Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Questions & Answers PDF

SUBJECT: PATHPHYSIO PREPARED BY: SYED EESHAAN(347B) 1. Hyperproduction of glucocorticoids causes: Cushings syndrome 2. Hypercorticism forms the pathogenetic basis: Adrenal overproduction 3. Acute adrenal insufficiency is characterized by: Deficiency of adrenal hormones l...

SUBJECT: PATHPHYSIO PREPARED BY: SYED EESHAAN(347B) 1. Hyperproduction of glucocorticoids causes: Cushings syndrome 2. Hypercorticism forms the pathogenetic basis: Adrenal overproduction 3. Acute adrenal insufficiency is characterized by: Deficiency of adrenal hormones like cortisol and aldosterone. (causes addison 4. Excessive production of ACTH leads to increased production: of cortisol from adrenal cortex. 5. Hyperfunction of the eosinophilic apparatus of the anterior pituitary gland leads to the development of: gigantism, acromegaly{growth hormone increased}. > - 6. With overproduction of ACTH, it is noted: increased cortisol level, cushing syndrome. 7. Differences between cretinism and myxedema: Cretinism: hypothyroidism in child/infant leading to stunt growth and mental retardation{caused by iodine deficiency. Myxedema: hypothyroidism in adults,leading to orgaN dysfunction and undereactive thyroid gland{caused by autoimmune ds}. 8. Myxedema is characterized by: Hypothyroidism{underactive thyroidism in adults} 9. Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome develops when: Body is exposed to high level of cortisol for long period of time. 10. In what case does Graves' s disease develop : genetic disorder,autoimmune - disorder,viral or bacterial infections. 11. Chronic adrenal insufficiency underlies: Adrenal glands does not produce enough cortisol and aldosterone. Clauses Addisons ds) - - 12. Consequences of hypoproduction of STH(Somatotrophin/GH) : Growth failure(due to decreased growth hormone),delayed puberty,reduced muscle mass,increased body fat. 13. The pathology of the central mechanisms of regulation of the activity of the endocrine glands includes: Dysruption in hypothalamus pitutary axis. 14. Basedow's disease is the most typical form: Graves ds(autoimmune ds resulting in hyperthyroidism). 15. Endemic goiter is observed when: there is deficiency of iodine(that causes goiter). 16. Dysfunction of which gland is accompanied by convulsions of the lower, upper extremities, mainly flexor muscles, a change in the calcium balance: Parathyroid gland(hypoparathyroidism). 17. Hypothyroidism is seen in: women above the age of 50.{cause is thyroditis which is the inflamation of thyroid}.  SUBJECT: PATHPHYSIO PREPARED BY: SYED EESHAAN(347B) 18. Hypopituitarism in an adult male likely includes all of the following except: answer maybe related to elevated level of some hormone or condition not cased by hormone deficiency. 19. A manifestation shared by both diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus is: Polyuria 20. The manifestations of hyperthyroidism include all of the following except: wieght gain, cold intollerance ,bradycardia{inshort symptoms not associated with - hyperthyroidism} 21. Hyperparathyroidism causes: Excessive production of parathyroid hormone(PTH). 22. If a 19-year-old woman were suffering from shortness of breath, weight loss, excessive sweating, exophthalmos, and irritability, which hormone would you expect to find elevated in her serum: Thyroxine (T4), Triodothyroxine(T3). 23. Which electrolyte alteration occurs in Addison disease: low sodium,high potassium,high calcium. 24. A benign tumor of adrenal glands that causes hypersecretion of aldosterone is: Aldosterone producing adenoma(ADA). - 25. An incoherent female client with a history of hypothyroidism is brought to the emergency department by the rescue squad. Physical and laboratory findings reveal hypothermia, hypoventilation, respiratory acidosis, bradycardia, hypotension, and nonpitting edema of the face and pretibial area. Knowing that these findings suggest severe hypothyroidism,doctor prepares to take emergency action to prevent the potential complication of: Severe hypothyroidism(myxedema coma). Thankyouu Internal  Pharma SUBJECT: PHARMACOLOGY OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM PREPARED BY: SYED EESHAAN(347B) 1. What is the mechanism of antithyroid action of Mercazolil: inhibit the synthesis of thyroid hormone in the thyroid gland. Inhibits thyroid peroxidase, blocking iodine oxidation and thyroid hormone synthesis. 