Building Utilities: Water Distribution, Plumbing Systems PDF

ACC: BUILDING UTILITIES Public Water Distribution is classified as: WATER DISTRIBUTION (Systems, Tools + Materials) 1. Direct Pressure Distribution (DPD)...

ACC: BUILDING UTILITIES Public Water Distribution is classified as: WATER DISTRIBUTION (Systems, Tools + Materials) 1. Direct Pressure Distribution (DPD) 2. Indirect Pressure Distribution (IPD) DPD is sourced/obtained from reservoir through pumps and into a large intake pipe (service water main), while IPD drawn from drilled well by indirect pressure. WATER MAIN & SERVICE Service Tap Connection Detail CHAPTER 6 OF RA 1378 SECTION 601. RUNNING WATER REQUIRED Each plumbing fixture shall be provided with an adequate supply of potable running water so arranged as to flush and keep the same in clean and healthful condition as without danger of backflow or cross- Parts and Terms: connection. Water (Street) Main - a water WATER SUPPLY & DISTRIBUTION supply pipe for public or community use, controlled by (Domestic) Cold Water Supply of the public authority plumbing system consists of the Water Service Pipe - the pipe piping and fittings which supply cold from the water main, water water (running water) from the meter, water supply system or building water supply to the fixtures. other approved source of AKA Water Supply Distribution water supply to the building System. will serve. Corporation Cock - a valve COMPONENTS OF THE WSDS screwed into the street water Running Water is conveyed from the main to supply the house main to the building by means of: service connection. Gooseneck - a gooseneck- Water Main Service like/ elbowed pipe; flexible. Water Meter Lead connector between Water Distribution Type: service pipe and water main. a. Riser Curb Stop/ Curb Cock - b. Fixture Branch control valve placed between c. Valves and Controls sidewalk and street curb; used to shut off water supply in case of emergency.  Union Patente - a fitting that allows easy connection and disconnect multiple times if needed. TYPES OF WATER METERS (Component of Meter Connection Assembly): WATER METER Water Meter Connection Detail WATER SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS (General Types) Upfeed Distribution System: Direct Pressure System Hydro-Pneumatic Pressure or Pneumatic Air-Pressure System Parts and Terms: Downfeed (Overhead) Distribution Water Meter - a mechanical System device used to measure the volume of running water What to Choose… through a pipe. If there is Inadequate Water Pressure Meter Stop - a valve placed at (Sect. 607.1. of RA 1378) from the the street side of the water public water main, the alternative meter and serves as a solution is either by Overhead controlling device for the Distribution/Feed System or by the building. Hydro- Pneumatic/ Pneumatic Air- Gate Valve - a valve used to Pressured System. stop and start the flow of water and isolate sections of a DIRECT PRESSURE (Upfeed Distribution water supply as required. System) A direct pressure supply system is one where the building’s main pipe is connected directly to the public main service pipe. 1. Economical/ Practical: cheaper than any other system. 2. Applicable only for R1, R2 Check Valve - is a valve that building types allows the flow of fluids to 3. Prone to fluctuations of move only in one direction. pressure Purpose: to prevent backflow in the system Section 607. Water Pressure 1Boyle’s Law. The product of pressure and volume of an ideal gas is proportional to its At least 103 kPa (~15 psi) or not mass and temperature. lower than 103 kPa (~15 psi) but not The design of the tank is a pressure higher or more than 551 kPa (~80 vessel with a flexible partition, water psi), the range of local water on one side and air on the other2. pressure needed for running water under normal or direct pressure1. The quantity of air can be changed 1Sub-section during installation via a port but is 607.1 & 607.2 of RA 1378 or Revised National Plumbing Code of the afterwards assumed constant. The Philippines tank’s water level is constantly changing. The flexible partition is HYDRO-PNEUMATIC PRESSURE often a rubber diaphragm that slides (Upfeed Distribution System) as pressure changes. It effectively Air-Pressured or Pneumatic Air- separates the air from the water. Pressured System is a distribution 2ASPE (2006) American Society of Plumbing system where compressed air is used Engineers. Plumbing