Introduction to Counseling Midterm PDF

INTRODUCTION ILO DISCUSSION Directive Counseling is Counseling is Explain the Counseling aimed at helping the central concept of Concept of...

INTRODUCTION ILO DISCUSSION Directive Counseling is Counseling is Explain the Counseling aimed at helping the central concept of Concept of Non directive the individual in aspect of the counseling Counseling Counseling solving problems State the types Meaning of Eclectic whole guidance Counseling Counseling in future and also of counseling programme. All Characteristic Online Counseling enhancing Explain the CONCEPT personal, social, the activities process of s of Process of Counseling emotional, and Services of Counseling OF educational and the guidance counseling Explain the Functions of Stages of Counseling Counseling COUNSELING vocational programme characteristics Principles of Skills of Counseling development. leads to and & skills of Counseling has help in the counselor Counseling Characteristics & Remedial, Describes the Goals of skills of a Counseling Counseling counselor Preventive and role & process. Types of Role & Functions Developmental functions of a of counselor value. counselor Counseling Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec THE CONCEPT OF COUNSELING  Counseling the intimate and vital part of entire guidance. Webster‘s Dictionary defines Counseling as “consultation, mutual interchange of opinions, deliberating together.” Gilbert Wren says 1  Counseling is a dynamic and purposeful relationship between two people who approach a mutually defined problem with mutual consideration for each other to the 2 end that the younger or less mature, or more troubled of the two is aided to a self- determined resolution of his problem”  Counseling is helping a person to come to see who he really is, what he has and 3 does not have, what he can do easily, what he can do with difficulty and what he cannot do at all. It is a close sharing of a human relationship with one who has for him 4 a high regard; one who can offer him unconditional acceptance, but one who has no guarantees, no answers.” 5 Counseling is a process that occurs between two individuals…counselor and counselee (client) It. takes place within a professional setting. 6 It is initiated and maintained as a means of facilitating changes in the behaviour of the client. It is a professional task for professionally trained people. “ MEANING OF COUNSELING  Though the term guidance and counseling is used interchangeably, both the terms have different meaning. We have studied about guidance, now we will know about counseling. In everyday life, we find counseling goes on at many levels. In a family, parents counsel their children, doctors counsel patients, lawyers to clients and teachers to students. There is no limitation to the problems or counselors in providing counseling, so, let us know what counseling is. 3 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ACCORDING TO WEBSTER DICTIONARY COUNSELING IS DEFINED AS 01 02 03 1 2 Consultation, mutual Counseling is a dynamic Counseling is an interaction interchange of and purposeful process which facilitates relationship between two 3 opinions, deliberating meaningful understanding people who approach a of self and environment and together. mutually defined problem results 4 Counseling is a process by 04 which a troubled person (client) is helped to tell and behave in a 5 more personally satisfying Counseling is an accepting, trusting and safe 05 manner through interaction with an uninvolved person 6 relationship in which clients (counselor) who provides learn to discuss openly what information and reactions worries and upsets them Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ACCORDING TO WEBSTER DICTIONARY COUNSELING IS DEFINED AS 06 07 08 1 2 Counseling is essentially a Counseling is a series of 3 It is a helping process in which the counselor direct contacts with the assists the counselee to make individual which aims to people to learn interpretations of facts relating to offer him assistance in how to solve their 4 a choice, plan or adjustment changing his attitude and own problems. which he needs to make behaviors 5 6 Counseling is a 09 specialized service of the guidance.  If all the definitions Counseling is a two way are analyzed we can 01 process. It involves two come to the following individuals. conclusions. There is mutual 02 relationships between the two individuals. It helps an individuals to 03 gain self -understanding self-acceptance and self- realization It helps an individual to 04 become happier more creative and better adjusted.  From this it is clear that what counseling is. Counseling constitutes C- Counseling the three activities like - But it is not an individual activity like giving information / advice / A- Advising and suggestion/ recommendation only. Counseling is a process which included a number of activities like giving information, advice & I- Informing counseling WHAT COUNSELING IS NOT.  INFORMING: ADVISING: COUNSELING: nn So counseling is a process which In this stage the In this stage Here the role of constitutes counselor suggests counselor helps the information, the counselor is appropriate courses to give you students to clarify advising and of action. Here the his needs, feelings counseling. You information counselor will offer or motivations so can think of these about the you several options that he can make three activities as availability of and recommends the appropriate a continuous different courses one according to decision for himself. spectrum of areas & its future your aim or which merge into prospects. interest. each other.  GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING  Guidance refers to the act or process of guiding.  Counseling is post-problem, meaning a problem has Guidance is a type of counseling, such as that provided already been identified and therefore the counselor for students seeking advice about vocational and helps to address the problem but not to solve it. educational matters.  Counseling is not giving opinion, instruction or advice, it is using facilitative listening and  Guidance is giving leadership, supervision, direction, questioning to allow the client to choose the best or professional guidance for future actions. solution for a problem.  Counseling is based on a wellness model rather  Guidance has more to do with something that you are than a medical model.  