2. Choose the mechanism of action of Mercazolil: same as 1 3. Stimulates metabolism: increases basal metabolic rate and oxygen consumption by tissues; enhances the breakdown of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates; used for hypothyroidism. Identify the drug: L- thyroxine , triiodothyronine(T3). Levothyroxine 4. Choose the thyroid drug used for coma in patients with myxedema: Triidothyronine. Liothyronine 5. Choose the mechanism of antithyroid action of Diiodotyrosine: inhibit the production of thyrotrophin hormone in the pituitary gland. 6. Choose the drug that impairs iodine uptake by the thyroid gland: potassium perchloride , radioactive iodine 7. Choose the drug that destroys follicular cells in the thyroid gland: Radioactive iodine 8. Choose the mechanism of the antithyroid action of radioactive iodine: Destroy the follicular cells in thyroid gland. 9. Choose the pharmacological effect of thyroid hormone drugs: thyroid hormones stimulate metabolism,increase oxygen consumption,enhance protein synthesis and regulate growth and development. 10. Choose the indications for the use of Triiodothyronine hydrochloride: used for hypothyroidism, myxedema and cretinism. 11. Choose the mechanism of the antithyroid action of potassium perchlorate: Disrupts the absorption of iodine by thyroid gland./ inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis. 12. Choose the mechanism of the antithyroid action of Propylthiouracil: it inhibits thyroid peroxidase and reduces peripheral conversion of T4 to T3. 13. Choose the long-acting human Insulin analog: Insulin glargine (lantus) 14. Choose the mechanism of action of Rosiglitazone: It activates the PPARy receptors in the nucleus and increases the transcription of insulin sensitive genes(increases tissue sensitivity to insulin). 15. Choose the temperature storage requirements for insulin preparations: 2-8 degree C , should not be frozen 16. Choose the plant-based antidiabetic drug: METFORMIN(derived from galega officinalis)-> enhances insulin sensitivity. 17. Choose the emergency drug for diabetic coma:INTRAVENOUS GLUCOSE or GLUCAGON is used for hypoglycemic coma. 18. Choose the synthetic antidiabetic drug: Glibenclamide,a sulfonylurea,stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. 19. Choose the long-acting insulin: Insulin detemir[levemir]. 20. Choose the intermediate-acting insulin: Neutral protamine hagedorn {NPH INSULIN}. 21. Choose the antidiabetic agent – a long-acting sulfonylurea derivative: Glipzide,Butamide,Chloropropamide,gilbenclamide, glimepiride 22. Choose the monophasic hormonal contraceptive: Ethinylestradiol + levonorgestrel{combined oral contraceptive}. 23. Choose the progestin implantable contraceptive: Etonogestrel(nexplanon). 24. Choose the indication for the prescription of glucocorticoids: Immune deficiency/inflamatory condition of bones and joints, and adrenal insufficiency. 25. Choose the cause of the "withdrawal syndrome" after stopping glucocorticoid treatment: Acute adrenal insufficiency. 26. Choose the glucocorticoid used only for local action: Flumethasoni pivalas 27. Choose a side effect of glucocorticoids: peptic ulcer, tuberculosis and osteoporosis, hyperglycemia and immune suppression. 28. Choose the glucocorticoid used as an aerosol for the treatment of bronchial asthma: Budesonide(reduces airway inflamation). 29. Choose the side effects of mineralocorticoids: Hypertension,hypokalemia and fluid retention. 30. Choose the properties characteristic of glucocorticoids: Anti inflamatory,immunosupressive and metabollic effects. 31. Choose complications observed with prolonged use of glucocorticoids: Cushings syndrome, osteoporosis and adrenal suppression. 32. Choose the properties characteristic of mineralocorticoids: Increased sodium retention and pottasium excretion. 33. Choose the synthetic glucocorticoid containing 2 fluorine atoms: Fluocinolone, dexamethasone. 34. Choose the levonorgestrel-containing intrauterine contraceptive: Mirena. 35. Choose the indication for the use of Oxytocin: Chronic heart failure.(drug is choosen from cardiac glycoside like digoxin/digitoxin),oxytocin is used to induce labor and control postpartum hemorrhage. 36. Choose estrogen antagonists: Tamoxifen & clomiphene 37. Indications for the use of anti-estrogens: Used in breast cancer & Ovulation induction. 