Kinesiology Exam Study Guides PDF

Exam 1 Kinesiology: the physical, emotional, philosophical, and sociocultural aspects of P.A. Movement: any changes in the position of any of your body parts relative to one another - examples: blinking, breathing Physical activity: an activity that is intentional, voluntary, directed toward ac...

Exam 1 Kinesiology: the physical, emotional, philosophical, and sociocultural aspects of P.A. Movement: any changes in the position of any of your body parts relative to one another - examples: blinking, breathing Physical activity: an activity that is intentional, voluntary, directed toward achieving an identifiable goal - examples: dance, sports, jumping Exercise: physical activity performed to improve the health, performance, or appearance of your body - examples: weightlifting, running ADLs: activity of daily living- personal behaviors related to grooming - examples: eating, bathing, dressing IADLs: instrumental ADL- more complex thinking, less personal - examples: cooking, cleaning, laundry Leisure time: more of a state of mind, in which human find deep satisfaction and contentment Subjective experience: one’s individual reaction to events, feelings or other stimuli Direct experience: an activity that includes training, observation of practice, or personal participation What are the subdisciplines of Kinesiology? Biomechanics, exercise physiology, motor learning, sport history, sport and exercise psychology What are the seven spheres of physical activity experience? 1. Self-sufficiency: ADLs, IADLs, Home maintenance 2. Self-expression: yoga, dancing, martial arts 3. Work: writing, typing 4. Education: writing, using calculator, P.E. 5. Leisure: playing sports at rec. center, golfing, walking 6. Health: good hygiene 7. Competition: sports Free time: personal time not encumbered with obligations What are factors that affect someone’s decision to participate in physical activity and how they feel during it?  - Social environment: geography, local p.a. culture - Personal circumstances: parents, peers, teachers What are the important events that transformed physical activity/kinesiology before 1840? - Native Americans participated in P.A. prior colonization - Motives for colonization impacted P.A. - Puritans colonized for religious reasons What are the important events that transformed physical activity/kinesiology from 1840-1900? - Health issues - Mind-body-soul viewed as one - Restrictions for: women, black pp - U.S. participation in modern Olympics - Beginning of P.E. What are the important events that transformed physical activity/kinesiology from 1900-1950? - Competitive sports rise - 1920s: golden age for sports - Great depression - Growth of research What are the important events that transformed physical activity/kinesiology from 1950 to present day? - Adults became active in 60s-70s- running - Enthusiasm of Americans: participants and spectators - Title IX: 1972; women participating in sports - Franklin Henry How can you spot a quality research article? - Rule of perspective: author’s relationship to the events - Rule of context: documents language in relation to what words meant to pp in society Exam 2 Motor behavior: changes occur to meet our needs across the lifespan Motor control: study of how the CNS is organized so muscles produce movement Motor learning: study of how movements are produced by practice/ permanent change Motor development: study of the process changes across the lifespan Biomechanics: study of motion & the effect of forces on the body Feedback: it provides knowledge of performance and results - Intrinsic feedback: information obtained for yourself (as a performer) - Extrinsic feedback: information by an outside source (referee, coach) - Concurrent feedback: given during the movement - Terminal feedback: given after the movement - Knowledge of performance feedback: focuses on quality of movement - Knowledge of results feedback: focuses on outcome of movement Imagery: creating or recreating an experience in one’s mind Action observation: watching someone else perform a movement Retention: ability to store, maintain, and recall information or skills overtime Kinetics: push of pull acting on the body Kinematics: description of motion/ characteristics of motion (ignoring the forces) Forces: push or pull acting on a body Degrees of freedom: the total number of independent movements needed to completely disrobe the position and orientation of a body goals of Motor control: - Understanding how to coordinate the muscles and joints during movement - How to control a sequence of movements - How to adapt environmental information to plan and adjust movements Motor learning: - To understand the influence of feedback, practice, and individual differences, especially as they relate to the retention and transfer of motor skills Motor development: - Acquire functional synergies that can be used to the mover’s advantage - Become a competent mover - Become an efficient mover Biomechanics: - To understand how the basic laws of mechanical physics an engineering affect and shape the structure and function of the human body - To apply this understanding to help improve performance effectiveness (the outcome of movements) and/or to increase or maintain the safety and health of our tissues What are the three stages of skill acquisition? 