Hazmat Notes Final Copy PDF

Hazardous Material Study Guide Scene size-up: Size - Is the endangered area changing or moving. How wide should the initial isolation zone be? Shape - What is the shape of the area or exposure Exposures - What is being exposed Physical, health, and safety hazards - What...

Hazardous Material Study Guide Scene size-up: Size - Is the endangered area changing or moving. How wide should the initial isolation zone be? Shape - What is the shape of the area or exposure Exposures - What is being exposed Physical, health, and safety hazards - What potential hazards does the material or its container present. Leeward: Downwind - PAD Windward: Upwind - Isolation Zone Anatomy of an explosion Pg 372 Blast Pressure Wave - Rapidly released gasses can create a shock wave that travels outward from the center. Two phases to a blast pressure wave: Pg 372 Positive Pressure Phase: ○ The shock front - leads the positive-pressure wave, striking anything in its path with a hammering force. ○ Positive pressure wave – Continues outward in an expanding radius until its energy diminishes. ○ The energy dissipated due to its distance or because it transfers to an object standing in its path. After the initial blast: Negative pressure phase (Suction phase) - ○ Displaced atmosphere rushes back to fill the vacuum left at the center of the explosion. This rush of air also has a destructive power although not to the same degree at the positive pressure phase. ○ Structures damaged in the initial blast can be further damaged in the negative pressure phase. ○ An explosion's negative pressure phase lasts about three times longer than the positive pressure phase. Hazardous Materials Technician – May supervise responders trained to lower levels. PPE worn in the warm zone – May be at a reduced level from the hot zone. Potassium iodide (KI) starch paper – Can be used to test for peroxides and/or potential explosives. (oxidizers) Acetone test strips?  Hazardous Material Study Guide Peroxide test strips - (Used for oxidizers) Used to detect improvised explosives such as Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP) and Hexamethylene Triperoxide Diamine (HMTD) Color change to blue after 15 seconds indicates presence of organic peroxides Must be in close proximity to use If detected withdraw immediately Potassium iodide (KI) starch papers Pg 555 How can the oxidizing potential of unknown chemicals be measured KI Fluoride test papers – Pg551 In significant amounts, Chlorates, bromates, and sulfates will cause white discolorations on fluoride test papers. Of all chemical elements, fluorine is the most reactive. Used for the most toxic. corrosive, and reactive compounds. Ph Papers – Designed to change colors when it meets corrosive materials. pH 0-3 = especially corrosive acids pH 7 = neutral (water) pH 10-14 = especially corrosive bases pH paper striped or bleached = oxidizers and organic peroxides The primary equipment used to detect and measure corrosivity is PH meters and PH papers. Probe pH meters must be rinsed BEFORE AND AFTER calibration Acids - burn skin and eyes immediately and can be washed off. Bases - Penetrate tissues or eyes. Difficult to remove. Cause more damage due to long duration. Chip Measurement System (CMS)  Hazardous Material Study Guide Simple to use Detects gasses and vapors Small tubes (Capillaries) Colorimetric indicator tubes Pg 569 colormetric tubes used to detect specific chemicals or groups of chemicals or groups of chemicals in gas form. Infrared Thermometer Chemical reaction taking place between hazardous materials. Chapter 11 In a terrorist attack, how would nerve agents likely be dispersed? Aerosolized liquids Reporting Marks Railroad Tanks First responders can get specification information from the railroad shipper, car owner, or the Association of America Railroads by using (On LEFT, on both sides, both ENDS and on top) – Reporting Marks Number stenciled on the exterior of a tank car to indicate the volume of the tank ( under reporting marks on ends (gallons), and on the sides (pounds). The water capacity (load limit) found in the center of the car - Capacity stencils The standard to which the tank car was built to (Sides of car to the RIGHT) - Specification Markings Intermodal Tanks Reporting Marks - found on right hand side when facing either side or end(s) of tank (IMs with Hazmat must have proper shipping names stenciled on two sides) *Radiation Types (all ionizing) Gamma (Light - X-ray) - ○ Has neither a charge nor a mass. ○ Can easily pass through the human body or be absorbed by tissue. ○ Concrete, earth, and lead may be useful as shielding. ○ PPE provides no protection.  Hazardous Material Study Guide ○ Most dangerous, most penetrative. ○ Chances of encountering a hazardous materials incident are remote. ○ - class C or B packaging (uranium) Beta - ○ Penetrates further than alpha particles but causes less damage over equally traveled distances. ○ Capable of penetrating skin and causing radiation damage. ○ More hazardous if ingested or inhaled. ○ Stopped by a layer of clothing, thin sheet of metal, or thick plexiglass. ○ Will travel farther than Alpha particles. ○ Shielding with dense metals will cause X-ray radiation. - ○ class A packaging (any products of nuclear fission) Alpha - ○ Least energy, ○ do not penetrate deeply, ○ rapidly lose energy when passing through matter, ○ must be close to detect. ○ Does not penetrate skin. ○ Not a hazard outside of the body. - ○ Industrial packaging Neutron – Uncommon and requires specialized