38. Indications for the use of progestogens: Contraception, Endometriosis and hormone replacement therapy. 39. Choose the progestogen antagonist: Mifepristone 40. Choose the androgen antagonist: Flutamide 41. Choose the anabolic steroid drug: Nandrolone{increases muscle mass and bone density}. 42. Choose the synthetic androgen: Methyltestosterone (oral androgen derivative). 43. Choose the indications for the use of androgens: Used for hypogonadism and muscle wasting. 44. Choose the effect of mineralocorticoids on sodium and potassium ions in the body: Increased sodium retention and pottasium excretion. 45. Choose the drug that suppresses the production of thyroid-stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary gland: Iodine diiodotyrosine, levothyroxine. 46. Mechanism of action of Finasteride: inhibits 5 reductase, reducing DHT levels in prostate. 47. Choose the synthetic estrogen of non-steroidal structure: Diethylstilbestrol 48. Choose the property of glucocorticoids that explains their use in the treatment of bronchial asthma: They reduce airway inflamation and mucus production 49. The anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids is due to: inhibition of phospholypase A2 { and cytokine release} 50. The immunosuppressive effect of glucocorticoids is due to: Inhibition of T-cell proliferation and cytokine release. 51. Choose the indication for use of Corticotropin: Used for adrenal insufficiency and diagnostic testing. 52. Choose the replacement therapy drugs used for hypothyroidism:levothyroxine (t4) and liothyronine(t3). 53. Choose side effects of Corticotropin: Hypertension , weight gain, cushingoid appearance. 54. Choose the indication for use of the drug Intermedin:Regulates calcium metabolism ,hence used in osteoporosis. 55. Choose the indication for use of the drug Lactin: used for lactation induction and prolactin regulation. NOTE: All the answers are taken from kharkevitchs pharmacology.. Pathana Pathology Questions & Answers 1. A disease caused by absolute or relative insulin deficiency: Answer: Diabetes mellitus 2. The development of diabetes mellitus is based on lesions: Answer: Changes in the islet apparatus of the pancreas, changes in the liver, vascular bed, and kidneys 3. Cause of death in acute toxic liver dystrophy: Answer: Acute liver or kidney failure (hepatorenal syndrome) 4. A pathological process based on enlargement of the thyroid gland, due to hyperplasia of its cells: Answer: Goiter (struma) 5. The patient complains of thirst, skin itching, pustules on the body. His labs show hyperglycaemia and glucosuria. Your diagnosis: Answer: Diabetes mellitus 6. Substance, at the heart of the metabolic disorder of which, is based on absolute or relative insulin deficiency: Answer: Glucose 7. A form of goiter in which thyroid function is not altered: Answer: Sporadic goiter Endemic goiter (simple goiter) 8. A sign characteristic of Addison's disease: skin Answer: Hyperpigmentation of the skin (melanoderma) -dark colored 9. Follicles of various shapes and sizes are found in the thyroid gland on histological examination. The epithelium lining them is high and forms a papilla-like structure. The colloid is liquid. Along the stroma there are clusters of lymphoid cells. Your diagnosis: Hashimotos Thyrodites. Answer: Diffuse toxic goiter (Basedow's disease) 10. Signs of Riedel's goitre: Thyroid gland becomesony hard. Answer: Thyroid gland becomes dense, fibrous, and can compress surrounding structures 11. Signs of Hashimoto's struma: Answer: Diffuse infiltration of thyroid tissue by lymphocytes and plasma cells, formation of lymphoid follicles, glandular atrophy, and replacement with connective tissue 12. A disease caused by a predominant involvement of the adrenal glands: Answer: Addison's disease 13. Classification of diabetes mellitus according to pathogenesis: Answer: Type 1 (insulin-dependent), Type 2 (insulin-independent), secondary diabetes, gestational diabetes, and latent (subclinical) diabetes 14. Manifestation of diabetic macroangiopathy: Answer: Arterial atherosclerosis , Coronary arteyds , peripheral auteryds. 15. Manifestation of Basedow's Disease: Answer: Proliferation of thyroid epithelium with formation of papillae, lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the stroma, transformation of prismatic epithelium into cylindrical 16. Disease with acute hypothyroidism: Answer: Myxedema (severe hypothyroidism) ↳ in adults. 