1. Cognitive stage: early stages of learning, high cognitive demand, many large errors 2. Associative stage: after some practice, errors become more consistent, smaller, less frequent 3. Autonomous stage: task is automatic, no longer have to think about the skill What do we know about Franklin Henry? Landmark study (memory drum theory) was one of the first major kinesiology studies What is Schmidt’s Schema Theory? A movement involves generalized motor program What are the three planes of motion in biomechanics. 1. Mediolateral 2. Anteroposterior 3. Longitudinal What are Newton’s Three Laws? Please include names, descriptions, and examples. 1. Inertia- an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon 2. Acceleration- the rate of change of the movement of a body is directly proportional to the applied force 3. Action- reaction- for every action there is an equal but opposite reaction The most common forces acting on a human performer: Friction, Gravity, Ground Reaction Forces, Air or Water Resistance What are practical applications of biomechanics? To apply this understanding to help improve performance effectiveness and/or increase or maintain the safety and health of our tissues What are practical applications of motor behavior? Sport performing, coaching, P.T. rehab, ergonomics Exam 3 Exercise physiology: - The identification and study of the physiologic mechanisms underlying physical activity and the body’s response and adaptation to exercise - refers to how the body normally functions and responds during activity Acute physiological response to exercise: - Immediate changes that occur in the body during and shortly after a single bout of P.A. - Examples: increased H.R. respiratory rate, blood pressure, body temp, blood flow Chronic physiological response to exercise: - Long-term adaptations the body undergoes with regular exercise over time - Examples: increased muscle mass and strength, improved cardiovascular efficiency, increased lung capacity, metabolism Muscular endurance: A muscle’s ability to exert force repeatedly over a prolonged period Muscular strength: Maximal amount of force exerted by a muscle or group of muscles Isometric muscle contraction: Producing a contraction or force without changing the length of the muscle Isotonic muscle contraction: Producing a contraction or force with changes in muscle length - Concentric: muscle contraction causes muscle shortening - Eccentric: muscle contraction causing muscle lengthening Isokinetic muscle contraction: Producing a contraction or force with changes in muscle length at a constant angular velocity Progressive overload: Stress must be gradually increased on a physiological system or tissue for improvements to occur Reversibility: When you stop overloading the system, the training adaptation are lost Specificity: If you want to use resistance training to improve your performance in a given sport, then you must select exercises that match (as closely as possible) the techniques and energy systems used in the chosen Cardiac output: Amount of blood pumped through the heart per minute, a function of both heart rate & stroke volume Stroke volume: Amount of blood pumped per beat Heart rate: Number of heart beats per minute Ventilation: Process of moving air in and out of the lungs to help gas exchange, delivering oxygen to the body and removing carbon dioxide Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max): Maximum amount of oxygen the body can use during intense exercise Minute volume (VOE): The amount of air exhaled per minute Tidal volume: Amount of air exhaled per breath Breathing rate: Breaths per minute What are the goals of exercise physiology? - To understand how to maximize physical performance - To understand how to improve physical function in altered environments, such as high temperature or high- altitude settings - To understand how physical activity and exercise improve health and fitness - To understand how exercise can be used in treating and preventing disease and alleviating symptoms of disease - To understand adaptations in physiology and pathophysiology in response to physical activity What are examples of measurement tools used in lab settings? - Ergometers, treadmills, leg and arm cycles, swimming What are examples of measurement tools used in field settings? - Pedometers, accelerometers Who are these figures? o Antoine Lavoisier and Pierre de LaPlace: Studied that Oxygen consumption is linked