Intellectual Revolutions That Defined Society PDF

**INTELLECTUALREVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY** - Copernican Revolution - Darwinian Revolution - Freudian Revolution - Information Revolution - Mesoamerican Civilization - Asian Civilization - Middle East Civilization - African Civilization **What is intellectual revolution...

**INTELLECTUALREVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY** - Copernican Revolution - Darwinian Revolution - Freudian Revolution - Information Revolution - Mesoamerican Civilization - Asian Civilization - Middle East Civilization - African Civilization **What is intellectual revolution?** ⮚ The term **\"Intellectual Revolution\"** is used to refer to Greek speculation about the **\"nature\"** in the period before Socrates (roughly 600 to 400 BCE). ⮚ The alternative, technical terms are **\"pre-Socratic** **\"** or \"**non theological\"** or **\"first philosophy\".** ⮚ It is the period where paradigm shifts occurred. It is where the scientific beliefs that have been widely embraced and accepted by the people where challenged and opposed. **Three characteristic features of this form of speculation:** 1\. The world is a. natural **'whole'.** 2.There is a natural **\'order '.** 3.Humans can **'discover\'** those laws. **Three intellectuals who significantly changed the views about the world and human:**  **Copernican Revolution** - This caused the paradigm shift in the field of **astronomy** of how the earth and sun were placed in the heavens/universe (from a geocentric understanding of the universe, centered around Earth, to a heliocentric understanding, centered around the Sun). **GEOCENTRIC MODEL** - **Aristotle** and **Claudius Ptolemy**, an **Egyptian astronomer**, **mathematician, and geographer supported and introduced the geocentric model in the 6th Century.** - It described the absolute perception of the universe with earth as its center which was thought to be true by most of the people at that time. - the Earth is the **center of the universe**, and it is **stationary**; - the planets, the Sun, and the stars revolve around the Earth; - the circle and the sphere are **"perfect"** shapes, so all motions in the sky should follow circular paths, which can be attributed to objects being attached to spherical shells; - objects obeyed the rules of **"natural motion,"** which for the planets and the stars meant they orbited around the Earth at a uniform speed. **HELIOCENTRIC MODEL** - In the 16th century, **Nicolaus Copernicus**, a mathematician and an astronomer was the first to explain the observed looping (**retrograde**) motion of planets, by replacing a geocentric model of the Universe with a heliocentric model. - It proved the idea that the sun is the center of the solar system. - Retrograde motion was simply a perspective effect caused when Earth passes a slower moving outer planet that makes the planet appear to be moving backwards relative to the background stars. - Thus, retrograde motion occurs over the time when the sun, Earth, and planet are aligned, and the planet is described as at opposition -- opposite the sun in the sky. - This is why retrograde motion is referred to as **"apparent retrograde motion"** by many. Nothing is changing in the planet's motion, and retrograde motion occurs as a natural perspective effect. **DARWINIAN REVOLUTION** **DARWIN'S THEORY OF EVOLUTION** **What is Evolution?** - The process by which organisms change over time because of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. **NATURAL SELECTION** **What is Natural Selection?** - **Charles Darwin's** theory of evolution states that evolution happens by **natural selection.** - The theory is sometimes described as **"survival of the fittest"** **Content of Darwin's Theory of Evolution** 1. All organisms are related and have descended from a common ancestor 2. Variation in a population help different species to survive. 3. The animals that do survive and reproduce are better adapted organisms (survival of the fittest) 4. Random genetic mutation occurs within organism's genetic code, aid survival. **"It is not the strongest the species that survive nor the most intelligent but the one most responsive to change."** **FREUDIAN REVOLUTION** - Freudian revolution may be viewed as the discovery of a **way of locating** in the **mind objective entities** which can be **studied like physical things**. - **Sigmund Freud,** a father of **psychoanalysis** and one of **the 20th century's most influential thinkers**, developed the **idea of psychoanalysis** that **helped in understanding human behavior**, especially **neurological conditions.** Freud-believed that mental illness is a result of **nurture,** not nature. He asked the question: **"What makes people do things?"** Answer: **MOTIVATION** Needs motivate human behavior (food, shelter, clothing) **The human mind has 3 aspects which influence behavior:** **THREE COMPONENT PARTS OF THE MIND** **ID** - It is made up of **unconscious psychic energy** that works to **satisfy basic urges, needs, and desires**. It is the **only part of the personality** that is **present at birth** and that this **primitive component** of **personality existed wholly within the unconscious**. **EGO** - It is the **conscious part of the mind** (**Rational Self**). **Decides what action** to take for **positive means** and what to do based on **what is believed** is the **right thing to do. Aware of reality**. **SUPEREGO** - It is composed of **people's internalized ideals** acquired from **parents and society.