Authors such as Hershenson and Strein (1991); and not sure of or something that you don‘t know about Palmo, Shosh and Weikel (2001) emphasized that and you have someone who is familiar with explaining counselors are concerned about the client’s it to you while counseling has something do with environment with a more global view than other something that you have trouble with. professionals as well as a concern that goes beyond treating dysfunction or pathology and dealing with  Guidance is pre-problem, that is there is no specific the clients’ self- awareness, personal growth, and problem that is identified in an individual. wellness.  COMPARISON CHART BETWEEN GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING Basis for Guidance Counseling Comparison Guidance refers to an advice or a Counseling refers to a professional advice relevant piece of information provided given by a counselor to an individual to Meaning by a superior, to resolve a problem or help him in overcoming from personal or overcome from difficulty. psychological problems. Nature Preventive. Remedial and Curative. Approach Comprehensive and Extroverted. In-depth and Introverted. It tends to change the perspective, to help It assists the person in choosing the What it does? him/her get the solution by himself/ best alternative. herself. Deals with Education and career related issues. Personal and socio-psychological issues. A person who possesses high level of skill Provided by Any person superior or expert. and professional training. Privacy Open and less private. Confidential. Mode One to one or one to many. One to one. Decision By guide. By the client. making  COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY   Psychotherapy, or personal counseling with a psychotherapist, is an intentional interpersonal relationship used by trained psychotherapists to aid a client or patient in problems of living.  Traditionally it focuses on serious problems associated with intrapsychic, internal, and personal issues and conflicts. Characteristically, it emphasizes the following issues: 01 02 03 04 THE THE THE PAST MORE DETACHMENT THERAPIST’S INSIGHT MORE THAN THE OF THE ROLE AS AN THAN CHANGE PRESENT THERAPIST EXPERT  THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY  Psychotherapy emphasizes more on treating of ‘mental illness”, but counseling focuses more on helping individuals overcome dead ends or troubled minds so that they can continue their lives peacefully.  There are many similarities between the two fields that involve special relationship between an individual who wants to get help to solve his psychological problem (client) and a trained person who gives that help (counselor or therapist). The special relationship is the same and in fact, the technique in helping patients and clients is similar.  The difference between the two is the objective. The counseling objective is to help at any time an individual overcome his or her personal growth problem towards achieving optimum strength development that is in him or her. This objective can be accepted as the aim of psychotherapy process. Besides solving growth problem of an individual, psychotherapy also solves the reconstructive change problem. Normally, psychotherapy is carried out for a long period (1 month to 2 years) as outpatient or inpatient. On the contrary, counseling is usually for a short period (less than 6 months) as outpatient only. However, counseling and psychotherapy have similar aim that is to achieve the client’s aim. CHARACTERISTICS OF COUNSELING  Counseling involves two individuals 01 Counseling is aimed at bringing about the desired changes in the individual for self- realization The counselor discovers the 02 problems of the counselee & help him to set up realistic goals. 03 If the counselee is a student, counseling helps him to make a decision 04 It helps the counselee acquire independence & develop a sense of responsibility. 05  Counseling is centered around the needs & aspirations of the student. 06 There should be a relationship of mutual respect between the two. 07 It is more than advice giving. 08 Its function is to produce changes in the individual that will enable him to extricate himself from his difficulties. Emotional rather than 09 purely intellectual attitudes are the raw material of the counseling process. 10  FUNCTIONS OF COUNSELING ADJUSTMENTAL FUNCTIONS ORIENTAL FUNCTION DEVELOPMENTAL FUNCTION  Rapid social change brought Oriental function means to orient Developmental function about by industrialization the person about his environmental means not only to help the and urbanization has led to constraints & resources and her students having problems several perplexing problems. personal constraints & resources by but also to help the students  Counseling helps the student giving information and awareness in before the problems arise. in making the best possible problems of career planning, Therefore the development adjustment to the current educational programming etc. function helps in. situations be it in educational It is a link between adjustment and Self-development institution, occupational development function. If the person Self-realization world, in the home & in the is properly oriented, he can Development of society and community. develop his plan properly & adjust National development suitable with himself and society.  PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING We have already discussed the meaning and principles of guidance. Now we will discuss the principles of counseling. The principles on which the process of counseling is based are:  It involves a face-to-face relationship between two persons. It is emotional rather than purely intellectual attitude.  It is more than advice giving. The progress comes through the thinking that a person with a problem does for himself. It involves solution of immediate problem as  Well as the future decision of the individual The counselor should follow the above principles while counseling to make the process of counseling effective. It is not an easy task. To make the process successful the counselor should also follow certain principles in his own self to develop his skills. He should follow the principles as given below during counseling.  WARMTH: Acceptance: GENUINENESS: EMPATHY: The Counselor should Instead of showing The Counselor should The counselor should accept the person & his sympathy to the person communicate be very honest with having problem, the feelings for what he is PRINCIPLES personal warmth and without criticizing him. himself and with counselor should show make the client feel client he should be empathy, which means He should also accept welcome valued as very open, friendly to sense the feelings and the person irrespective individuals. and undefensive. experience of another of age, race, sex, etc. person.  GOALS OF COUNSELING:  When you enter “The Cabin” you will be greeted by a warm and friendly atmosphere that invites you “Come on in and make yourself at home”.  