17. An outcome of diabetic microangiopathy: Answer: Diabetic glomerulosclerosis (Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome) 18. Disease of the pancreas characterised by atrophy, lipomatosis and sclerosis: Answer: Diabetes mellitus 19. Goiter, in which thyroid function is reduced: Answer: Colloid goiter 20. The thyroid gland is dense (glandular goiter), fused to surrounding tissue. Squeezes the trachea. Your diagnosis: Answer: Riedels thyroiditis (fibrous goiter) 21. Form of goiter by macroscopic appearance: Answer: Diffuse, nodular, and mixed (diffuse-nodular) goiter 22. Cause of acute adrenal insufficiency: < infections Answer: Adrenal gland hemorrhage, necrosis due to thrombosis, tuberculosis, metastases, or autoimmune destruction 23. Histological examination of the pancreas shows sclerosis, hyalinosis, amyloidosis of islets in some places. B cells are small, degranulated. What's your diagnosis? Answer: Diabetes mellitus 24. A disease developing from an adenoma of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland: Answer: Acromegaly 25. Morphological features of Hashimoto's goiter: Answer: Diffuse lymphocytic infiltration, formation of lymphoid follicles, destruction of thyroid parenchyma, and fibrosis  Answers to Growth & Development Questions 1. Identify the hormone that has an anabolic effect in the regulation of protein metabolism: Answer: Insulin 2. Identify the hormone that slows down lipolysis: Answer: Insulin 3. Identify the hormone that regulates the growth and function of the thyroid gland: Answer: Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 4. The production of which hormone depends on the sex and age of the child: Answer: Gonadotropins (LH & FSH) 5. Specify the endocrine glands that have the main influence on the process of physical development during puberty: Answer: Gonads (Testes & Ovaries), Pituitary Gland, Adrenal Glands 6. Specify the age period of the child that is characterized by the most intensive growth: Answer: Infancy (0-1 year) and Puberty (10-16 years) 7. Choose what is not included in the growth and development of a child: Answer: Intelligence quotient (IQ) level 8. Specify the age period in which growth retardation occurs in boys: Answer: 15-17 years 9. Specify the age period in which growth retardation occurs in girls: Answer: 13-15 years 10. Specify what the law of proportions of growth and development of a child represents: Answer: Different body parts grow at different rates over time. 11. Specify the influence of the parathyroid glands on the process of growth and development of children: Answer: Regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism 12. What is the growth and development of a child? Answer: A dynamic process influenced by genetics, hormones, nutrition, and environment. 13. Specify a parameter not used to determine the growth and development of children: Answer: Blood pressure 14. Choose what is not included in the growth and development of a child: Answer: Academic performance 15. Indicate which of the following does not characterize the process of biological maturation of a child: Answer: Increase in knowledge 16. Specify the development indicators that determine the size and proportionality of the body: Answer: Height, weight, BMI, body proportions 17. What is not a cause of growth retardation in children: Answer: Excessive physical activity 18. What is not a cause of underweight in children: Answer: Parental height 19. Which factor does not apply to endogenous factors that influence the growth and development of children: Answer: Socioeconomic status 20. Indicate which of the following laws does not apply to the laws expressing the mechanisms of growth in children: Answer: Law of academic excellence 21. Choose a factor that is not related to exogenous factors that influence the growth and development of children: Answer: Genetic inheritance 22. Which endocrine glands do not affect physical development: Answer: Pineal gland 23. Indicate what does not apply to the influence of the sex glands on the process of growth and development of children: Answer: Regulation of blood sugar levels 24. Specify which factor does not affect the growth and development of children: Answer: Hair color 25. Indicate what role the adrenal glands play in the growth and development of children: Answer: Secretion of androgens and regulation of stress responses