KNOW about this field? ✓ What do researchers NOT KNOW? ✓ Why should we (further) study this topic? ✓ What will my study contribute? ◼ DRAFTING What am I going to write?) To help you in writing your draft, consider the following: a) Thesis Statements The thesis statement offers an argument about the literature. It may do any of or a combination of the following: ✓ Offer an argument and critical assessment of the literature (i.e. topic + claim). ✓ Provide an overview of current scholarly conversations. ✓ Point out gaps or weaknesses in the literature.  ✓ Relate the literature to the larger aim of the study. Example: In spite of these difficulties we believe that preservice elementary art teachers and classroom teachers need some knowledge of stage theories of children’s development…[then goes on to review theories of development] b) Organization Five common approaches to organizing the body of your paper include: Topical Distant to close Debate Chronological Seminal Study Topical: Characteristics Most common approach Breaks the field into a number of subfields, subject areas, or approaches Discusses each subsection individually, sometimes with critiques of each Most useful for organizing a large body of literature that does not have one or two studies that stand out as most important or a clear chronological development Topical: Typical Language ▪ Three important areas of this field have received attention: A, B, C. ▪ A has been approached from two perspectives F and G. ▪ The most important developments in terms of B have been… ▪ C has also been an important area of study in this field. Distant to Close: Characteristics A type of topical organization, with studies grouped by their relevance to current research. Starts by describing studies with general similarities to current research and ends with studies most relevant to the specific topic. Most useful for studies of methods or models. Distant to Close:Typical Language ▪ Method/Model M (slightly similar to current research) addresses … ▪ Drawing upon method/model N (more similar to current research) can help... ▪ This study applies the procedure used in method/model O (most similar to current research) to... Debate: Characteristics Another type of topical approach, with a chronological component. Emphasizes various strands of research in which proponents of various models openly criticize one another. Most useful when clear opposing positions are present in the literature. Debate: Typical Language ▪ There have been two (three, four, etc.) distinct approaches this problem. ▪ The first model posits… ▪ The second model argues that the first model is wrong for three reasons. Instead, the second model claims… Chronological: Characteristics Lists studies in terms of chronological development Useful when the field displays clear development over a period of time ✓ Linear progression ✓ Paradigm shift Chronological: Typical Language ▪ This subject was first studied by X, who argued/found… ▪ In (date), Y modified/extended/contradicted X’s work by… ▪ Today, research by Z represents the current state of the field. Seminal Study: Characteristics Begins with detailed description of extremely important study. Later work is organized using another pattern. Most useful when one study is clearly most important or central in laying the groundwork for future research. Seminal Study: Typical Language ▪ The most important research on this topic was the study by X in (date). ▪ Following X’s study, research fell into two camps (extended X’s work, etc.) c) Introduction and conclusion Introductions ✓ Indicate scope of the literature review. ✓ Provide some background to the topic. ✓ Demonstrate the importance or need for research. ✓ Make a claim. ✓ Offer an overview/map of the ensuing discussion. Example: Introduction There is currently much controversy over how nonhuman primates understand the behavior of other animate beings. On the one hand, they might simply attend to and recall the specific actions of others in particular contexts, and therefore, when that context recurs, be able to predict their behavior (Tomasello & Call, 1994, 1997). On the other hand, they might be able to understand something of the goals or intentions of others and thus be able to predict others’ behaviors in a host of novel circumstances. Several lines of evidence (e.g., involving processes of social learning; Tomasello, 1997) and a number of anecdotal observations (e.g., Savage-Rumbaugh, 1984) have been adduced on both sides of the question, but few studies directly address the question: Do nonhuman primates understand the intentions of others? Conclusions ✓ Summarize the main findings of your review ✓ Provide closure ✓ Explain “so what?” ✓ Implications for future research ✓ Connections to the current study Example: Conclusion In summary, although there is some suggestive evidence that chimpanzees may understand others’ intentions, there are also negative findings (e.g., Povinelli et al., 1998) and a host of alternative explanations. As a consequence, currently it is not clear whether chimpanzees (or other nonhuman primates) distinguish between intentional and accidental actions performed by others. In contrast, there are several studies indicating that children as young as 14 months of age have some understanding of others’ intentions, but the lack of comparative studies makes it difficult to know how children compare to apes. This study is the first to directly compare children, chimpanzees, and orangutans with the use of a nonverbal task in which the subjects were to discriminate between the experimenter’s intentional and accidental actions. ◼ REVISING (How can I fine-tune my draft?) Tips on Revising Title: Is my title consistent with