to energy production o August Krogh: Known for capillary circulation and oxygen diffusion in muscles  o A.V. Hill: Research on muscle function, heat production and oxygen consumption What were some things studied in these labs? o Harvard Fatigue Lab: Exercise physiology, metabolism, environmental stress (heat, cold, altitude) and human performance o Karpovich Lab at Springfield College: biomechanics, strength training, and the physiological effects of exercise. How are muscles, muscle fibers, and myofibrils related? Muscle are made up of muscle fibers, which are individual muscle cells, within each fiber there are myofibrils o Where are the contractile elements? - Located in the myofibrils, in the sarcomeres What are slow-twitch fibers? What is their rate of contraction, force generation, and resistance to fatigue? When are they used? - Muscle fibers specialized for endurance activities - contraction: slow - force generation: low - resistance to fatigue: high - when used: long-intensity activities (walking, jogging) What are fast-oxidative glycolytic fibers? What is their rate of contraction, force generation, and resistance to fatigue? When are they used? - Intermediate muscle fibers that use both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism - Rate of contraction: fast - Force generation: moderate to high - Resistance to fatigue: moderate - When used: activities requiring both endurance and power (mid-distance running) What are fast-glycolytic fibers? What is their rate of contraction, force generation, and resistance to fatigue? When are they used? - Muscle fibers specialized for short bursts of power and speed - Rate of contraction: fastest - Force generation: high - Resistance to fatigue: low - When used: during high-intensity activities (sprinting, jumping, lifting) What are two ways in which muscular strength is increased? - isometric (holding a plank)  - Isotonic (lifting weight) - Isokinetic (squeezing) How are the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, and muscles connected? - They work together to deliver oxygen and remove waste products during P.A. - Respiratory system brings oxygen and removes carbon dioxide - Cardiovascular system transports oxygen-rich blood from lungs to muscles - Muscles use oxygen for energy production and generate movement How does the cardiovascular system respond to physical activity? - Increased heart rate – to pump more blood - Increased stroke volume - Increased cardiac output -to deliver more oxygen - Increase blood pressure – to support circulation o Also, what happens to blood distribution during exercise? - More blood is directed to working muscles. Blood flow to skin to help with cooling, and less to digestive organs and kidneys to prioritize muscles What is the resting cardiac output for adults (in liters)? - 4-6 liters (/minute) What is the gold standard for measuring aerobic fitness? - VO2max How does the respiratory system respond to physical activity? - Increased breathing rate - Increased tidal volume - Greater oxygen uptake and CO2 removal o How does this differ for low vs. high intensity exercise? - Low intensity: moderate increase in breathing rate and tidal volume - High intensity: rapid breathing and deeper breaths How does external temperature impact physical activity? - Hot environments: increase sweating, higher H.R. for cooling, greater fatigue - Cold environments: increased metabolic rate, vasoconstriction to preserve core temperature, risk of hypothermia What are the three macronutrients? Protein, fat, carbohydrate What is the recommended amount of PA for improved health and decreased risk of disease? - Aerobic exercise: 150-300 minutes moderate - Strength: 2 days/ week What are potential exercise physiology careers? - University faculty members - Clinics - Hospitals - Research centers Exam 4 Sport and exercise psychology: scientific study of people and their behaviors in sport and exercise activities Personality: sum of characteristics that make a person unique Motivation: a complex set of internal and external forces that directs and energized our behavior - Autonomy: the need to experience choice ad freedom over the types of exercise one participates in - Competence: The need to feel capable in one’s abilities to exercise - Relatedness: The need to feel personally connected with others (e.g., exercise group, friends) Arousal: a state of physical and psychological activation or readiness (neither -/+) Anxiety: a negative response to a stressful situation characterized by apprehension and feelings of threat Stress: a process in which individuals perceive an imbalance between their response capabilities and the demand of the situation Cohesion: a degree to which members work together to achieve a common goal Social loafing: individuals withing the group put forth less effort than 100% Competition: seen as comparing performance relative to other