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History of ICT Computer is any device which aids humans in performing ICT, or information and communications technology (or various kinds of computations or calculations. technologies), is the infrastructure and components that...

History of ICT Computer is any device which aids humans in performing ICT, or information and communications technology (or various kinds of computations or calculations. technologies), is the infrastructure and components that Three principal characteristics of computer: enable modern computing. It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined Uses of ICT In Our Daily Lives manner. - Communication It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions. - Job Opportunities It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data. - Education Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives - Socializing 1. Business Impact of ICT in The Society 2. Education Positive impacts of Information and Communication 3. Healthcare Technology 4. Retail and Trade Access to information 5. Government Improved access to education, e.g. distance learning and 6. Marketing online tutorials. 7. Science New tools, new opportunities: ICT gives access to new tools 8. Publishing that did not previously exist: digital cameras, photo-editing 9. Arts and Entertainment software and high quality printers 10. Communication Communication: Cost savings by using e.g. VoIP instead of 11. Banking and Finance normal telephone. 12. Transport Information management: Data mining of customer 13. Navigation information to produce lists for targeted advertising. 14. Working From Home Improved stock control, resulting in less wastage, better cash 15. Military flow, etc. 16. Social and Romance Security: ICT solves or reduces some security problems, e.g. 17. Booking Vacations Encryption methods can keep data safe from unauthorized 18. Security and Surveillance people 19. Weather Forecasting ICT allows people to participate in a wider, even worldwide, 20. Robotics society. History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods Distance learning: students can access teaching materials Earliest Computers originally calculations were computed by from all over the world. humans, whose job title was computers. ICT facilitates the ability to perform ‘impossible’ These human computers were typically engaged in the experiments’ by using simulations. calculation of a mathematical expression. Creation of new more interesting jobs. The calculations of this period were specialized and Negative impacts of Information and Communication expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics. Technology The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, Job loss: Manual operations being replaced by automation. referring to a person who carried out calculations, or Reduced personal interaction: Most people need some form computations, and the word continued to be used in that of social interaction in their daily sense until the middle of the 20th century. Reduced physical activity: This can lead to health problems a) Tally sticks - A tally stick was an ancient memory aid such as obesity, heart disease, and diabetes. device to record and document numbers, quantities, or Cost: A lot of ICT hardware and software is expensive, both even messages. to purchase and to maintain. b) Abacus - An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an Competition: If the organization is competing for individual in performing mathematical calculations. customers, donations, or other means of funding nationally or The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C. even internationally, they may lose out to other organizations The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first that can offer the same service for less money. used in China in around 500 B.C. Definition of Computer It used to perform basic arithmetic operations. Computer is a programmable machine. c) Napier’s Bones Computer is an electronic device that manipulates Invented by John Napier in 1614. information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate process data. square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a them in specially constructed boards. list of instructions (program). d) Slide Rule Invented by William Oughtred in 1622. Invented by Professor John Atanasoff, graduate student Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms. Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and Used primarily for – multiplication – division – roots – 1942. logarithms – Trigonometry p) ENIAC Not normally used for addition or subtraction. ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and e) Pascaline Computer. Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. It was the first electronic general-purpose computer. It was its limitation to addition and subtraction. Completed in 1946. It is too expensive. Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. f) Stepped Reckoner q) UNIVAC 1 Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672. The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide first commercial automatically. computer. g) Jacquard Loom Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by r) EDVAC Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881. EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards. Computer h) Arithmometer The First Stored Program Computer mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in Designed by Von Neumann in 1952. 1820, It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as The first reliable, useful and commercially successful data. calculating machine. s) The First Portable Computer The machine could perform the four basic mathematic Osborne 1 – the first portable computer. functions. Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation. The first mass-produced calculating machine. t) The First Computer Company i) Difference Engine and Analytical Engine The first computer company was the Electronic Controls It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate Company. polynomial functions. Founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834 Basic Computing Periods - Ages It is the first mechanical computer. a. Premechanical j) First Computer Programmer The premechanical age is the earliest age of information In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use technology. It can be defined as the time between 3000B.C. the binary system. and 1450A.D. We are talking about a long time ago. When She writes programs for the Analytical Engine. humans first started communicating they would try to use k) Scheutzian Calculation Engine language or simple picture drawings known as petroglyths Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843. which were usually carved in rock. Early alphabets were Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine. developed such as the Phoenician alphabet. The first printing calculator. b. Mechanical l) Tabulating Machine The mechanical age is when we first start to see connections Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890. between our current technology and its ancestors. The To assist in summarizing information and accounting. mechanical age can be defined as the time between 1450 and m) Harvard Mark 1 1840. Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled c. Electromechanical Calculator (ASCC). The electromechanical age can be defined as the time Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943 between 1840 and 1940. These are the beginnings of The first electro-mechanical computer. telecommunication. The telegraph was created in the early n) Z1 1800s. Morse code was created by Samuel Morse in 1835.The The first programmable computer. telephone (one of the most popular forms of communication Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938. ever) was created by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. The first To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape radio developed by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894. The first into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated large-scale automatic digital computer in the United States through punch tape. was the Mark 1 created by Harvard University around 1940. o) Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) This computer was 8ft high, 50ft long, 2ft wide, and It was the first electronic digital computing device. weighed 5 tons - HUGE. d. Electronic THE WEB AND IT’S EVOLTUTION The electronic age is what we currently live in. It can be World Wide Web defined as the time between 1940 and right now. The ENIAC The development of the World Wide Web(WWW) was begun was the first high-speed, digital computer capable of being in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee and his colleagues at CERN, an reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. international scientific organization based in Geneva, This computer was designed to be used by the U.S. Army for Switzerland. They created a protocol, HyperText Transfer artillery firing tables. Protocol (HTTP), which standardized communication between History of Computer: Generations of Computer servers and clients. Their text-based Web browser was made There are five generations of computer: available for general release in January 1992. First generation – 1946 to 1958 WEB 1.0 THE STATIC WEB Second generation – 1959 to 1964 The first version of the Web 1.0 invented by Tim Burners-Lee Third generation – 1965 to 1970 lasted a decade from 1990, often called the "Read-Only Web", Fourth generation – 1971 to Today was a place where content was consumed but not interacted Fifth generation – Today to future with. Websites were like digital brochures, providing a. The First Generation information but lacking the dynamic interactivity we associate The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and with today's internet. magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, Things works in WEB 1.0 taking up entire rooms. First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. b. The Second Generation Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes. Allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable. Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic Examples: UNIVAC III, RCA 501, Philco Transact S-2000, NCR 300 series, IBM 7030 Stretch, IBM 7070, 7080, 7090 series c. The Third Generation WEB 2.0 INTERACTIVE WEB The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of Web 2.0 is referred to as the Social web or the “read-write the third generation of computers. Transistors were web” by Dale Dougherty from 2000 to 2010. Web 2.0 miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called brought about an explosion of user-generated content and semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and social interaction. efficiency of computers. It could carry out instructions in In Web 2.0 you have a distribution relationship billionths of a second. Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second-generation computers. d. The Fourth Generation The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. e. The Fifth Generation Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in development. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.  WEB 3.0 INTELLIGENT WEB INTERNET Web 3.0 was devised by John Markoff of the New York Times Internet or “net” is the largest computer network in the world in 2006. is the envisioned next evolution of the internet, that connects billions of computer user. Internet comes from aiming to address concerns with Web 2.0 such as combination between “interconnection” and “network”. centralization and data control. It leverages technologies like Network is a collection of computers and devices connected blockchain, artificial intelligence, and the semantic web. via communication channels and transmission media allow to EXAMPLES: share resources (hardware, software, data, information). Databases Integration BRIEF HISTORY OF INTERNET Video Web ARPA – Advanced Research Project Agency January 2, 1969 – 3D Web started an experimental computer network. Concept – No Web 4.0: “The Connected or Immersive Web” server, but equal importance/participation to every computer Web 4.0 represents a promising vision for the future of the in the network. In 1982 the word internet started. 