Prominently displayed a copy of “The Serenity Prayer”, which serves as both counseling mantra and mission statement. It reads as follows: “WELCOME TO THE COUNSELOR‘S CABIN”  GOD GRANT ME THE SERENITY “TO ACCEPT THE THINGS I CANNOT CHANGE, COURAGE TO CHANGE THE THINGS I CAN, AND WISDOM TO KNOW THE DIFFERENCE.” SERENITY is an acronym use to explain the major components of counseling program to help you determine if you would benefit from engaging in this process.  SPIRITUALITY  INTERPERSONAL SKILLS 01 - Associated with wholeness/wellness; a sense - Life is a series of of meaning/purpose conversations. What is your 02 style?  EVALUATION - Assess the problem by TREATMENT 03 taking it apart and putting it - Your personal plan of thinking, back together feeling, and acting differently. 04  RELATIONSHIPS - Your relationships define and  YOU 05 represent who you are. - Since you are the expert on Emotions - What are you feeling right you, you are the key to your now? It‘s important to know. success. Needs - Identify your needs; they are 06 directly related to what you are feeling.  📖 📖  As a counselor you should focus on wellness and personal growth and work extensively on helping people to enhance the quality of their relationships.  Many of clients are in search of meaning and direction in various life settings including school, family, and career… all of which involve relationships.  Empowerment over life comes through thinking clearly and making wise choices. Unfortunately, problems can become so overwhelming it is difficult to accomplish either one of these.  Counseling will equip you with life strategies to help you think, feel, and act differently in order to enhance the quality of your life.  If you read the above statements of Dr. Sacky‘s Cabin, one of the counselor‘s cabin you will understand the goals of counseling. The acronym serenity is the goals of counseling. THE TYPES OF COUNSELING  Based on the nature of the counseling process and the role of the counselor, the following are the three types of counseling  TYPES OF COUNSELING 01 02 03 DIRECTIVE NON-DIRECTIVE ECLECTIC COUNSELING COUNSELING COUNSELING -WILLIAMSON -CARL ROGERS -BORDIN  DIRECTIVE COUNSELING: B. G. Williamson is the chief exponent. The counselor assumes the major responsibility of solving the problem. Counselor identifies, defines, diagnoses and provides a solution to the problem. Counselor directs thinking by informing explaining, interpreting and advising. Counselor-oriented. Emphasis is on the problem. Steps: Role of the Counselor Analysis- collecting data from various sources to understand the client‘s problem. Synthesis - interpreting and organizing data to reveal students assets, liabilities, adjustments etc. Diagnosis - identifying the nature and cause of the problem. Prognosis-predicting the future development of the problem. Counseling - taking steps to bring about adjustment Follow up- helping with recurrence or new patterns.  MERITS Time saving and economical Gives happiness to the counselee as he gets a solution to this problem. Emphasis is on the intellectual rather than the emotional aspect. DEMERITS Kills the initiative Makes him helpless Does not guide counselee to be efficient and confident Undemocratic Made dependent  NON DIRECTIVE COUNSELING (Client-oriented / Centered Counseling): Chief exponent - Carl Rogers Counselee is allowed free expression Counselor only directs and guides Counselor asks a few questions, so as to think about the solution of the problem. Counselee takes active part, gains insight into the problem with the help of the counselor and arrives at the decision and action to be taken Counselor‘s role is passive Goal is independent and integration of the client rather than the solution Role of the counselor is to create an atmosphere in which the counselee can work out his own understanding Emotional aspect rather than the intellectual aspect is stressed Counseling relationship is the establishment of a warm, permissive and accepting climate which helps the client to express his self-structure.  MERITS Freedom of the individual Relieves tensions due to catharsis Moves toward acceptance of himself Confronts weaknesses without feeling threatened DEMERITS Time consuming Wisdom and judgement of the client cannot be relied upon All the problems cannot be sorted out through talking ELECTRIC COUNSELING Chief exponent - Bordin (Thome) Counseling may be evaluated along a continuum from directive to non directive to directive  ECLECTIC COUNSELING Chief exponent - Bordin (Thome) Counseling may be evaluated along a continuum from directive to non directive to directive Eclectic is a continuation and synthesis of directive and non- directive counseling Both counselor and counselee are active and cooperative Both do the talking in turn The problem is solved jointly The counselor studies the needs and personality of the client and then selects the technique (appropriate). Begins with directive but switches over to non-directive or vice versa as demanded by the situation STEPS Initial interview Develops rapport and does structuring so that client understands what to expect from the counseling Tentative diagnosis and plan of counseling is formulated Gathers information about the client and the client needs to be helped to assimilate this information Client achieves emotional release and gains insights, modifies perceptions/attitudes about himself and situations  01 CONVENIENT FLEXIBLE 02 ADVANTAGES CAN DEAL WITH EMBARRASSING ISSUES 03 WITHOUT HAVING TO SEE OF ANYONE YOUR ANONYMITY IS PROTECTED 04 USING GET TO THE ROOT OF THE PROBLEM QUICKER 05 AS WRITING LETS YOU ONLINE GET IN TOUCH WITH YOUR FEELINGS MORE COST AND TIME COUNSELING EFFECTIVE AS YOU CAN DEAL WITH MORE 06 ISSUES IN A SESSION NO NEED TO 07 TAKE TIME OFF WORK RECEIVE SPECIALIZED HELP NO MATTER WHERE YOU LIVE IN THE 08 WORLD.  WHY CHOOSE ONLINE COUNSELING? Select an experienced Easy access to a professional counselor or therapist though email or live chat 01 02 professional from many qualified to deal with your problem You can select a 08 More cost and time effective 03 counselor who lives anywhere in the world HEADIN G Flexibility 07 04 Convenience Anonymity and security 06 05 Cheaper than regular counseling  LIVE CHAT The first few minutes of all Live chat sessions are completely free of charge. EMAIL Email counseling is another form of online counseling that may suit your needs.  