Engineering Design by a delivery agent. A booster pump Handbook Volume 2. and a pressure tank are combined to make the hydro- pneumatic system. Hydro-Pneumatic System is a Booster Pump System1. Prohibit the use or operation of booster pumps that draw directly from the water main and thereby affect adjacent customers2. When air is compressed into a closed vessel under atmospheric pressure to the extent of A cistern or water storage tank ½ its volume, an increase of 15 psi is should be installed prior to the expected. This pressure inside the tank is booster system. capable of elevating water up to 10.50 meters (3 storeys high) 1ASPE (2006). American Society of Plumbing Engineers. Plumbing Engineering Design OVERHEAD SUPPLY SYSTEM Handbook Volume 2 (Downfeed) 2As provided under Section 27 of R.A. 9275, In an overhead supply system, water otherwise known as the "Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004". "Directly using booster is pumped from the street main to an pumps in the distribution system or elevated water storage tank tampering with the water supply in such a (commonly called a gravity tank) way as to alter or impair the water quality" is located above the highest and most a prohibited act. hydraulically remote point in the Types of Pressure Tanks: water supply system of the building. 1. One Compartment Pressure For each 2.31 ft (0.7m) elevation of Tank the tank, there is an increase in 2. Bladder Pressure Tank pressure of 1 psi (6.9 kPa)1. 3. Diaphragm Pressure Tank The height of the tank provides Air is compressible and water is additional static head, which results inelastic nor compressible1. in a higher pressure in the water distribution system. 1ASPE (2006) American Society of Plumbing GALVANIZED IRON Pipe + Fittings Engineers. Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook Volume 2. a ferrous pipe that has been galvanized with a zinc coating, which keeps water from corroding the pipe; Sched.40 Easily corroded by alkaline, acid, and hot water COPPER Pipe + Fittings commonly used in the construction industry for water supply (especially hot water lines) and refrigerant lines in HVAC systems. Pipe Terms Connections through brazing, Riser - a water supply pipe, soldering, or compression fittings which extends vertically to 1- CLASSIFICATION OF COPPER Pipe + full storey or more to convey Fittings water into branches and fixtures. Fixture Branch - the water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe & water distributing pipe Fixture Supply – water supply Types of Plastic Pipes: pipe connecting fixture with RIGID TYPE: the fixture branch. 1. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Materials for Water Supply 2. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride Distribution System (CPVC) The main materials for mains, risers, 3. Un-Plasticized Polyvinyl and branches of the water supply Chloride (UPVC) distribution system are: 4. Polyvinyl Dichloride (PVDC) 5. Polypropylene (PP) Galvanized Iron Copper FLEXIBLE TYPE: Plastic 1. Polyethylene (PE) Their life span: 2. Polybutylene (PB) Copper: 50-70 years PLASTIC Pipe + Fittings Galvanized steel: 70-100 years has a wide variety of plumbing uses, PVC, CPVC, other synthetic from drainage pipes to water mains. plastic: 50-80 years It's commonly used for irrigation, Other materials: home and building supply piping. Brass: 70-100 years PVC Pipe + Fittings Cast iron: 80-100 years has a wide variety of plumbing uses, PEX: 25-40 years from drainage pipes to water mains. It's commonly used for irrigation, BASIC PURPOSE OF VALVES home and building supply piping. to direct the flow PPR Pipe + Fittings shut off water access preventing backflow They are divided into 5 series (S5, S4, adjust water pressure within a S3.2, S2.5, & S2). Generally, S5 & S4 system are used for cold water pipes, S3.2 and S2.5 are used for hot water VALVES ACCORDING TO TYPE pipes. ROTARY VALVES (aka Quarter Turn PLASTIC/ SYNTHETIC PIPES + FITTINGS Valves) FLEXIBLE TYPES: These types of valves rely on Polyethylene (PE) - 30 meters; the rotary motion of the flow coil form PE types: obstructer. In most cases this a. Low Density Polyethylene rotation is limited to 90 (LDPE) degrees (one quarter-turn) b. Medium Density Ball Valves, Plug Valves, and Polyethylene (MDPE) Butterfly Valves c. High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) BALL VALVE: Polybutylene (PB) - 30 meters