Cognitive Psychology Lecture - Helwan PDF

Faculty of Medicine Academic Year: 2024-2025 Year: 1 Semester: 2 Module: Locomotor system (lcs) 105 cognitive psychology 2 By: Dr. Haytham Hasan Associate Professor Department: Department of Neuropsychiatry 2/8/2025...

Faculty of Medicine Academic Year: 2024-2025 Year: 1 Semester: 2 Module: Locomotor system (lcs) 105 cognitive psychology 2 By: Dr. Haytham Hasan Associate Professor Department: Department of Neuropsychiatry 2/8/2025 22  Objectives Analyze Perception Understand Thinking and Problem- Solving Explain Language Development Define Intelligence and Its Measurement  Perception It is a mental process of interpreting sensory stimuli, or it is the process by which we integrate primary simple stimuli (e.g.: color & shape or pitch & volume) into secondary complex set of stimuli i.e. percepts (images of objects or voices).  Stages: 1. Segregation of object from background 2. localization 3. motion determination  Factors affecting perception Individual: (top-down processing) as to physical, emotional and mental state Stimulus organization: (bottom-up processing) Gestalt perception is to perceive stimuli as a whole where every detail influence the perception of other details i.e. more than a summation. Object grouping: similar symmetrical stimuli are organized together; there is tendency of closure and continuity of missing details.  Relative size Superposition Height in field & linear intersections implies depth in monocular vision. N.B. In binocular vision, two different retinal images from different angles imply depth. Constancy and change: a) Consecutive switch on and off of lamps implies a spark is moving along lamps. This occurs also in cartoon movies also when serial images with minimal change in it implies drawings are moving. This is called stroboscopic motion. Induced motion occurs when a large object moves with small one static. The small object is the one that seems moving. In a windy night the moon would seem to be racing the clouds.  Thinking A mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing or communicating information to others. It doesn’t depend directly upon contact with the immediate physical environment surrounding us. It can be considered “Language of the Mind”. The process by which we associate percepts to form concepts (mental representations) and attributes (properties of concepts).  Concepts are the building blocks of mental representations and thoughts. They are mental categories we form to group objects, events or situations that share common characteristics or features. A concept is the idea referred to objects. Attributes are the elements of stimuli which are abstracted to enable us to form concepts. A problem is a gap between what one finds and what one wishes. A solution is decreasing this gap until it vanishes.  Types of thinking Type Primary Critical Parallel Magical Logical Creative Aim gratify problem invention wishes solving Technique imaginative algorithms heuristics play Day dreams Prefrontal cortex and its connections to parieto-temporal association areas are responsible for this.  Disorders of thinking Content is ideas themselves. These could be pathological when associations of percepts are disrupted by illness. Form or process is continuity of ideas. We shift from idea to another based on a relation between them. If associations are disrupted there is discontinuity of ideas. Language is a system of symbols to communicate ideas. listening – speaking - reading - writing It consists of: phonemes (spoken words) morphemes (written words) semantics (meanings) syntax (grammar) pragmatics (context) Language development: Skinner postulates it is by operant learning Chomsky postulates brain imprinted language acquisition device (LAD) Milestones of language development: During the 1st year: babbling laryngeal sounds 1-2 years: vocabulary of around 25 words 2-3 years: 2 words sentence 4 years and above: use grammatical words This requires intact: Auditory apparatus (ear) Auditory pathway 1ry & 2ry Auditory cortex Wernick’s area (receptive) Broca’s or Exner’s area (expressive) motor cortex with extra-pyramidal & cerebellar modulation motor pathways to speech apparatus Speech apparatus: oral cavity (lips, cheeks, jaw, teeth, tongue, pharynx, palate) respiratory system (nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs) diaphragm and abdominal muscles  Delayed language development This requires thorough assessment of: Ear speech apparatus, nervous system then IQ assessment, then specific assessment of child’s behavior to rule out autism and assessment of emotional disorders Abilities: Achievement: actual Capacity: potential Aptitude: predicted Intelligence is the ability to learn and adapt to the environment. Spearman intelligence is measurable as a general factor. William Stern offered the intelligence quotient as IQ = (mental age / chronologic age) x 100 Tests used to measure IQ: Stanford Binet test Wechsler intelligence test intelligence distribution curve Mental Retardation Types of intelligence Factors determining intelligence 70% of factors for intelligence are hereditary while 30% are environmental. Thank you