You may find that expressing concerns and questions in writing helps organize and focus on your problem  It is an extremely convenient way for you to communicate with a counselor THE BENEFITS OF ONLINE COUNSELING WITH LIVE I full recommend this Liveperson is one of the best and PERSON service to you because so most well known many people online counseling have benefited specialists from it.. You will have an enormous You will find choice of Liveperson is professionals you can seek reliable help from - (experts in over 600 categories) You will find Liveperson very user- friendly Disadvantages of Counseling auditory verbal cues which we take or Therapy by Email for granted when communicating in Remote counseling via email person the struggle to understand carries many disadvantages as takes on a whole new dimension. well as advantages in Part of the beauty of the English comparison to traditional, face- language is that the same statement to-face counseling. Communication and the an take on a whole range of subtle Counseling Relationship meanings: but without that grin or Communicating only introduces frown that raised eyebrow, that particular challenges for creating softened voice or dead-pan and sustaining a working delivery, figuring out which relationship. meaning a person intends can be a real challenge.  Lack of Visual and Verbal The lack of visual cues is also Cues especially important for clients who It can be difficult enough to would like to discuss a visible understand exactly what someone is physical disability and would like saying in a face-to-face setting, but their counselor to be able to see stripped of the kinds of visual and exactly what they are talking about.  Lack of Physical Presence  No Regular Appointment Times The lack of a physical presence of Just as the freedom to work without another person in the same room may fixed appointment times can be an make some people feel less advantage for some clients, the absence emotionally intimate and less of the structure which fixed comforted in times of distress. appointments provide can be a disadvantage for others.  Asynchronous Nature of Email It can be frustrating to have to wait for  Computer concerns the counselor to reply when using email Relying on computers as a and other forms of communication that communications medium can bring are asynchronous (meaning that two technology into the foreground of people are writing at different times, as the counseling process as an opposed to conversing in real time). unwelcome participant. Urgency  Equipment and Internet In a similar vein, the inevitable time Service Failures delay associated with email exchanges Hardware or software failure or precludes the kind of urgent attention internet service failure can impact the (or even emergency response) which is online availability of both counselor possible in a face-to-face setting and client.  Confidentiality and Privacy in Shared Environments Using computers at work, in an internet cafe or public library, or any other environment where other people have access to the same equipment introduces particular pitfalls for confidentiality and privacy in email counseling. Being aware of those disadvantages, we as professionals, face our role with all our heart and seriousness so as to make the best out of all the strengths of the online counseling.  THE PROCESS OF COUNSELING Counseling is a process. It means that Counseling involves a sequence of identifiable events spread over a period of time. The time taken, the sequence of events, and dynamics involved, the nature and extent of exploration, differ from individual to individual. However there are certain basic stages, which form the essentials of counseling processes. The process of counseling comprises of certain concepts, they are as follows:  READINESS: The counselee are of two types COUNTER WILL: People experience difficulty in i.e. one who seeks assistance asking for help and accepting it, voluntarily and the other who are because they are reluctant to referred. The Counseling face the consequences of change presupposes a desire on the part or an admission of inadequacy of of the counselee that makes him failure. The negative feeling that come for the assistance. This holds back one from seeking help desire is referred to as readiness. is referred to, as counter will. RAPPORT : It is a warm friendly and CASE HISTORY: understanding atmosphere created Case History is a systematic by the counselor, which is collection of facts about the catalytical in the formation of an counselee‘s past and effective counseling relationship. present life. However focus Warmth of relationship and of attention varies from feeling of trust, which grows out of case to case. unconditional acceptance are important in contributing to the establishment of rapport.  TRANSFERENCE: COUNTER TRANSFERENCE: It refers to the counselor This occurs when counselor transferring emotions originally project their unresolved felt toward someone early in life. conflicts upon the counselee. The counselee is encouraged to When counselor feels express his/her feelings and uncomfortable and experience emotions freely. The counselor feelings of anger, resentment or acknowledges these feelings and become overemotional. This is handles in a therapeutic way. unhealthy. RESISTANCE: It refers to counselee‘s move to oppose the counselor‘s attempt to work towards set goals. This influences counseling outcome positively. Resistance ranges from open hostility to passively resistant behavior like being late for an appointment  PTH fiableEXPLORATION sequence of events taking Process NT TO of human development ACTION: e main ense of aim hope of andthis stage is romote trust in the client. D diagnostic eFollowing emerged characteristics in AGE: INITIAL micdescribe and copingDISCLOSURE: the helping relates his presses two secure, sets of feelings i.e. i) I relationship. the counselor C STAGES OF THE wish possible lwill I task of decisions) weren‘t helpthethe here. th observations about counselor theclientin this stage B A Empathy nt‘s fears efined the ways. - views Understanding and encourage client others experience as of self. self- if it were yours. COUNSELING Genuineness - Being natural, of consistent in ut unselor careful the progress behavior ationship. ng of new attention and dependable to the in theclient‘s relationship. PROCESS: e. client‘s Unconditional positive regard - Caring without statement ts about clients counseling. behavior condition for indications of nse to Concreteness a client - Using inlanguage clear the to describe not t expressed in verbal message. It the client‘s situation. tween thebecause tressful, client and the client behaviors. ains In throughout important this stagethe utually acceptable “  THE SKILLS OF COUNSELING: Listening - It is the process of hearing the other person. a) During listening it is important to show that the counselor is listening through the ‗minimal prompts‘ such as head nods, yes, no etc. They indicate that ‗I am with you‘. Overuse of these should be avoided. b) Behavioural aspects of listening - (SOLER)  SIT SQUARELY S OPNENNESS O LEANING L EYE CONTACT E R RELAX  ASPECTS OF LISTENING “Linguistic aspects - words, phrases, figures of speech Paralinguistic aspects - timing, volume, tone pitch, ‗ums‘ and ‗errs‘, fluency Non-Verbal aspects: facial expression, gestures, touch, body position, and proximity to the counselor, body movement and eye contact. Attending and showing receptiveness It is the act of truly focusing on the other person. It involves consciously making ourselves aware of what the other person is saying and of what they are trying to communicate to us. Observing Body Messages Non-verbal aspects of communication refer to body language. The way the client expresses through the use of their body. They offer clues about the client‘s internal status beyond the words. Morris calls it ‗Man Watching‘. Body language depends on context in which it occurs, the nature of the relationship, individual‘s personal style, personality of the person.  