1986 – First internet that is more immersive, interconnected, and “ free net” created in Case Western Reserve University 1991: intelligent. The current trajectory of technological US government allowed business agencies to connect to advancements suggests a future where the web is seamlessly internet. Vinton Gray Cerf ForMemRS is an American Internet integrated with our physical reality, creating a fusion of virtual pioneer and is recognized as one of "the fathers of the and tangible experiences. Internet" sharing this title with TCP/IP co-developer Bob Kahn. EXAMPLES: MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE INTERNET Smart Homes and IoT Devices 1. Servers – is a computer program that provides service to Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Applications another computer program and its user. Advanced AI Systems TYPES OF SERVER Smart Cities and IoT Infrastructure Application Server – a program in computer that Immersive Learning Platforms provides the business logic for an application program. Health Tech and Remote Monitoring Web Server – a computer program that serves requested Web 5.0: “The Decentralized Web Platform” HTML pages or files. Web 5.0 represents a new era of the internet that is user- Proxy Server – a software that acts as an intermediary centric and emphasizes decentralization. This new phase is between an endpoint device, such as computer and focused on giving more control back to the user when it another server from which a user is requesting. comes to their data and identity, promising a web that is more Mail Server – is an application that receives incoming e- private, secure, and fair. mail from local users and remote senders and forward EXAMPLES: outgoing e-mail for delivery Decentralized Social Media Platforms File Server – is a computer responsible for central storage Decentralized Finance (DeFi) Platforms and management of data files so that other computer on Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) the same network can access them. Self-Sovereign Identity Platforms Policy Server – is a security component of a policy – Data Marketplaces based network that provides authorization services and Interoperable Gaming Platforms facilities tracking and control of files. Web 6.0: “The Hyper-Personalized and Integrated Web” 2. IP Address (Internet Protocol) – numerical label assigned Web 6.0 is a vision of the future web that could involve hyper- to each device. Provides identity to a network device. personalization, advanced AI, quantum computing, and fully 3. Browser – is an application program that provides a way integrated web experiences. This stage represents a to look information on the web. significant leap from the current state of the web, introducing 4. Domain Name System (DNS) – phonebook of internet. technologies and concepts that may seem futuristic but are We access information online through domain names. already on the horizon. 5. Internet Service Provide (ISP) –organization that provides EXAMPLES: services for accessing, using or participating in internet. TWO TYPES OF ISP Hyper-Personalized Services National ISP – provided internet access to a specific Integrated Reality geographic area. Advanced Healthcare Regional ISP – business that provides internet access in Quantum-powered Applications cities and towns nationwide. Autonomous Transportation Systems USES OF INTERNET Decentralized Autonomous Societies - Look for information - School works, jobs, home Personalized Learning - Send/receive e-mail - Video teleconferencing - Buy and sell product - Social networking - Watch & post videos - Games ethnicity, contributing to social stratification and - Take college courses - Monitor home while away limitations in upward mobility. - Financial transactions - Download music/movies 3. Democratic Divide - Inequities in using ICT for political BASIC INTERNET TERMINOLOGIES engagement and participation, affecting democratic ✓ Internet - A global network of thousands of computer processes and civic involvement. networks linked by data lines and wireless systems. ECONOMIC IMPACT - ICT infrastructure influences ✓ Web – a collection of billions of webpages that you can economic growth, enabling businesses to innovate, view with a web browser expand, and compete globally. ✓ Email –common method to send/receive message online SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES - Lack of ICT access hinders online ✓ Social media – websites and apps that allow people to education, job opportunities, and social interactions, share comments, photos, and videos perpetuating social disparities and limiting progress. ✓ Online gaming – games that allow people to play with EFFORT TO BRIDGE DIVIDE - initiative like expand broadband, and against each other over the Internet promoting digital literacy, ensuring affordable access aim to ✓ Software updates – operating system and application reduce digital gap and create more inclusive opportunities. updates can typically download from the Internet GLOBAL DIVIDE ✓ HTML - Hypertext Markup Language is a coding language Industrialized vs. Developing Countries - Internet Usage used to tell a browser how to place pictures, text, Disparity (3.4B – Internet Users, 2.7B – non-internet users) multimedia and links to create a web page. SOCIAL DIVIDE ✓ URL - Uniform Resource Locator is a web address used to Variations within a country influenced by income, education, connect to a remote resource on the world wide web. age, and ethnicity. Example: Urban vs. Rural Internet Access ✓ Bit - single digit in the binary numbering system (base 2). ✓ Byte - generally consists of eight bits. ✓ Upload - transfer data from your computer to another ✓ Download - transfer data from other computer to yours. ✓ HTTPS – (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure). The web page has a special layer of encryption added to hide your personal information and passwords from others. ✓ Router - modem combination is the hardware device that DEMOCRATIC DIVIDE - Disparities in the use of ICT for political acts as the traffic cop for network signals arriving at your engagement & participation home or business from your ISP. Access to digital platforms for Political campaign ✓ Encryption - mathematical scrambling of data so that it is Online voting systems hidden from eavesdroppers. Uses complex math formulas to turn private data into meaningless gobbledygook. Digital Activism ✓ Web Bot - A term that applies to programs/applets Economic Impact (macros and intelligent agents) used on the Internet. ✓ Higher Growth in ICT-rich countries – 4.5% ✓ Search Engine - specialized software, such as Google and ✓ Value of Global ICT market - $1.5 trillions Yahoo, that lets www browser users search for ✓ Efficiency Gains through ICT – 60% information on the web by using keywords, phrases. ✓ Struggles of ICT-poor region – 30% DIGITAL DIVIDE Social and Educational Consequences Information and Communication Technology (ICT)has become - Limited access to online education and job opportunities an integral part of modern society, influencing various aspects - Further social satisfaction & limited upward mobility of daily life, from education and health care to business and - Challenges for students from low income households social interactions. However, benefits of ICT are not evenly BRIDGING THE GAP distributed, leading to the “digital divide.” Efforts and strategies to address digital divide Digital divide - gap between individuals/households/business 1.Government policies 2.Non-Profit Initiatives & geographic areas at different socio-economic levels about 3.Private sector investment opportunities to access info. and communication technologies 4.Expanding broadband infrastructure and their use of the Internet for a wide variety of activities. 