ITC Lesson 2_compressed.pdf

Processors and the CPU A processor consists of circuitry and components packaged together and connected directly to the motherboard The CPU (central processing unit) does the vast majority of processing for a computer Called a microprocessor when talking about personal computers Ty...

Processors and the CPU A processor consists of circuitry and components packaged together and connected directly to the motherboard The CPU (central processing unit) does the vast majority of processing for a computer Called a microprocessor when talking about personal computers Typically designed for a specific type of computer Desktops, servers, and some notebook PCs use Intel or Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) processors Portable computers and mobile devices often use Intel or AMD mobile processors or an ARM processor instead Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CPU Cores Multi-core CPUs contain the processing components (cores) of multiple independent processors in a single CPU Dual-core CPUs contain two cores Quad-core CPUs contains four cores Multi-core processors allow computers to work on more than one task at a time They also typically use slower cores than single-core CPUS so have fewer heat problems Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Examples of CPUs FIGURE 2-9: CPU examples. Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The GPU The GPU (graphics processing unit) FIGURE 2-10: The GPU takes care of the processing needed to display images (including still images, animations) on the screen Can be located on the motherboard, on a video graphics board, or in the CPU package Mobile processors often integrate other capabilities into the processor package (system-on-a-chip (SoC)) Source: NVIDIA Corporation Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Technology and You Modular Phones Currently in development Individuals create custom phones Start with basic modules Give the user flexibility to add, upgrade, or replace modules whenever Google’s Project Ara Source: Google ATAP Google’s modular smartphone prototype. Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Processing Speed Processing speed can be measured by the CPU’s clock speed Rated in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz) Higher CPU clock speed = more instructions processed per second Alternate measure of processing speed is the number of instructions a C PU can process per second Megaflops (millions), gigaflops (billions), teraflops (trillions) Benchmark tests can be used to evaluate overall processing speed Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Word Size and Cache Memory A computer word is the amount of data that a CPU can manipulate at one time In the past, CPUs used 32-bit words (referred to as 32-bit processors); today, most CPUs are 64-bit processors Cache memory is a special group of very fast circuitry usually built into the CPU (internal cache memory) More cache memory typically means faster processing Cache memory level numbers indicate the order in which the various levels of cache are accessed by the CPU Level 1 is fastest, then Level 2, then Level 3 Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bus Width, Bus Speed, and Bandwidth A bus is an electronic path over which data can travel Found inside the CPU and on the motherboard Bus width is the number of wires in the bus over which data can travel A wider bus allows more data to be transferred at one time Bus width and bus speed together determine the bus’s bandwidth (the amount of data that can be transferred via the bus in a given time period) The amount of data actual transferred under real-life conditions is called throughput Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Example of Bus Width FIGURE 2-11: Bus width. A wider bus can transfer more data at one time than a narrower bus. Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Memory Memory refers to chip-based storage, or locations that a computer uses to store data on a temporary basis Volatile memory (content is erased when the device is shut off) Non-volatile memory (content is retained when the device is shut off) Random access memory (RAM) is the computer’s main memory or system memory Stores essential parts of operating system, programs, and data the computer is currently using Consists of electronic circuits etched onto chips Mobile devices typically use embedded memory chips Servers and personal computers use circuit boards called memory modules plugged into the motherboard Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Inserting RAM Memory Modules FIGURE 2-12: Inserting RAM Memory Modules. DESKTOP RAM Source: Kingston Technology Corporation NOTEBOOK RAM Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Characteristics of RAM Volatile Measured in bytes (amount dependent on CPU and operating system) Most personal computers use SDRAM Double-Data Rate (DDR) RAM sends data twice as often as ordinary SDRA M or prior versions of RAM DDR2, DDR3, DDR4 Dual-channel memory architecture has two paths that go to and from memory; tri-channel (three paths) and quad-channel (four paths) memory architecture used for higher performance Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Memory Addressing Each location in memory has an FIGURE 2-13: Memory addressing. address Usually stored in one or more