LISTENING BLOCKS 01 02 03 04 05 ATTRACTION PHYSICAL CONCERNS SIMILARITY DIFFERENCES CONDITION OF PROBLEMS DISTRACTING  COMMUNICATING IT IS THE EXCHANGE OF IDEAS AND OPINIONS BETWEEN TWO OR MORE PEOPLE THROUGH SPEECH, WRITING OR SIGNS. THE COMMUNICATION INCLUDED PHYSICAL SETTING AS WELL AS PSYCHOLOGICAL PREDISPOSITIONS OF THE RECEIVER.  0 0 0 1 2 Purpose:3Specific Communication = Factors Involved in the Distribution: thoughts and feelings communication Environment Timing 04 0 5 Feedback Follow-up  0 0 0 6 of Causes 7 Lack of consideration 8 Communication of the other person‘s Use of technical Breakdown feelings and personality language 09 1 Not thinking about 0 other, how they get Lose human factor affected (networking (envy, jealousy) missing)  Clarification: To get definite information through this to help clarify the client‘s thinking without pressurizing. Concreteness: Using clear language to describe the client‘s life situation. It promotes clear insight in clients life and provides counselor with a fuller sense of the uniqueness of the clients experiences. Restatement: Enables the counselor to let the counselee realize that he is being fully understood and accepted. Counselor exactly repeats as said by the client. Client thus gets a rest and a chance to collect his thoughts before going forward. Paraphrasing: The counselor summarizes. He chooses/selects those ideas and feelings which seem most important and relevant and feeds them back to the client in a more organized form.   Excessive Ways to Impede Communication Counselor‘s questioning predispositions Premature advice giving Lecturing  Story telling What it is? Questions are used to draw out information from others. How to use it? There are several types of question. Choose the most appropriate:  Questioning Open-ended questions: Open questions promote discovery and stimulate thinking. They are useful to help the other person to start talking about a There are three broad types of topic, outline a situation, give a broad open question: description of what happened and how he or she reacted. CLARIFYING QUESTION ―What specifically does that mean to you?‖ ―Can I make sure I understand that…?‖ ―If I hear correctly, what you are saying is…‖ CREATIVE QUESTIONS ―How have you seen others handle similar situations?‖ ―What do you think about…?‖ ―Would you like to talk more about it?‖ I‘d be interested in hearing more‖ ―What would be your approach if there were no constraints?‖ PROCESS QUESTIONS ―What would you like to get from this session?‖ ―What authority do you think you need to complete this task?‖ ―What do I need to communicate to ensure everyone understands your role? FOLLOW-UP OR PROBING QUESTIONS The purpose of follow-up questions is to get information, broaden decisions and understand reasons and motivations. Do not over use “why”. It causes people to become defensive. ―How would you ―In what way would involve others in this help achieve greater accomplishing this customer satisfaction? plan? Follow-up questions are useful for probing - getting to the heart of a topic, checking information and filling in detail. A particular type of follow-up question is the reflective question, useful for gaining a clearer understanding, revealing more information or uncovering feelings. ―You say you were ―Incompetent….‖ pleased….‖ ―You say he reacted to this How did he react….?‖ CLOSED QUESTIONS Closed questions are those that lead to either “yes” or “no”. They are useful in checking facts quickly but can lead to a one- sided conversation. Examples are:  “Is there enough “Have you been money in the shopping recently?” bank?” “Have you done this sort of work before?” A closed question can be useful lead into open questions once an area to explore has been identified. LESS USEFUL QUESTIONS Hypothetical Leading questions questions (“If you Multiple questions. (“I assume you…”) were in my place….”) UNIT 2 INTRODUCTION THE COUNSELOR: PERSON AND PROFESSIONAL 01 Unit Structure INTENDED ILO LEARNING OUTCOMES 02 Unit Structure DISCUSSION b. Who is Counselor a. Hallmark of a Counselor 03 c. Characteristics of Professional Counselor DISCUSSION d. Licensure and Educational 04 Qualifications e. Counselor and Values  HALLMARKS OF A COUNSELOR  The term counselor has numerous meanings. Most often it is used to describe someone who is a therapist, which could mean a licensed clinical social worker, a marriage and family counselor, a psychologist or even a psychiatrist who conducts regular therapy sessions.  Counselor is also a term used to describe lawyers, who advocate for others in court or give legal advice, a person working as a representative of a state, a person working at a children’s camp, at a school to give academic advice, or for a church.  An effective counselor can identify negative thinking patterns such as feelings of sadness, depression or anxiety.  A good counselor can assist you in making positive changes in your relationships with others, helping you recognize behaviors that may be contributing to a troublesome relationship.  Builds self-  Keeps esteem of the Facilitates all client Reassures if Understands discussions on information the client the feelings the issues in confidential is insecure of a client question and treats it as fact Who Is A Counselor?   Does not get Be distracted empathetic during Solicits the  Has interaction Builds client’s own to the client patience with client confidence feelings and show and ideas care for solutions Who Is A Counselor?   Has a BIG ear and SMALL  Considers mouth so is the client’s able to listen Avoids acting long and more than like an expert medium speak. term goals Who Is A Counselor?  COUNSELOR’S ROLES  A counselor’s role depends on the place and setting he contributes his service. Over the years, the counselor’s roles have gone through changes.  