the content of my paper? Introduction: Do I appropriately introduce my review? Thesis: Does my review have a clear claim? Body: Is the organization clear? Have I provided headings? Topic sentences: Have I clearly indicated the major idea(s) of each paragraph? Transitions: Does my writing flow? Conclusion: Do I provide sufficient closure? Spelling and Grammar: Are there any major spelling or grammatical mistakes? Writing a Literature Review: In Summary ◼ As you read, try to see the “big picture”—your literature review should provide an overview of the state of research. ◼ Include only those source materials that help you shape your argument. Resist the temptation to include everything you’ve read! ◼ Balance summary and analysis as you write. ◼ Keep in mind your purpose for writing: ▪ How will this review benefit readers? ▪ How does this review contribute to your study? ◼ Be meticulous about citations. CITING SOURCES A reference citation is a process of documenting the various sources of materials and information relevant to your study. This is also accomplished by citing references, called in-text citations, as you write your research report and by creating a reference list. In-text citations always come with a proper reference in the reference list. In-Text Citations: Author/Authors A Work by Two Authors Name both authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in parentheses. Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports... (Wegener & Petty, 1994) A Work by Three or More Authors List only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” in every citation, even the first, unless doing so would create ambiguity between different sources. (Kernis et al., 1993) Kernis et al. (1993) suggest... NOTE: In et al., et should not be followed by a period. Only "al" should be followed by a period. Unknown Author If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books and reports are italicized; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks. APA style calls for capitalizing important words in titles when they are written in the text (but not when they are written in reference lists). A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers ("Using Citations," 2001). Note: In the rare case that "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as the author's name (Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author. Authors with the Same Last Name To prevent confusion, use first initials with the last names. (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998) Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year If you have two sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in the reference list. Use the lower-cas letters with the year in the in-text citation. Research by Berndt (1981a) revealed strong correlations. However, a parallel study (Berndt, 1981b) resulted in inconclusive findings. CITING SOURCES American Psychological Association (APA) If it’s not your own idea (and not common knowledge)—CITE IT! ✓ Paraphrase key ideas. ✓ Use quotations sparingly. ✓ Introduce quotations effectively. ✓ Use proper in-text citation to document the source of ideas. ✓ Maintain ACCURACY. Make sure to write all cited sources in your REFERENCES. ✓ NO TO PLAGIARISM! ✓ Examples: Citing Sources ◼ Quoting: Despite pleasant depictions of home life in art, the fact remains that for most Seventeenth-century Dutch women, the home represented a curtailment of some degree of independence. Art historian Laurinda Dixon writes that “for the majority of women, however, home was a prison, though a prison made bearable by love and approval” (1995, p. 136 ). ◼ Paraphrasing: Despite pleasant depictions of home life in art, the fact remains that for most Seventeenth-century Dutch women, the home represented a curtailment of some degree of independence. Art historian Laurinda Dixon argues that the home actually imprisoned most women. She adds that this prison was made attractive by three things: the prescriptions of doctors of the day against idleness, the praise given diligent housewives, and the romantic ideal based on love and respect (1995, p. 136). REFERENCES Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text. Formatting a Reference List Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page "References" in bold, centered at the top of the page (do NOT underline or use quotation marks for the title). All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay. BASIC RULES: All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation. All authors' names should be inverted (i.e., last names should be provided first). Authors' first and middle names should be written as initials. Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work. For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent. Single Author Last name first, followed by author initials. Brown, E. (2013). Comedy and the feminine middlebrow novel. Pickering & Chatto. Two Authors List by their last names and initials. Separate author names with a comma. Use the ampersand instead of "and." Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017). The next big five inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(1), 117-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000096 Three to Twenty Authors List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while the last author name is preceded again by ampersand. This is derived somehow from APA 6th, which only required listing the first six authors before an ellipsis and the final author's name. Nguyen, T., Carnevale, J. J., Scholer, A. A., Miele, D. B., & Fujita, K. (2019). Metamotivational knowledge of the role of high-level and low-level construal in goal-relevant task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117(5), 879-899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000166. Two or More Works by the Same Author Use the author's name for all entries and list the entries by the year (earliest comes first). List references with no dates before references with dates. Urcuioli, P. J. (n.d.). Urcuioli, P. J. (2011). Urcuioli, P. J. (2015). When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation, as the first author of a group, list the one-author entries first. Agnew, C. R. (Ed.). (2014). Social influences on romantic relationships: Beyond the dyad. Cambridge University Press. Agnew, C. R., & South, S. C. (Eds.). (2014). Interpersonal relationships and health: Social and clinical psychological mechanisms. Oxford University Press. REFERENCE LIST: ARTICLES IN PERIODICALS The title of the article is in sentence-case, meaning only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. The periodical title is run in title case, and is followed by the volume number which, with the title, is also italicized. If a DOI has been assigned to the article that you are using, you should include this after the page numbers for the article. If no DOI has been assigned and you are accessing the periodical online, use the URL of the website from which you are retrieving the periodical. Author A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy Article in Print Journal Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(3), 5–13. Note: APA 7 advises writers to include a DOI (if available), even when using the print source. The example above assumes no DOI is available. Article in Electronic Journal As noted above, when citing an article in an electronic journal, include a DOI if one is associated with the article. Baniya, S., & Weech, S. (2019). Data and experience design: Negotiating community- oriented digital research with service-learning. Purdue Journal of Service-Learning and International Engagement, 6(1), 11–16. https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284316979 DOIs may not always be available. In these cases, use a URL. Many academic journals provide stable URLs that function similarly to DOIs. These are preferable to ordinary URLs copied and pasted from the browser's address bar. Denny, H., Nordlof, J., & Salem, L. (2018). "Tell me exactly what it was that I was doing that was so bad": Understanding the needs and expectations of working-class students in writing centers. Writing Center Journal, 37(1), 67– 98. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26537363 Article in a Magazine ArticlePeterzell, J. (1990, April). Better late than never. Time, 135(17), 20–21 in a Newspaper Schultz, S. (2005, December). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The Country Today, 1A, 2A. Review Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The self-knower: A hero under control, by R. A. Wicklund & M. Eckert]. Contemporary Psychology, 38(5), 466–467. REFERENCE LIST: BOOKS Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher Name. Stoneman, R. (2008). Alexander the Great: A life in legend. Yale University Press. WEBPAGE OR PIECE OF ONLINE CONTENT Last name, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist. Medium. https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-3af27e312d01 If the resource was written by a group or organization, use the name of the group/organization as the author. Additionally, if the author and site name are the same, omit the site name from the citation. Group name. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2019, November 21). Justice served: Case closed for over 40 dogfighting victims. https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-served-case-closed-over-40-dogfighting- victims  If the page's author is not listed, start with the title instead. Additionally, include a retrieval date when the page's content is likely to change over time (like, for instance, if you're citing a wiki that is publicly edited). Title of page. (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL Tuscan white bean pasta. (2018, February 25). Budgetbytes. Retrieved March 18, 2020, from https://www.budgetbytes.com/tuscan-white-bean-pasta/ If the date of publication is not listed, use the abbreviation (n.d.). Author or Group name. (n.d.). Title of page. Site name (if applicable). URL National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Mental health conditions. https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions/ References: Pulmones, Richard. (2016). Quantitative Research. Phoenix Publishing House. Purdue Writing Lab. (n.d.). In-Text Citations: The Basics // Purdue Writing Lab. Retrieved August 14, 2020, from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in _text_citations_the_basics.html Purdue Writing Lab. (n.d.). In-Text Citations: Author/Authors // Purdue Writing Lab. Retrieved August 14, 2020, from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in _text_citations_author_authors.html Purdue Writing Lab. (n.d.). Reference List: Author/Authors // Purdue Writing Lab. Retrieved August 14, 2020, from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/ref erence_list_author_authors.html Purdue Writing Lab. (n.d.). Reference List: Books // Purdue Writing Lab. Retrieved August 14, 2020, from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/ref erence_list_books.html Purdue Writing Lab. (n.d.). Reference List: Articles in Periodicals // Purdue Writing Lab. Retrieved August 14, 2020, from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/ref erence_list_articles_in_periodicals.html San Miguel, J. G. (2018). STEP BY STEP Practical Research 2 for Senior High School. San Sebastian College-Recoletos de Cavite.