consecutive addresses, depending on its size Computer system sets up and maintains directory tables to facilitate retrieval of the data Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Registers and ROM Registers are high-speed memory locations built into the CPU Used to store data and intermediary results during processing Fastest type of memory ROM (read-only memory) consists of non-volatile chips located on the motherboard into which data or programs have been permanently stored Retrieved by the computer when needed Being replaced with flash memory Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Flash Memory Flash memory consists of nonvolatile memory chips that can be used for storage Have begun to replace ROM for storing system information (B IOS) Stores firmware for personal computers and other devices Built into many types of devices (tablets, smartphones, and digital cameras) for user storage Built into some storage devices (solid-state hard drives, USB flash drives, etc.) Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Fans, Heat Sinks, and Other Cooling Components Fans are used on most personal computers to help cool the CPU and system unit Heat is an ongoing problem for CPU and computer manufacturers Can damage components Cooler chips run faster Heat sinks are small components typically made out of aluminum with fins that help to dissipate heat Some portable computers and virtually all mobile devices don’t include a fan; instead thermal transfer materials are used to spread out the heat generated Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Other Types of Cooling Systems Liquid cooling systems Cool the computer with liquid-filled tubes Immersion cooling Hardware is actually submerged into units filled with a liquid cooling solution Notebook cooling stand Cools the underside of a notebook computer Other cooling methods, such as ion pump cooling systems, are under development Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Examples of Computer Cooling Methods FIGURE 2-14: Computer cooling methods. DESKTOP COMPUTERS SERVERS Source: Belkin International, Inc. Can use fans, heat sinks, and Often use liquid cooling systems; NOTEBOOK COMPUTERS liquid cooling systems to cool an immersion cooling system is shown here. Often have at least one internal fan; the inside of the computer. notebook cooling stands can be used to cool the underside of the computer. Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards An expansion slot is a location on the motherboard into which expansion cards are inserted An expansion card is a circuit board inserted into an expansion slot Used to add additional functionality or to attach a peripheral device Smaller devices may integrate capabilities directly into the device USB adapters can be used with portable computers and some mobile devices Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Examples of Expansion Cards and Adapters FIGURE 2-15: Expansion cards and adapters. Source: TRENDnet; Intel Corporation Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Buses A bus is an electronic path within a computer over which data travels Located within the CPU and etched onto the motherboard An expansion bus connects the CPU to peripheral (typically input and output) devices The memory bus connects the CPU directly to RAM The frontside bus (FSB) connects the CPU to the chipset that connects the CPU to the rest of the bus architecture Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Examples of Buses and Expansion Slots FIGURE 2-16: Buses and expansion slots. Buses transport data from one component to another. Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  PCI, PCIe, and USB The PCI bus used to be the most common type of expansion bus Today, PCI Express (PCIe) buses are more common PCIe ×16 is a 16-bit bus and is used to connect monitors to a computer PCIe ×1 is a 1-bit bus and is used to connect other peripherals PCIe buses are extremely fast A universal serial bus (USB) connects USB devices to a computer 127 different devices can connect via a single USB port Extremely versatile Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ports and Connectors A port is a connector on the exterior of a computer’s system unit to which a device may be attached Typical desktop computer ports HDMI to connect a monitor (VGA and Digital Video Interface (DVI) are older standards) Network ports connect a device to a wired network USB ports connect USB devices; can be USB-C Others include IrDA and Bluetooth ports, flash memory card slots, audio ports, eS ATA ports, and Thunderbolt ports (Apple) Most computers support the Plug and Play standard USB and Thunderbolt devices are hot-swappable Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Examples of Typical Ports and Connectors FIGURE 2-17: Typical ports. FIGURE 2-18: Typical connectors. Source: Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Source: Belkin International, Inc. Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. USB Hubs USB hubs connect multiple devices to a single USB port FIGURE 2-19: USB hubs. This USB hub is used to connect multiple USB-A and USB-C devices to a single USB-C port.. Source: Nonda Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. How It Works USB-C Both ends of a USB-C cable are the same Traditional USB cables have two different connectors: USB-A and USB-B Very fast Can charge and power portable computers Many types of adapters and multiport adapter cables available Source: Belkin International, Inc. USB-C ports are oval shaped; cables are reversible and interchangeable. Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ports and Connectors: Tablets and Smartphones Tablets have ports similar to desktop computers, but often not as many Connecting a tablet to a tablet dock can provide additional connectivity options Smartphones have more limited expansion capabilities Usually have a USB port Some have a flash memory card slot Some have a Subscriber Identify Module (SIM) slot to hold a SIM card Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Examples of Typical Ports for Tablets and Tablet Docks FIGURE 2-20: Typical ports for tablets and tablet docks. Source: Microsoft Corporation Source: Toshiba TABLET TABLET DOCK Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. How the CPU Works The CPU (central processing unit) consists of a variety of circuitry and components packaged together The transistor is the key element of the microprocessor Made of semi-conductor material that controls the flow of electrons inside a chip Today’s CPU s contain hundreds of millions of transistors; the number doubles about every 18 months (Moore’s Law) Electronic impulses move from one part of the CPU to another to process data The architecture and components included in a C PU (referred to as microarchitecture) vary from processor to processor Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Inside the Industry Moore’s Law In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors per square inch on chips had doubled every two years and that trend would continue Moore’s Law is still relevant today for processors as well as other computer components Source: Intel Corporation George Moore (1970) Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CPU Core Components (1 of 2) The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic involving integers and logical operations The floating point unit (FPU) performs decimal arithmetic The control unit coordinates and controls activities within a CPU core The prefetch unit attempts to retrieve data and instructions before they are needed for processing in order to avoid delays Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CPU Core Components (2 of 2) The decode unit translates instructions from the prefetch unit so that they are understood by the control unit, ALU, and FPU The registers and internal cache memory store data and instructions needed by the CPU The bus interface unit allows the core to communicate with other CPU components Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Inside a CPU Core FIGURE 2-21: Inside a CPU core. Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The System Clock The system clock is a timing mechanism within the computer system that synchronizes the computer’s operations Located on the motherboard Sends out a signal on a regular basis to all computer components Each signal is a cycle Number of cycles per second is measured in hertz (H z) One megahertz = one million ticks of the system clock Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Clock Speed Computers can run at a multiple or fraction of the system clock speed Many PC system clocks run at 200 MHz; all devices run at a fraction or multiplier of the clock speed A CPU clock speed of 2 GHz means the CPU clock “ticks” 10 times during each system clock tick During each CPU clock tick, one or more pieces of microcode are processed A CPU with a higher clock speed processes more instructions per second than the same CPU with a lower CPU clock speed Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Machine Cycle A machine cycle occurs whenever FIGURE 2-22: A machine cycle. A the CPU processes a single piece machine cycle is typically accomplished in four steps. of microcode It consists of four operations: Fetch Decode Execute Store Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Making Computers Faster and Better Now and in the Future (1 of 2) Improving the Performance of Your System FIGURE 2-24: Windows Disk Today Cleanup. Can help free up room on your hard drive. Add more memory Perform system maintenance Uninstall programs properly Remove unnecessary programs from the Startup list Place unneeded large files on external storage Delete temporary files Error-check your hard drive Scan for viruses and spyware Clean out the dust Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Making Computers Faster and Better Now and in the Future (2 of 2) Buy a larger or second hard drive Can be internal or external Move files from your primary drive to make it faster Upgrade your Internet connection Various types of connections and speeds are available Upgrade your video graphics card PCs with integrated graphics can typically have a graphics card added Graphics cards can be upgraded if needed Some notebooks switch to integrated graphics when using battery power to extend battery life Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Strategies for Making Faster and Better Computers: Pipelining Pipelining allows multiple instructions to be processed at one time A new instruction begins as soon as the previous instruction completes a stage of the machine cycle FIGURE 2-25: Pipelining. Pipelining streamlines the machine cycle by executing different stages of multiple instructions at the same time so that the different parts of the CPU are idle less often. Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Multiprocessing and Parallel Processing Using more than one processor or processor core is common today Multiprocessing: Each processor or core typically works on a different job to process these jobs faster than with a single processor Parallel processing: Multiple processors or cores work together to process a single job as fast as possible Multithreading: the ability of a CPU (or software) to execute multiple streams of instructions (called threads) within a single program at the same time Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Improved Architecture and Materials (1 of 2) Improved architecture Smaller components, faster memory, faster bus speeds, increasing number of CPU cores, integrated GPUs, support for virtualization, and increased 3 D graphics processing Improved materials Traditionally, CPUs used aluminum circuitry on silicon chips Alternate materials include copper chips, and high-k, germanium and other III-V materials Graphene consists of flat sheets are carbon one atom tall Lightest and strongest known material Graphene chips are faster than silicon chips and require less power Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Improved Architecture and Materials (2 of 2) Improved materials (continued) FIGURE 2-26: Flexible smartphone. Flexible electronic components Can be bent without damaging circuitry Thinner, lighter, generate less heat, and consume less power than conventional processors Needed for flexible devices, wearable clothing, etc. Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Trend Smart Clothing Is the next trend in wearable technology Contains flexible circuitry and sensors, wireless connectivity, and a battery Can monitor your physical activity Transmits 3D information about your activities Syncs data to your smartphone Smart fabric is under development Source: Google ATAP Smart fabric. Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3D Chips 3D chips pack a number of FIGURE 2-27: Tri-Gate transistor. In this 3D components layered onto small transistor, the electrical current (represented by chips the yellow dots) flows on three sides of a vertical fin. Cuts down on the surface area required Especially important with notebook computers and mobile devices Memory cells are stacked on top of one another in layers For CPUs, the transistors are layered Source: Intel Corporation Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is the science of creating tiny computers and components less than 100 nanometers in size Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are tiny, hollow tubes of graphene Great potential for many applications Used in TVs, solar cells, light bulbs, consumer products like surfboards, and computing products like memory Carbon nanotube fibers conduct heat and electricity like a metal wire Nanofilters that can remove contaminants from water sources Nanosensors that can detect cancer-causing toxins or cancer drugs inside single living cells Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Examples of Nanotechnology FIGURE 2-28: Wafer containing CNT FIGURE 2-29: Carbon nanotube fibers. This light transistors. bulb is powered and held in place by two carbon nanotube fibers. Source: Norbert von der Groeben/Stanford University Source: Jeff Fitlow/Rice University Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Terascale/Exascale Computing High-performance computing (HPC) Terascale computing is the ability of a computer to process one trillion floating point operations per second (teraflops) Research is focusing on creating multi-core processors with tens to hundreds of cores used in conjunction with multithreaded hardware and software to achieve teraflop performance The next development is expected to be exascale computing that can process data at exaflop (1,000 petaflops) speeds Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Quantum Computing Quantum computing applies the FIGURE 2-30: Quantum computers. This principles of quantum physics and vial of liquid contains a 7-qubit computer. quantum mechanics to computers Utilizes atoms or nuclei working together as quantum bits (qubits) Qubits function simultaneously as the computer’s processor and memory and can represent more than two states Used for specialized applications, such as encryption and code breaking Source: IBM Research, Almaden Research Center. Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Optical Computing and Silicon Photonics Optical computers use light to perform digital computations Can be smaller and faster than electronic computers Opto-electronic computers use both optical and electronic components Silicon photonics uses light for data transfers within and among silicon chips Expected to be used to transfer very large quantities of data at very high speeds between chips in servers, mainframes, and supercomputers Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Summary Data and Program Representation Inside the System Unit How the CPU Works Making Computers Faster and Better Now and in the Future Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Thank you for diligently going over the material. Good luck on your quiz. Stay well everyone. Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.