5. Affordable access to digital Devices DIGITAL DIVIDE TYPES 6.Promote Digital Literacy program 1. Geographic Location - rural areas and remote community often lack adequate broadband infrastructure, making internet access unreliable or unavailable. 2. Social Divide - Variations in ICT access within a country based on factors like income, education, age, and  GENERATION COHORT Each generational cohort has experienced the evolution of The concept of generational cohorts was first proposed by the technology in different ways, leading to varied levels of digital German sociologist Karl Mannheim in his 1923 essay "The literacy, communication preferences, and attitudes toward Problem of Generations". He suggested that a generation technology. Understanding these generational differences is shares a common perspective because they live through the crucial where technological advancements influence same major events at similar stages of life, leading them to everything from work environments to education and social develop similar attitudes, values, and behaviors. interactions. William Strauss and Neil Howe generational theory in their 1991 book Generations: The History of America’s Future, 1584 to 2069, in this book, they identified and defined generational cohorts based on recurring cycles of generational traits and historical events. A generational cohort refers to a group of individuals who were born during the same period and share everyday historical, cultural, and societal experiences. Generational cohorts are often used to categorize and analyze people based on the era in which they were born INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT - is a complex issue, impacted by Silent Generation (1928 – 1945). These years span from the various factors, including generational differences. beginning of the Great Depression to the end of World War II. GENERATION GAP - is the difference in values, beliefs, and People born during this time are also sometimes called “Radio opinions that exist between members of varying generations. Babies” or “Traditionalists.” THE GENERATIONS Baby Boomers(1946 -1964). This generation grew up in the The Traditionalists - (The Veteran Generation) Born between immediate post-war era, as the American economy was 1925-1945 The economic and political uncertainty that they rapidly growing, “booming,” post-WWII. It was a period of experienced led them to be hard working, financially growing social consciousness with the dawn of the Civil Rights conservative, and cautious. They do not like the change, they Movement. are not very risk tolerant, have a respect for authority and Generation X (1965 – 1980), "Forgotten" or "Latchkey" hard work. Set and obey rules. generation. They grew up during a time of social and economic The Baby Boomers - Were brought up in an abundant, healthy shifts, such as the end of the Vietnam War, Cold War tensions, post-war economy, becoming an egocentric generation. Their and the rise of personal technology. lifestyle revolves around the fact that they live to work. The Millennial - Generation Y(1981 – 1996), are the first generation Generation X - Was the first generation raised on “to do lists” to grow up with the internet and digital technology. Known for and grew up with high rate of blended families. They were prioritizing education, they have faced economic challenges also brought up in the shadow of the influential boomer like student debt and the 2008 financial crisis, leading to generation. They witnessed their parents sacrifice greatly for delayed traditional milestones. their companies. In opposition to the hard driving Boomers Generation Z( 1997 – 2012), is the first generation to grow up who live to work, they work to live and view the world with a entirely in the digital age, making them highly tech-savvy and little cynicism and distrust. connected. Known for their diversity and global awareness, The Millenials - Has been portrayed as the next big they are strong advocates for social justice, climate change, generation, an enormously powerful group that has the sheer and equality. numbers to transform every life stage it enters. Also the first Generation ALPHA (2012 ONWARDS) is the first generation to to grow up with computers and the Internet as a significant be raised entirely in a world dominated by digital technology. part of their lives. Constant experience in the networked They are growing up surrounded by smartphones, tablets, AI, world has had a profound impact on their style in and smart devices, making them the most technologically approaching problem-solving situations. immersed generation yet. The Generation Z - “zoomers” First social generation to have grown up with access to the Internet and portable digital technology from a young age. Identify as part of the LGBTQ+community themselves. BRIDGING THE GENERATION GAP 1. Facilitate Intergenerational Dialogue: Encourage platforms for discussion across generations. 2. Leverage Technology and Social Media: Engage all generations on digital platforms. 3. Collaborative Decision-Making: Ensure diverse generational representation in policy. 4. Focus on Common Values: Emphasize peace, security, and human welfare shared across generations. IMPORTANCE OF CROSS GENERATIONAL COLLABORATION - Diverse Perspectives. - Increased Innovation. - Enhanced Problem Solving. - Sustainable Solutions. ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN BRIDGING GENERATIONS DIGITAL PLATFORMS - Social media, online forums, and video conferencing tools facilitate communication and connection. E-LEARNING - Online courses and educational platforms provide opportunities for knowledge sharing and skill development across generations. VIRTUAL COLLABORATION - Project management tools and collaborative workplaces enable seamless teamwork, regardless of location or age. DIGITAL STORYTELLING - Using digital tools to share personal experiences and perspectives can foster understanding and bridge generational gaps. Managing international conflict requires a comprehensive approach that considers the perspectives of all generations. By embracing diversity, fostering understanding, and leveraging the power of technology, we can work together to create a more peaceful and harmonious world.