competitors Cooperation: social process by working together to achieve a common goal Psychological skills training: (PST): systematic and consistent practice of mental or psychological skills for the purpose of enhancing performance, increasing enjoyment, or achieving greater sport/physical activity satisfaction - imagery: creating or recreating an experience in one’s mind What are the ABCs of sport and exercise psychology? (+ the D and E) A- affect: feeling B- behavior: actions C- cognitions: thoughts D- dynamic E- ever-changing environment What are the two objectives of sport psychology? - To understand the effects of psychological factors on sport performance. - To understand the effects of participation in sport on psychological development, health, and well-being What kinds of careers/professions are common in sport and exercise psychology? Conducting research, teaching, consulting What is the difference between a sport psychology consultant vs. sport psychologist? - Consultant: do not hold a PhD, focus on education or teaching skills to enhance the performance - Psychologist: does have PhD, licensed practitioner who deals with clinical conditions like depression, anorexia nervosa Even though there is not a specific personality profile for athletes, what personality characteristics are common in elite athletes? Extraverted, conscientious, less neurotic What are SMART goals? S- specific M- measurable A-assignable R- realistic T- timely What are the 3 basic psychological needs? How do they connect to motivation? - Autonomy, competence, relatedness What is the goal of coaching and sport instruction? To help participants in activity setting develop and maintain a moderate to high level of motor skill performance and fitness What are the key differences between a sport instructor and a coach?  - Instructor: beginner/ novice population, spend more time with instructional responsibilities - Coach: more skilled population, spend more time on supplemental responsibilities Community settings: YMCA Institutional settings: schools, institutions Commercial settings: national/ Olympic facilities, private club, professionals Exam 5 Study Guide Key terms  Pedagogy: the art, science, and profession of teaching  Sport pedagogy: the teaching of physical activity  Diagnosis: the process of collecting and analyzing information and then comparing the findings to norms to identify if a problem exists, and, if so, the nature and potential causes of that problem  Rehabilitative therapeutic exercise: the process and treatments that restore skills/ functions that were previously aquired but have been lost because of injury, disease, or behavioral traits (like athletic injuries)  Habilitative therapeutic exercise: the process and treatments of leading to the acquisition of skills/ functions that are considered normal and expected for an individual of a certain age and status ( treating for military/ developmental disorders) Things to understand  What are the goals/objectives of each career as well as key responsibilities? o Group fitness instructor: leader of aerobic classes, outdoor activities, exercise classes for specific populations. shill knowledgeable and dynamic, excellent leadership  Goals: motivate and guide in various form of exercise, improve participants’ overall fitness levels  Responsibilities: lead safe and effective workout session, maintain energy and motivation, modify exercises for different fitness levels. o Health and fitness specialist  Goals: Develop and implement individualized fitness programs, promote healthy lifestyles through physical activity and education   Responsibilities: Assess client fitness levels, Design evidence-based exercise plans, Educate on wellness, nutrition, and stress management, Track and evaluate progress. o Wellness coach  Goals: Help clients make sustainable lifestyle changes, Support physical, emotional, and mental well-being.  Responsibilities: Provide guidance on behavior change strategies, Set and evaluate goals with client, Offer motivation and accountability, Refer to specialists as needed. o Personal trainer  Goals: Improve client strength, endurance, and overall fitness, Educate clients on proper exercise techniques and health habits.  Responsibilities: Perform fitness assessments, Create personalized workout programs, supervise workouts and correct form, Track progress and adjust plans as needed. o Health and fitness director  Goals: Oversee health and fitness programs and staff, Ensure quality and safety of all fitness services.  Responsibilities: Manage budgets, schedules, and staff, develop fitness programs and facility policies, Monitor program effectiveness, Coordinate marketing and outreach efforts. o Public health educator  Goals: Promote health literacy and preventive health behaviors, Improve community health outcomes.  