Endocrine System Study Guide PDF

**Endocrine system** **Chapter 16 Study guide** 1. Describe the functions of the endocrine system. Reproduction, Growth, homeostasis, emergency response 2. Compare and contrast the nervous and endocrine systems with respect to the type of signal, the time course of the responses and dur...

**Endocrine system** **Chapter 16 Study guide** 1. Describe the functions of the endocrine system. Reproduction, Growth, homeostasis, emergency response 2. Compare and contrast the nervous and endocrine systems with respect to the type of signal, the time course of the responses and duration of the responses. a. Which works faster: nervous or endocrine signals? Nervous is faster with electrical signal. b. Which lasts longer: nervous or endocrine signals? Endocrine signals last longer, takes a while for hormones to get broken down. 3. Define hormone. A hormone is a long distance chemical signal (ligand) secreted by cells into extracellular fluid 4. Compare and contrast endocrine and exocrine glands. c. Which have ducts? exocrine d. Which release secretions that work right where they are released? exocrine e. Which release hormones into the bloodstream? endocrine 5. List the major endocrine organs, and describe their body locations. f. Make sure you can label them all on a diagram. See handout from class 6. Compare and contrast the two chemical classes of hormones with regard to chemistry, locations of receptors and mechanisms of response. g. What are the two chemical classes of hormones? Amino acid and steroid h. Give 2 examples of steroid hormones, estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol, androgens i. Give 2 examples of amino acid/peptide hormones epinephrine, norepinephrine, oxytocin, ADH, growth hormone, PTH j. Can amino acid based hormones enter cells? No k. What pathway do amino acid hormones use to signal? G protein and second messenger l. What lipid organic molecule is the precursor for all steroid hormones? cholesterol m. Can steroids cross the plasma membrane and enter cells? Yes! n. Which class of hormone stimulates second messengers release? Amino acid or steroid? Amino acid o. Which class of hormone stimulates protein synthesis? Amino acid or steroid? steroid 7. Define target cell. p. How do you know if a cell is a target cell for a specific hormone? It will have the receptor that the hormone can bind to 8. Explain how hormone release is regulated by negative feedback. q. Review negative feedback from A + P 1. Make sure you can draw the diagram. r. If blood sugar is above set point, the pancreas will release insulin to lower blood sugar. When will insulin release stop? When set point is restored. 9. Discuss the control of hormone secretion by humoral, neural and hormonal mechanisms. s. If the hormone is released in direct response to blood levels of a particular chemical (sugar, calcium etc.), that would be described as \_\_\_\_humoral\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ control. t. If the nervous system stimulates hormone release, that would be described as \_\_\_neural\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ control. u. If another hormone stimulates and endocrine gland to cause hormone release, that would be described as \_\_\_hormonal\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ control. v. Give some examples of hormones release by each secretion control method. Humoral: blood sugar or Calcium regulating hormones, neural: epinephrine, norepinephrine, Hormonal: many, TRH-TSH-T3, CRH-ACTH-cortisol, GnRH-FSH-eggs etc. 10. Describe structural and functional relationships between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. w. Inside which major organ can the hypothalamus and pituitary be found? brain x. What is the exact location of the pituitary gland (bone marking from A + P 1) in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone y. Name the stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary infundibulum z. What is another name for the posterior pituitary? Neurohypophysis a. What is another name for the anterior pituitary? Adenohypophysis b. Which part of the pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus by neurons? posterior c. Which part of the pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus by capillary beds in sequence? anterior 11. Name the two hormones released by the posterior pituitary and list their functions. d. Which two hormones are released by the posterior pituitary? ADH, oxytocin e. What is the function of ADH? Regulate water balance f. What is the stimulus for ADH release? Dehydration, low BP g. Which organ(s) does ADH act on? kidney h. What is the function of oxytocin? Contract uterus during childbirth, milk ejection i. What is the stimulus for oxytocin release? Childbirth, breast feeding j. Which organ(s) does oxytocin act on? Uterus, breast k. How are oxytocin and ADH delivered to their target organs? In bloodstream 12. List the hormones release by the anterior pituitary and describe their chief effects. l. Growth hormone (GH) i. What is the function of growth hormone? Grow body ii. What are the target tissues of growth hormone? CT, muscle, bone iii. Which hormone from the hypothalamus causes growth hormone release? Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) iv. Which hormone from the hypothalamus inhibits growth hormone release? Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) v. During human lifespan, when is growth hormone secretion highest? Puberty vi. Which organs release insulin-like growth factors? Liver, muscle bone vii. Too much growth hormone before puberty leads to: giantism viii. Too little growth hormone before puberty leads to: pituitary dwarfism ix. Too much growth hormone after closure of the epiphyseal plates (after puberty) leads to: acromegaly m. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) x. What is the function of TSH? Stim thyroid to release T3, T4 xi. What is the target organ of TSH? Thyroid gland xii. What hypothalamic hormone is the stimulus for TSH release from the pituitary? Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) n. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) xiii. What is the function of ACTH? Stimulate release of hormones from adrenal cortex xiv. What is the target organ of ACTH? Adrenal gland, specifically cortex xv. What hypothalamic hormone is the stimulus for ACTH release from the pituitary? Corticotrophic releasing hormone (CRH) o. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) xvi. What is the function of FSH? Stimulate gonads to release gametes xvii. What are the target organ(s) of FSH? (different male testes vs female ovary) xviii. What hypothalamic hormone is the stimulus for FSH release from the pituitary? Gonadotrophic releasing hormone (GnRH) p. Luteinizing hormone (LH) xix. What is the function of LH? Stimulate gonads to release hormones xx. What are the target organ(s) of LH? (different male testes vs female ovary) xxi. Which hormones are released from the gonads in response to LH (different male testosterone vs female estrogen and progesterone) xxii. What hypothalamic hormone is the stimulus for LH release from the pituitary? Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) q. Prolactin (PL) xxiii. What is the function of prolactin? Stimulate milk production at breast xxiv. What are the target organ(s) of prolactin? breast xxv. What hypothalamic hormone inhibits prolactin release from the pituitary if a female is not pregnant? Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH) xxvi. Recent research has shown that prolactin inhibiting hormone is actually the neurotransmitter \_\_\_\_\_\_dopamine\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 13. Describe the structure of the thyroid gland and name the hormones produced by the thyroid gland. r. How many lobes does the thyroid have? 2 s. The connection between the lobes is called the: isthmus t. The follicular cells are which type of tissue? Epithelial cells, this is why people get thyroid cancer! u. The jello at the center of the follicle is called: colloid 14. Describe the synthesis and function of thyroxine and triiodothyronine. v. What protein is produced by follicle cells? thyroglobulin w. What ion is required to make thyroid hormones? iodine x. How many iodine atoms in thyroxine (T4)? 4 y. How many iodine atoms in triiodothyronine(T3)? 3 z. What are the functions of thyroid hormones? xxvii. Increase metabolic rate xxviii. Increase body heat production xxix. Regulate growth and development xxx. Required for protein synthesis xxxi. Necessary for normal development of CNS in infants xxxii. Needed for normal development of reproductive system 15. Describe the pathophysiology of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. a. What is the name of the disease when the thyroid is overactive? Hyperthyroid b. What will be the symptoms of overactive thyroid? Fast heartbeat, weight loss, sweating, bulging eyes c. What are some common causes of hypothyroidism? In developing countries, iodine deficiency, in USA Hashimoto's thyroiditis, tumors in thyroid or pituitary d. Severe hypothyroidism in infants is called what? Cretinism, mental retardation e. What is goiter? When the thyroid gland grows really large, usually due to iodine deficiency 16. Indicate the site of release, site of action and general functions of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. f. What is the ideal blood calcium concentration? \_\_\_9-11\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ mg/100 ml g. What hormone is released when blood calcium is too high? calcitonin h. Which hormone builds bone/stimulates osteoblasts? calcitonin i. What hormone is released when blood calcium falls too low? Parathyroid hormone (PTH) j. Which hormone breaks bone down/stimulates osteoclasts? PTH k. Where is parathyroid hormone secreted? Parathyroid gland l. Where is Calcitonin secreted? Thyroid gland m. Which specific cells in the thyroid release calcitonin? C cells n. What are the three targets of PTH and Calcitonin? Bone, kidney, digestive o. What type of feedback is involved with control of blood calcium levels \~ positive or negative? negative 17. Describe the structure of the adrenal gland and list the hormones released from the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. p. Which organs are the adrenal glands superior to? kidney q. Which hormones come from the adrenal cortex? Aldosterone, cortisol, androgens r. Which hormones come from the adrenal medulla? Epinephrine, norepinephrine s. Is the