** - The superego works to **suppress the urges of the ID** and **tries to make EGO behave morally, rather than realistically.** **INFORMATION REVOLUTION** - Accompanied the **history of mankind** and began as early as **3000 BC** with **Sumerian Pictographs**. - **Triggers profound** changes both in the **way of lives** and in a **way perceive self as human beings**. **Milestone on Information Revolution are:** - **1455, Johannes Gutenberg'**s invention on **printing press** - Early **1830s**, **Charles Babbage** worked on **Analytical Engine** - During **1870s**, **Invention of the first telephone** - During **World War II**, **Alan Turing** refining the concept of **algorithms and computation** using **Turing Machine**. Contributed the Turing test concerning the possibility of developing conscious and thinking machine in **Artificial Intelligence.** **MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATION** - Located in **region and cultural area** in the A**mericas** - Contributed greatly to **agriculture** (as early as **7000 BC**) - Transition from **hunter- gatherer tribal** groupings to the organization of **sedentary agricultural villages.** - Main food source were **beans, corns, & squash** (triad of products known as the **"three sisters"**; introduce the rotational crops and slash-and-burn aided in retaining the nutrients in the soil. - **Cacao**, important crop because used as **trade currency and in rituals.** - **Cotton plant & rubber trees** used for making culturally significant products like **textile** (**vibrant colors**) and **rubber balls** (used in **performance games**) due to **ritual significance**. - Created **chinampas** (**plots of mud and soil placed on top layers of thick water vegetation**) - First to use **irrigation techniques**. - First one to **create calendar** (like **civil calendar** or **Haab** and **Tzolkin Calendar**). - Asia bore two of the **world's great early civilizations**: From **India & China.** - About **4000 years ago**, civilization arose in the **Indus River valley**. - People used **weapons** and **utensils made of bronze and copper.** - **Birth** of the two world's known religion: **Hinduism & Buddhism**. - **Hinduism**, based on **Vedas** (**4 sacred books**; b**elieved written by Aryan People**); **People believed to be divided into a "caste system" Priests** called **Brahmans (ranked highest)** and the **"untouchables"** as **lowest.** - In **Buddhism**, praise **Buddha** (meaning **"The Enlightened One"**) who is in the person of **Siddharta Gautama** (believed that **human greed** and **selfishness** lead to **human pain**). - Another religion **Confucianism**, developed along the **Huang Ho riverbank** in **Northern China**, based on the teaching of Confucius. - Created the **Great Wall of China**, built to protect from invasions of **"barbarians"** from other parts of Asia. **MIDDLE EAST CIVILIZATION** - Considered as the home to the **"Cradle of Civilization"** (seen **world's oldest cultures and civilization**). - First to practice **intensive** **year-round agriculture** and **currency-mediated trade as opposed to barter**. - Gave the rest of the world the **first writing system.** - Laying the **foundation** for **astronomy and mathematics.** - **First generalized** **government and law codes.** - Invented the **clay cylinder seals** (on which **little pictures of objects could be recorded**.) - Early writings evolved from pictures **baked on clay tablets.** **AFRICAN CIVILIZATION** - According to some historian, **Africans** were nothing more than **savages** whose **only contributions** to the world were **farming and slaves**. - **Lineage** and **culture** of achievements have emerged at least **40,000 years ago in Africa**. Some were the following: - **Developed modern concepts** in **mathematics** like the **first method of counting.** - People in present-day **Zaire** and **Yoruba** (**now Nigeria**) developed **Numeration system 8,000 years ago.** - **Yoruba system** lauded this system because it **required much abstract reasoning.** - **African Stonehenge** (in present-day **Kenya**) constructed around **300 BC** the **remarkably accurate calendar**. - **Dogon** people of **Mali** have various **astronomical discoveries** like the **Saturn's rings**, **Jupiter's moon**, **spiral structure** of the **Milky Way** and the **orbit of the Sirius Star.** - Built **great** **architectural Monuments** along the **Nile** like - **Great Pyramid of Giza,** - **Great Sphinx of Giza** - **Great cities like in Zimbabwe** - **Mozambique** (made of **massive stone complex** and **huge castle-like compounds existed**). - **Empire of Mali** boasted impressive cities including **Tumbuktu** with **grand palaces,** **mosques** & **UNIVERSITIES** in **13th century**. - In **Medicine,** some practices were: use of **plants** with **salicylic acid for pain**, **kaolin for diarrhea**, and extracts that confirmed to kill **Gram-Positive bacteria.** - Other plants used had **anticancer properties**, **caused abortion**, and **treated malaria.** - Some medical procedures performed in **ancient Africa**: - **Vaccination** - **autopsy** - **limb traction and broken bone setting** - **bullet removal** - **brain surgery** - **skin grafting** - **filling of dental cavities** - **installation of false teeth** - **anesthesia** - **tissue cauterization.**