Introduction to Anatomy 2024 PDF

Introduction of Anatomy Fazlin Zaini 2024 Learning outcomes At the end of the session, students should be able to describe the subdivisions of anatomy, the levels of structural organisation in the body and the common anatomical terms Lecture contents Subdivisions of an...

Introduction of Anatomy Fazlin Zaini 2024 Learning outcomes At the end of the session, students should be able to describe the subdivisions of anatomy, the levels of structural organisation in the body and the common anatomical terms Lecture contents Subdivisions of anatomy Levels of structural organisation in the body Anatomical terms  What is anatomy? it is the scientific study of structure or morphology of organisms and their parts Human anatomy: scientific study of structure or morphology of human body and its parts Gross anatomy Microscopic Subdivisions of anatomy anatomy Developmental anatomy Comparative anatomy physiology – study of function  Subdivisions of anatomy Gross Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy Study of the comparison of human anatomy with that of other animals or species Developmental Anatomy Comparative Anatomy  Main approaches for studying gross anatomy Gross anatomy study of macroscopic structure Regional anatomy Systemic anatomy Head and Pelvis and Integumentary Lymphatic neck perineum Skeletal Digestive Thorax Upper and Muscular Respiratory Abdomen lower limbs Nervous Urinary Endocrine Reproductive Cardiovascular using cadaver (dead body) or living body  Systemic anatomy Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Lymphatic Digestive Components: Components: bones, Components: Components: lymph, Components: mouth, skin, hair, nails, cartilage, ligaments muscles lymph vessels, oesophagus, stomach, sweat and lymphoid organs intestines, liver, sebaceous pancreas glands Covers and Provides body Produces Returns tissue fluid to Ingests and digests protect body, framework and support, movement, the blood, defends food, absorbs nutrients regulates protects, attaches maintains posture, against disease into blood temperature muscles to bones, provides heat provide calcium storage  Systemic anatomy Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Respiratory Urinary Reproductive Components: Components: Components: Components: Components: Components: brain, spinal pituitary, heart, blood air kidneys, ureters, testes, ovaries, cord, nerves, adrenal, thyroid, vessels, blood passageways, urinary bladder, accessory glands sense receptors other ductless lungs urethra and structures glands Coordinates Regulates Transport Exchanges Excrete Forms new body activities, metabolic material from gases between metabolic individuals to receives and activities and one part of the blood and wastes, regulates provide continuation transmits stimuli body chemistry body to another, external fluid balance and of human species defends against environment acid-base disease balance  Microscopic anatomy “Cytology” ….. Study of structure of individual cell “Histology” … Study of structure of tissues and organs  Levels of structural organisation in human body Organ level Organ system level Nervous system Eye Tissue level Retina Photoreceptor cell Organism level Cellular level Human body Molecular level Anatomical terms 1. Anatomical position 2. Directions in the body to describe the relative position of one part to another two items in each pair of terms are opposite: superior vs inferior 3. Planes and sections of the body 4. Body cavities 5. Regions of the body  1. Anatomical position Face is forward Arms (upper limbs) at the sides Palms are directed forward Body is standing erect Toes are directed forward  Superior 2.Directions in the body Superior vs Inferior Superior: a part is above another part or closer to the head e.g., the nose is superior to the mouth Inferior: a part is below another part or closer to the feet e.g., the heart is inferior to the neck Posterior Anterior Anterior (ventral) vs Posterior (dorsal) Anterior (ventral): a part is toward the front surface e.g., the heart is anterior to the vertebral column Posterior (dorsal): a part is toward the back e.g., the heart is posterior to the sternum Inferior 2.Directions in the body Medial vs Lateral Proximal Medial: nearer the midline Lateral e.g., the nose is medial to the ear Lateral: away from the midline e.g., the ear is lateral to the nose Proximal vs Distal Distal Proximal: a part is closer to a point of attachment or the trunk Medial e.g., the elbow is proximal to the wrist Distal: a part is farther away from a point of attachment or the trunk e.g., the fingers are distal to the wrist  3. Planes and sections of the body transverse plane divides body into superior and inferior parts frontal plane divides body into anterior sagittal plane and posterior parts divides body into right and left parts 4.Body cavities Abdominopelvic quadrants Nine abdominopelvic regions  5.Regions of the body Cephalic head Head & Neck Costal ribs Axial Cutaneous skin Trunk (thorax, abdomen, pelvis, Frontal forehead perineum) Body Palmar palm of hand Upper limbs Femoral thigh Appendicular Pectoral chest Lower limbs Axillary armpit Gluteal buttock region Brachial arm Body area terms Reference The Anatomy and Physiology Learning System. 4th Edition. Applegate E (2011), Elsevier Saunders.