coil form; special length up to 150 meters. Plumbing Materials: HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE) Pipes + Fittings PIPE COLOR CODING as per NBCP Rule XIII Electrical & Mechanical Regulations A ball valve is a quarter -turn rotary motion valve that uses a ball-shaped disc to stop the What are Valves? flow. Valves are mechanical When you rotate the valve at devices used to control, direct, 90 degrees, the solid part of and regulate the flow of water the ball stops the flow. by opening, closing, or PLUG VALVE: partially obstructing the flow. They can be made up of different materials like bronze, PVC, brass, other non- corrosive materials.  These valve types are commonly used for flow control applications. Examples: gate valves, globe valves, pinch valves, Plug valve is practically diaphragm valves, and identical to that of a ball valve needle valves except for the shape of the GATE VALVE: obstructer used. In this case, the ball is replaced by a slightly tapered cylinder. BUTTERFLY VALVE: A valve in which the flow of water is cut off by means of circular disc or wedge-shaped metal gate fitted against machine- smoothed faces at The butterfly valve is a quarter- right angels to the direction of turn rotary motion valve, used flow. to stop, regulate and initiate flow. The butterfly valve has a GLOBE VALVE: small circular body. VALVES ACCORDING TO TYPE LINEAR VALVES There are 2 distinct types of linear valves: rising stem (multi-turn) and axial. While both valve types rely on the linear motion of the flow obstructer, they are very different in construction and operation. Linear Valves: Globe valves operate by RISING STEM (MULTI-TURN) VALVES having a convex disc shaped plug raise and lower via a Multi-turn rising stem valves rising stem into a circular seat move the obstructer by the around the inside of the globe rotation of a threaded rod shaped body at the "equator". (stem) which is attached to the obstructer. VALVES ACCORDING TO TYPE Cast iron pipes, copper pipes, PVC and G.I pipes are UNDIRECTIONAL VALVES available with threads. Provide unobstructed flow in BRAZED JOINTS one direction as long as flow pressure remains constant and The process of jointing pipes protect the piping system using molten filler material at against reverse flow. above 840°C. Check Valves The filler material majorly consists of tin which has great CHECK VALVE: affinity towards copper. SOLDERED JOINTS Soldering is also like brazing, but the only difference is, in case of soldering, the filler metal melts below 840°C. Before proceeding to soldering flux paste is applied to pipes and fittings to prevent them from oxidation from flame. Difference of BRAZED & SOLDERED JOINTS A valve that automatically closes to prevent the flow of liquid or gas in a reverse direction. It is also known as a Non-Return Valve or NRV. TYPES OF JOINTS 1. Threaded Joints 2. Soldered and Brazed Joints 3. Compression Joints Brazing: above 840°C 4. Butt and Socket Welded Joints This type of joint is suitable in 5. Flanged Joint moderate range of 6. Solvent Cement Joint temperature areas 7. Fusion Weld Joint THREADED JOINTS Pipes are connected by screwing with the help of threads provided for each pipe. One pipe has internal threads, and the other one has threads Soldering: below 840°C externally. This type of joint is suitable in low range temperature areas COMPRESSION JOINTS FLANGED JOINT Flanged joints are used for high pressure flows and for When the pipes have plain large diameter pipes. ends, they are joined by In general, they are used for installing compression fittings plain end pipes or threaded at their ends then that type of pipes. Two flange components joint is called compression are connected by bolts at the joint. pipe joint to prevent leakage. The pipe ends will be fitted Generally, these are made of with a thread hence they are cast iron, steel etc. These are connected. having good strength and do fittings or couplings not fail against high pressure. BUTT WELDED JOINT SOLVENT CEMENT JOINT It is a fast, easy and incredibly When the pipes are of the reliable joining method. same diameter butt welding is Solvent cement fuses the done to join the pipes. It is the plastic material (PVC, CPVC, most common type of PE, PB) together, creating welding. Skilled workers are one uniformly bonded piece required to install the joint. of thermoplastic. These joints are generally used for