cortex on the inside or outside of the organ? Outside/superficial 18. List the three zones of the adrenal cortex and know which group of hormones comes from each zone, the functions of the hormones from that zone and one example of a hormone released from each zone. t. List the zones of the adrenal cortex from superficial to deep GFR, zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis u. Are the hormones released by the adrenal cortex amino acid or steroid? steroid v. Which group of hormones are released from the zona glomerulosa? mineralocorticoids w. Give one example of this type of hormone and its function. Aldosterone, saves salt at kidney x. Which group of hormones are released from the zona fasciculate? Glucocorticoids, released in long term stress, raises blood sugar y. Give one example of this type of hormone and its function. cortisol z. Which group of hormones are released from the zona reticularis? Gonadocorticoids a. Give one example of this type of hormone and its function. Androgens are converted to testosterone b. How does stress affect the adrenal cortex? Stimulates release of cortisol 19. Discuss the link between the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla. There are sympathetic neurons that innvervate the adrenal medulla. If the neurons fire, the hormones (epinephrine) is released. 20. Name the hormones released from the adrenal medulla and know their functions and mechanism of release. c. Which two hormones are released by the adrenal medulla? Epinephrine, norepinephrine d. Under which type of situations are hormones released from the adrenal medulla? Fight or Flight or Rest and Digest? Fight or flight e. Are the hormones released by the adrenal medulla amino acid or steroid? Amino acid, hint they end in amine 21. Describe the pathophysiology of Cushing's syndrome. f. What are the causes of Cushing's syndrome? Pituitary tumor, Tumors in other tissues: lungs, pancreas kidneys, Steroid overdose g. What are the symptoms of Cushing's syndrome? High blood glucose, Loss of muscle, Water and salt retention, Increased body fat 22. Compare and contrast the body's long and short term responses to stress. h. Will the adrenal cortex or medulla be activated in short term stress situations? Medulla, the sympathetic neurons will be on i. Will the adrenal cortex or medulla be activated in long term stress situations? Adrenal cortex, cortisol is a long term stress hormone 23. Know the location of the pineal gland, the hormone it releases and the function of that hormone. j. Where is the pineal gland located? In the brain above the corpora quadrigemina k. Which hormone is released by the pineal gland? melatonin l. At night time, is more or less melatonin released? More, it is the hormone that puts yourself to sleep 24. Describe the location of insulin and glucagon release in the pancreas. m. True or false: The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine tissue. True n. Which two blood sugar controlling hormones are released by the pancreas? Insulin (if too high) and glucagon (if too low) o. The blood sugar control hormones are released by special areas of the pancreas called the Islets of \_\_\_Langerhans\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. p. The alpha cells release the hormone: glucagon q. The beta cells release the hormone: insulin r. In type I diabetes, which cells of the pancreas are damaged? The islet cells, no insulin production 25. Compare and contrast the effects of insulin and glucagon on blood sugar levels. s. What is the set point for normal blood sugar? 90-100 mg/dl t. Does insulin act to raise or lower blood sugar? Acts to lower it, that means it will be released when it is too high. u. Does glucagon act to raise or lower blood sugar? Acts to raise it, that means it will be released when it is too low. v. Which hormone moves glucose from blood into cells? Insulin, moving the glucose into the cells will lower blood sugar w. Which hormone moves glucose from cells to blood? Glucagon, releasing the glucose into the bloodstream 26. Describe the pathophysiology of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. x. Which type of diabetes is due to an inability to produce insulin? Type I y. What kills the beta cells in most type I diabetics? The immune system it is an autoimmune disease, we don't know what causes it. z. Which type of diabetes is also called "insulin resistant"? Type II. There is plenty of insulin but the glucose channels are "resistant' to it and won't open. a. What is the number 1 cause of type II diabetes? Obesity. 27. Describe the major hormones produced by the testes and ovaries and know the function of each hormone. b. What hormone is produced by the testes? testosterone c. What are some functions of testosterone? xxxiii. Maturation of male reproductive organs xxxiv. Normal sperm production xxxv. Secondary sex characteristics xxxvi. Sex drive d. What hormones are produced by the ovaries? Estrogen, progesterone e. What are some functions of estrogen? xxxvii. Maturation of female reproductive organs xxxviii. Egg production xxxix. Secondary sex characteristics f. g. What are some functions of progesterone? xl. Menstrual cycle xli. Breast development h. - - - - - 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.