The roles have now spread to public counseling centers, hospitals, prisons, offices, churches, some government departments and other places that require counseling service instead of mainly helping students with problems at schools and career choices.  Counseling is also found at a few places where counselors provide their services as `private practice’ to the public  Table 2: Example of Counseling at Various Places PLACE EXAMPLE OF COUNSELING SERVICE School Helping students make appropriate career choices. Helping inmates rehabilitate and the process of integrating them Prison into the community. Hospital Helping families that lost their family members deal with the loss. Helping stressed employees or ones with problems of being burnt Offices out. Helping those with personal problems such as problems with Churches their parents.  This new development took place due to the recognition that counselors have the required training to help in matters such as drug abuse at the Rehabilitation Centre, rehabilitation works at prisons and at places where there is emotional problems and tension. In the West, there are counselors who joined the professional mental health team which includes psychiatrists, psychologists and psychiatric nurses, where the counselor becomes the case manager of a patient giving treatment and main service.  With the expansion of counselor’s roles at specific places, so the focal point of approaches will be towards the whole individual that includes his whole life. This means the focus of counseling includes physical, social, mental and emotional concerns as well as individual spiritual needs  EMOTIONAL NEEDS MENTAL SOCIAL PHYSICAL HEALTH NEEDS HEALTH  A counselor In many cases, must humanalwaysbeingsbe aware focus of the of aspects is linked to the aim An individual’s physicalrelationship health is important of increasing betweenin counseling an individual’s process. his emotional client’s Examplesand thoughts contentment. of This aim has Aninvolves counselingthat individual’s physicalsocial become are:a needs tradition include family relationship, for all counselors and will continue working to be the  Helping individual feelings environment, use thefocus habit to friendship ofof his doings andcare taking counseling. other or behavior. activities of health, Normally, such that an individual Thetie counselor’s willhim meetto as avoiding a other obesity, counselor in roles totowards his client’s about thoughts are toindividual stimulate 1 2 3 4 and to quitpeople smoking;  Exploring strength emotionaland practicing down positive the community. or psychological his thought attitude expressed avoids him of eating This obtain clarification matters process feelings fromare himainlot hisdue relationship that so hinder that related experiencing life.toSo, tohis negative gives certain feelings. hisan ability feelings self-image; that Often, lifeindividual toofsolve or certain the from event that alienation, and lowdisturbs problems self-esteem. will increase the importance and becomes of emotional more creative.  Motivating individual to practice contentmenthealthy lifestyle is clear whensuch as exercising; a client and that affect talks about things  Creative  Teaching an individual to his decreasemental feelings his activity tension physically, is the or stress. socially, guide mentally andto a person’s spiritually. quality of life.  Why does the question of SPIRITUAL NEEDS spirituality receive attention in counseling?  In a research, Myers (1992) found that if a strong bond  Pertaining to present situations,  With the this exists subject ofphysical explanation, between spirituality in counseling it ishealths clear that andthe is getting domain mental of a in counseling,  Basically, more attention there as compared is the to awareness counselor’s there past. will job be athat Before is in theevery the positive form person’s expansion impact behavior, of counseling of growth on the thoughts such facilitation client’s and and emotional feelings as now, every are explanation related individual to of certain his religious behavior development contentment beliefs is through from and physical. and the the He teachings. perspective physical, supports ofFor social mental, theof the idea majority, and giving 6 7 3 4 psychology. their valuesspiritual  For instance, from an individual has learnt in lifedevelopment, the learning religious and individual the ways aspects. perspective, teachings. Now, as aacts throughout characteristics, they reactattention By providing prevention deviant behavior spirituality whole, one’s and a counselor life in and is a community the to facilitate thoughts that will are for be able mental not are on the function contentment is basis explained guidance to for and normal influenced help of an by counseling where that that physical determines their livebehavior pattern, lifestyle thisand andvalues in life. his community. This act individual contentment. is received his life Hemore reinforcement fromproductively believes histhat approach environment meaningfully. and sowill be a new deviant behavior continues. paradigm for all counselors’ new roles, now and in the near future. CHARACTERISTICS OF A PROFESSIONAL COUNSELOR Counseling must be understood as a unique interpersonal process. Its effectiveness depends on attitudes, skills and knowledge shown by a counselor when he deals with his client. A counselor’s client must be able to feel that the counselor is a helper with these characters  CHARACTERISTICS OF A PROFESSIONAL COUNSELOR  Believes that  Understands  Believes that clients are and knows his clients unique and how have precious effective abilities that individuals, individuals can change, function,  Has knowledge  Is willing to and skills that  Knows be involved are needed to himself and in help his skills interperson individuals and his al process, with limited limitations and functions,  A client is a unique individual One important characteristic that a counselor must have is to trust that every human being created by God is useful, valuable and unique. Sincere acceptance towards a client actually can be felt by the client, and to him it is not merely an abstract explanation. This does not mean we must simply accept or not his behavior or we like or dislike the character he demonstrates. In fact, we must sow our sincerity and respect towards him as a valuable individual and a useful human being.  A counselor must try to understand that a client’s self and world observations are his realities. Every belief, attitude, feeling and thoughts about himself and is environment greatly influence the way he reacts. As a counselor, you must focus your attention on this perception because all these will show the client’s thoughts and will give meanings to us on why he reacts and behaves as such.  