large commercials and FUSION WELD JOINT industrial piping systems. SOCKET WELDED JOINT Fusion welding is a process that uses heat to join or fuse Socket welded joints are used two or more materials by wherever there is a high heating them to melting point chance of leakage in joints. In PP-R pipes the specific type Pipes are connected as of fusion welding that happens putting one into other as is called Induction Welding. shown above and welded Induction welding is a form of around the joint. Pipes having welding that uses different diameters are electromagnetic induction to suitable for this type of joint. heat the workpiece. PLUMBING FIXTURES: WATER Different types of Water Closet CLOSET according to Flushing Mechanism: Different types of Water Closet 1. Flush Tank – holds a supply of according to design: water for flushing: 3-6 liters 2. Flush Valve – is a valve 1. Siphon Washdown designed to supply a fixed 2. Siphon Jet quantity of water for flushing 3. Siphon Vortex purposes. Activated by direct 4. Reverse Trap water pressure. Requires a flow pressure of 69 to 138 kPa (10 to 20 psi). PLUMBING FIXTURES: BIDET Aka Sitz Bath It Is a plumbing fixture used for washing the middle part of the body, especially the genitals. Different types of Water Closet according to make/form: 1. One-Piece 2. Close-Coupled 3. Pail Flush PLUMBING FIXTURES: URINALS 4. Squat Bowl Types: 1. Wall Hung 2. Pedestal 3. Stall 4. Trough PLUMBING FIXTURES: LAVATORY PLUMBING FIXTURES: SHOWER BATH Aka Wash Basin. There are 4 Types: 1. Wall Hung 2. Pedestal 3. Counter Type: Over Counter or Under Counter 4. One-Piece An apparatus for spraying water on body, usually above. Drain is through the shower bath floor drain (sometimes in the shower pan) PLUMBING FIXTURES: KITCHEN SINK PLUMBING FIXTURES: BATHTUB It is a tub for bathing, usually a fixed Kitchen sink is a plumbing fixture plumbing installation design for 1 consisting of a basin with a water person. It is available in the left and supply, connected with a drain and right outlet. used for dishwashing. PLUMBING FIXTURES: OTHERS BUILDING UTILITIES: ELECTRICAL + RACEWAYS MECHANICAL SYSTEMS ELECTRICAL Mandated by RA 7920 Under Rule XIII of NBCP read the supplemental regulations ELECTRICITY Electrons in Motion CONDUITS Electron, Proton, Neutron Common Terms: Ion, Voltage, Ampere, Watt Circuit, Resistance WIRES AND CABLES Wires 8mm2 (AWG 8) or less Cables are larger than wires Stranded and/or Solid TW, THW, THHN, THWN, TF, BX, OUTLETS NM, XHHW RECEPTACLES SWITCHES BRANCH CIRCUIT Based on ASHRAE: Carrier of electric power AC Standards/Air Changes: See NEC 210 Gen. Requirements Classifications: a) General Purpose b) Appliance c) Individual ELECTRICAL CIRCUITRY Service Entrance: Overhead/Underground Main Feeder: Single/ 3-Phase kWh Meter Main CB/Protection Bus Bar Panel Board with Circuit Breakers (LP/PP) Earth Electrode (Grounding) Branch Circuits ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS MECHANICAL: HVAC HVAC Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning Meet Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) ASHRAE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS AC UNITS COMPACT MACHINE ROOM TYPE (source: Mitsubishi) STANDARD MACHINE ROOM TYPE (source: Mitsubishi) ELEVATORS move large people between floors Elisha Otis traction with a machine room, machine-room-less traction, and hydraulic MACHINE ROOM LESS TYPE (source: Mitsubishi) ELEVATORS according to purpose: ELEVATOR CAR DETAILS (source: Mitsubishi) ESCALATORS ESCALATOR VARIATION: 1859, Nathan Ames: Revolving Stairs 1892, Jesse W. Reno: 1ST MECHANICAL: FIRE SUPPRESION working type escalator; introduced in 1896 as novelty SYSTEMS ride FIRE George H. Wheeler: patented moving stairway & handrail Rapid oxidation + evolution of Charles D. Seeberger: bought heat Wheeler's patent, collab with Three elements – fuel, oxygen Otis; created the name and heat escalator. Moving staircase Motor-driven chain of linked steps on a track Width: 560 mm ≤ 1.20m < of inclination: 30 deg. L or run variable Speed: 38 m/mins ESCALATOR DETAILS (source: Mitsubishi) Types of Fire Suppression Systems: Fire Sprinkler System Gaseous Fire Suppression Chemical Agent System External Water Spray System (EWSS) Vehicle Fire Suppression System FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEMS: FIRE SPRINKLER HEAD TYPES: Temperature Range of Sprinkler Bulbs: PRE – ASSESSMENT ELECTRICAL