Responsibilities: Create and implement public health campaigns, conduct health assessments and education workshops, Collect and analyze data, Collaborate with organizations and community leaders. o Clinical exercise physiologist  Goals: Help individuals with chronic diseases improve function through exercise, Prevent further health complications via exercise therapy.  Responsibilities: Conduct clinical assessments, Design safe exercise programs for patients with cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic conditions, monitor patients during sessions, Work closely with medical teams. o Physical education teacher  Goals: Promote physical activity and teach motor skills in school-aged children, Encourage lifelong fitness and healthy habits   Responsibilities: Develop and teach PE curriculum, Assess student performance and fitness, Create an inclusive and engaging learning environment, Promote teamwork and positive social interaction.  What are the 5 core aspects of teaching PE? 1. Influence of experience on your beliefs 2. Research on effective teaching 3. Appropriate practice experiences for students 4. Effective class management & discipline 5. Assessments 6. Feedback 7. Alternative curriculums o Physician  Goals: Diagnose, treat, and prevent illness and injury, Promote overall patient health.  Responsibilities: Conduct exams and order tests, develop treatment plans, prescribe medications or therapies, Educate patients and families.  What are the major differences between in MD and DO?  MD: Doctor of Medicine, practice conventional medicine, focusing on diagnosis and treatment  DO: doctor of osteopathic medicine, practice holistic, mind-body-soul approach to care o Chiropractor  Goals: Improve spinal alignment and musculoskeletal function, reduce pain and improve quality of life.  Responsibilities: Perform adjustments and manual therapy, diagnose musculoskeletal issues, Educate on posture, ergonomics, and lifestyle. o Athletic trainer  Goals: Prevent, diagnose, and treat injuries in physically active populations, Support athletes’ health and performance.  Responsibilities: Provide emergency care and first aid, develop rehab and conditioning programs, Collaborate with healthcare professionals and coaches, Document treatment plans and progress.  o Physical therapist  Goals: Restore function, mobility, and reduce pain in patients, Improve quality of life through rehab and physical movement.  Responsibilities: Evaluate patients and create treatment plans, Guide patients through therapeutic exercises, use hands-on techniques and equipment, Educate patients on recovery and prevention. o Occupational therapist  Goals: Help individuals achieve independence in daily activities, Enhance function after injury, illness, or disability.  Responsibilities: Assess and plan treatment for fine motor and cognitive skills, recommend adaptive equipment and modifications, Educate patients and caregivers. o Therapeutic recreation specialist  Goals: improve physical, cognitive, emotional, and social functioning through recreation, Enhance quality of life for people with disabilities or illnesses.  Responsibilities: Plan and lead recreational activities, assess patient needs and progress, Document outcomes and adjust activities. o Orthotists  Goals: Design and fit orthopedic braces (orthoses) to support weakened body parts.  Responsibilities: Evaluate patient needs, create custom orthoses, Fit, adjust, and monitor effectiveness, Collaborate with rehab teams. o Prosthetists  Goals: Design and fit artificial limbs (prostheses) to restore mobility and function.  Responsibilities: Assess amputee patients, Fabricate and fit prosthetic devices, educate patients on use and care, Provide ongoing support and adjustments. Improving health and fitness is accomplished through viewing health and fitness as multifaceted. What are the different facets? o Physical health: ability to carry out daily tasks with vigor o Emotional health: ability to control emotions and express them appropriately and comfortably o Intellectual health: ability to learn; grow from experience, and utilize intellectual capabilities  o Spiritual health: guiding sense of meaning or value in life; may involve belief in some unifying or universal force o Social health: ability to have satisfying interpersonal relationships and interactions w others.  What is the different in diagnostic vs. intervention care? - Diagnostic: identify physiological, anatomical, or biomechanical limitations - Interventions: correct or prevent an identified problem  What are the core competencies of allied health careers? 1. Provide patient-centered care 2. Work in interdisciplinary teams 3. Employ evidence-based practice 4. Appy quality improvements 5. Use informatics  What is the difference between orthotics and prosthetics? - Orthotist: makes braces and splints for people who need added support for body parts - Prosthetist: makes artificial limbs for people with disabilities