A counselor who can show that he accepts his client in a counseling process without any condition will motivate his client to have some hope and feelings of trust in his counselor. The way a counselor interacts with a client A client can change  A Counselor must be optimistic. They must believe that a client can change, at least demonstrating changes in feelings, attitude, cognitive structure and behavior. At the same time, a counselor must also accept the fact that.helping someone to change is a difficult and time consuming happens this does not mean that changes are impossible.  A counselor must think that changes do not take place due to certain factors: The Client is not ready to change; Changes can take place if there is the client’s environment is changed;  A counselor does not have the specific expertise or adequate experience to influence a change in client.  As a counselor, you must convince the client that you trust him to change. Do not merely say it but show him with your actions and attitude. This utterance must be accompanied by relevant body movements, convincing facial expressions and voice intonation that has positive quality. All these have therapeutic value to put across our attitude and belief towards our clients.  How effective individuals function? A counselor must understand the psychology principles that influence human behavior and realize that the environment plays a part in creating that behavior. You are exposed to the principles of psychology in the previous units that are related to principles of behaviorism and cognitive. The learning theory that is explained before this will also help in understanding how effective individuals function.  In carrying out a counseling process, it is important to know how an individual functions whether our aim is to get our client’s trust or in the explorations of problems that hinder his function and growth.  Counseling needs more than the willingness to build a special relationship with the client, appreciate and respect the client, believing that the client can change, and having knowledge how effective people function.  Clients can be assisted in various ways. What works at a place and time may not be provide a much desired effect in another place and time. There are many approaches, methods and theories that can be used.  A counselor must accept the fact that learning ways to help people takes a long time. Trainee counselors normally start their counseling training process via a few attempts, from one to another. Willing to be involved  A counselor must demonstrate his willingness to get involved in the counseling process. Commitment and the readiness to share experience are more meaningful to a client than the allocated time given and the effort needed to help a person. This includes communication with a client in a client-counselor relationship, and nothing is more important at that time than his client and what is to be discussed in that meeting.  Commitment and the willingness to be involved with a client drive a counselor to be focused on his client’s inner thoughts, such as how he sees his problems.  A counselor who feels that he is sufficient, stable and disciplined will take away all his weaknesses and focus on helping his client. Knowing one self  A counselor must have a positive self-concept and feel at ease, comfortable and safe about him. By demonstrating mental health a counselor can be a role model to his client.  A counselor must know how to solve his own problems and handle conflict and stress that he experiences.  A counselor must realize that he cannot help everybody who has problems and in certain cases, he has to refer clients who demand more than his ability to a relevant expert.  The process that requires a counselor to know or to identify one-self is actually to admit the limit to one’s capabilities. This process is important in counseling because:  The more sensitive a counselor is to his own feelings, thoughts and acts, the easier it is for him to understand others’ feelings , thoughts and acts; and  A counselor who is comfortable with himself will communicate sincerity to his client  What is the Guidance and Counseling Act of 2004?  is a law crafted and designed to professionalize the practice LESSON 2 of guidance and counseling in the Philippines.  The law also entails the creation of a Professional LICENSURE AND Regulatory Board of Guidance and Counseling who will EDUCATIONAL then be mandated by this very law to formulate QUALIFICATIONS the necessary rules and regulations that will implement the provisions contained within, in coordination with the THE RA 9258: GUIDANCE accredited professional organization. AND COUNSELING ACT OF  The temporary accredited professional organization happens to be the PGCA or the Philippine Guidance and 2004 Counseling Association, Inc.  They haveMOST THE passed at least IMPORTANT POINTS OF license THE GUIDANCE ACT The 18Under requirements units of the Guidance andfor applying Counseling 05 Master’s level courses Act ofin2004, Guidance and there underis this also a law  First of all, Counseling suchhow as is Guidance and Counseling itself defined under RA For any According provision 9258? person which desiring makes to accreditation this law,way for guidance andunder RA counseling is “the Counseling This law Techniques, basically states that 9258, he orand Registration profession she must without that be able theto having involves to live use ofup take anto the integrated approach to 04 Organization “No person following thelicensure Administration of shall qualifications: development Guidance ofengage in the practice a well-functioning of guidance individual primarily and by the examination (The counseling helping Services, without him/her Psychological a valid to utilize his/her Certificate potentialsof toRegistration the fullest and and a grandfather’s Tests andProfessional clause). Measurement, plan/his/her This presentIdentification goes and future in accordance with his/her validBe a citizen of the Philippines, or a Card foreigneror a Special Permit” and with Group its own Process/Group abilities, set of requirements interests and needs.” that “no corporation, partnership, association or entity shall whose Guidance; for the eligible country Facilitating and a have and has Career guidance practice reciprocity and qualifications. Those who are operate with the 03 Philippines at least and counseling office, center/clinic, testing of to fall under guidance and counseling. this provision 7 years center, of experience in rehabilitation center, or otherwise engage in the areNot have those counseling who work. been liveconvicted up to theof an offense involving practice of of guidance and counseling without by sayingfirst securing a 02  The moral authors the law continued to define it further that “it They turpitude have following completed criterion: includes permit academic fromfunctions requirementsthe such as The Board. for counseling, permit psychological shall be testing issued only after it Be (i.e. a master’s a holder personality, of either degree in the career, a Bachelor’s interest, Degree aptitude, in mental ability, has satisfied Guidance and CounselingBoard or that in such other establishment allied is properly They andare achievement), guidance Ph.D. counseling or M.A. learning andholders study orientation, research staffed byaduly Registered and Licensed Guidance the Counselors.” disciplines, Master’s degree in Guidance and 01 and had 5 years’ inplacement, Guidance experience and referralCounseling and group with at processes. It includes as full-time teaching guidance of guidance and counseling subjects particularly Counseling least 3 counselor/partyearsfromof an institution teaching in experience the Philippines time in the Licensure Examinations and necessary in those covered or abroad, &/or guidance full or a with time counselor Ph.D. counseling or Ed.D in Guidance and practice other human development services.” Counseling officially for thedesignated same or period. Counseling Psychology. teaching load in guidance and counseling. What will happen if such a law is not followed or strictly observed? This is where the penalty clause comes in. Article VI Rule 42 or the penalty clause states that “any person who violates any provision of the Act and Implementing Rules and Regulations issued by the Board and the Commission, commits fraud in the acquisition of Certificate of Registration or special permit shall be punished with imprisonment of not less than 6 months but not more than 8 years or a fine not less than P50,000 but not more than P100,000 or both in the discretion of the court.” REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10029 - PHILIPPINE PSYCHOLOGY ACT OF 2009 What does the new law seek to achieve? RA 10029 seeks to regulate the practice of psychology and psychometrics in the Philippines to protect the public from inexperienced or untrained individuals offering psychological services, and to nurture competent, upright and assiduous psychologists whose standards of practice are excellent and globally competitive. How does the law achieve this purpose? RA 10029 has created the Professional Regulatory Board of Psychology which will monitor the registration, licensure and practice of psychologists and psychometricians in the Philippines. The new law has also required psychologists and psychometricians (with certain exceptions) to pass a Licensure Examination. 76 What is the composition of the Professional Regulatory Board of Psychology? The Professional Regulatory Board of Psychology (³the Board´) is composed of a Chairperson and 2 members who are appointed by the President of the Philippines from a list of 3 nominees for each position submitted by the integrated and accredited national organization of psychologists. 77  What are the qualifications of the members of the Board? 01 02 03  Natural born At least 35 years Of good moral citizens and residents of of age; character; the Philippines;  What are the qualifications of the members of the Board? 04 05 06  Have a doctorate degree in  Have at least 10 years psychology conferred by a  Have at least 5 of practice in psychology university, college or school in years of teaching the Philippines or board duly and psychometrics in a duly recognized experience in the recognized and/or accredited by the Commission on institution, clinic or field of psychology Higher Education (CHED); center  What are the qualifications of the members of the Board? 07 08 09  Are registered and licensed  Are not officers and do not psychologists, except in the case of  Have not have been hold any position other than the first members of the Board who convicted of any will automatically be conferred a being members of the valid certificate of registration and integrated and accredited crime involving a valid professional identification national organization of card in psychology and psychologists moral turpitude. psychometrics  Who are qualified to take the Licensure Examination for Psychologists? A Filipino citizen, a permanent Has undergone a minimum of Has not been convicted resident or a citizen of a foreign 200 hours of supervised Holds at least a master's practicum/internship/clinical of an offense involving state/country which extends reciprocity to the Philippines degree in psychology conferred Of good moral experience related to moral turpitude. by a university, college or psychological intervention, relative to the practice school in the Philippines character psychological assessment, and of psychology or abroad recognized/accredited by the development, implementation CHED and evaluation of psychological treatment.  COUNSELOR AND VALUES Both client and counselor will hold certain principles to do with interpersonal conduct. Not only have that, but counselor and client actually had different value systems.. It is important to note that anyone’s value system is likely to contain inherent contradictions that are the contradictions which if exposed can result in high levels of anxiety and the need to grow. Inevitably the counseling encounter will be dealing with the client’s inability to decide between possible causes of action and this will mean that they will need to explore, and if necessary, modify their own value system.  This in turn means that if the counselor is to be at all helpful she must be able to enter the world of the client’s value system so that she is able to understand potential sources of conflict.  It is imperative that the Counselor is able to do this non-judgmentally, that is, she needs to be able to entertain her own “disbeliefs” and, to the extent that she is able, to either model or suggest alternatives which will be effective as well as minimally disruptive.  If the counselor has a sense of missionary zeal, or a desire to impose a set of beliefs other than those inherent in the skills listed above, she is likely to, at best, be ineffective and at worst highly destructive to the well-being of her client.  Effective counseling implies that the inherent values of Tolerance, Acceptance and Respect for the individual often do not ensure effective communication. What we can say is that effective communicators are able to use many of the basic skills of counseling in order to “get their message across”, but this has nothing to do with the value or otherwise of the message itself.  Both comm