detection equipment. ○ Have a physical mass but no electrical charge. ○ Highly penetrating ○ Often used at construction sites for testing soil moisture. ○ Encountered in research labs and nuclear power plants. ○ Shielding requires materials with high amounts of hydrogen, such as oil, water and concrete. Conversion factor for gamma and X-ray radiation that can be applied for exposure, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent is – 1R = 1 rad = 1 rem The two general categories of radiation detectors used in hazmat incidents are SCINTILLATION DETECTORS and GAS -FILLED. Ion Chambers and Geiger Mueller (GM) tubes are both Gas-filled detectors. What equipment is required to detect hazards in a radiological lab – Dose rate meter and contamination meter. Dose rate meter measures gamma radiation and contamination meter measures alpha/beta radiation for contamination.  Hazardous Material Study Guide The inverse square law – distance from the source of radiation. Intensity reduces by a factor of ¼ radiation Intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance Flammable and combustible liquids are typically stored in low pressure tanks. Isolation zone vs control cone: Isolation Zone - May be composed of an inner and outer perimeter, and may be expanded or reduced to the size needed. Controle Zones - Include the Cold, Warm, and Hot zone. Minimizing contaminants and ensuring accountability of all personnel. Levels of PPE: Level A – Level A suit – Highest level of protection against gasses, mists and particles. Covers head and SCBA. Level B – Highest level of respiratory is necessary but lesser level of skin protection is necessary. Does not cover SCBA Level C – Filter Masks (APR OR PAPR) Splash proactive garment. Very little protection against fire. Periodic air monitoring is required. Level D – Work uniforms  Hazardous Material Study Guide Sanitation, Disinfection, Sterilization, and Neutralization: Sanitization - Reduces the number of microorganisms to a safe level. Disinfection - reducing microorganisms on a surface Sterilization - Completely killing or wiping our all microorganisms Neutralization – raising or lowering pH to a safe or more natural level Releases: Detonation - Instantaneous and explosive release of stored chemical energy of a hazardous material. Violent rupture - Immediate release of chemical or mechanical energy caused by runaway cracks. Rapid relief - Fast release of a pressurized hazardous material through properly operating safety devices Spill/Leak - Slow release of a hazardous material under atmospheric or head pressure through holes. Releases are classified according to HOW FAST THEY OCCUR. Most commonly, corrosive liquid tanks are involved in releases such as – Liquid spills or leaks. Dispersion types: Hemispheric release - Massive semi-circular/dome shaped pattern Plume - Irregularly shaped pattern influenced by wind or topography Cloud - Collectively risen pattern above ground or water Cone - Triangle shaped pattern that forms directly from point of source Procedures for conducting triage of victims should be determined within the – Local emergency response plan. CBRNE Incident management teams – Manage large and/or complex incidents. A release/attack site should be cleared or rendered safe of WMD hazards before beginning – Evidence collection tasks. The most common tank used for transportation is the low-pressure tank. Explosive place cards list the – Division and compatibility group letter. Hazard Classes: Nine hazard classes are used to categorize hazardous materials in the United Nations system. Class 1-  Hazardous Material Study Guide ○ Explosives ○ 1.1 - Mass explosion. -( Dynamite ) ○ 1.2 - Projection hazard but not mass explosion.- (Fireworks) ○ 1.3 - Explosives that have a fire hazard and either minor blast or minor projection hazard but no mass explosive hazard. - ( aerial flares) ○ 1.4 - Explosives that present a minor explosion hazard. - (igniter fuses) ○ 1.5 Very insensitive explosives with a mass explosive hazard. -( fertilizers or fuel oil) ○ 1.6 Extremely insensitive articles and no mass explosion hazard. - (Low vulnerability military weapons) Class 2- ○ Gasses ○ 2.1 - Flammable Gas -( methane and propane) ○ 2.2 - Non-Flammable/ Non-Toxic Gas - (helium) ○ 2.3 Gas poisonous by inhalation - Toxic Gas / Corrosive Gas - (cyanide) Class 3- Flammable Liquids/Combustible Liquids Class 4- ○ Flammable solids, spontaneously combustible, and dangerous when wet. ○ 4.1 - Flammable solid, self reactive substance solids, solid desensitized explosives. ○ 4.2 - Spontaneous combustible Materials. ○ 4.3 - Dangerous when wet - Substances that when contact to water emit flammable gas. Class 5- ○ Oxidizing Substances/Organic Peroxides ○ 5.1 - Oxidizing substances. - Typically solids or aqueous solutions (nitrate fertilizer) ○ 5.2 - Organic Peroxides - Liquids or Solids ( type b) Class 6- ○ Toxic Substances/ Infectious Substances ○ 6.1 Poisonous Material (Incapacitants and vomiting agents are Riot control agents.). ○ 6.2 Inhalation Hazard (Infectious Substances) Class 7-  Hazardous Material Study Guide ○ Radioactive material ○ I Label - Level is low and no special handling is required ○ II Label - External radiation level or characteristics that require consideration during storage. ○ III Label - Indicates the transport vehicle must be placarded radioactive. ○ Fissile Label - (of an atom or element) able to undergo nuclear fission ○ Empty Label - Empty containers but still contain radioactive residual. Class 8- ○ Corrosive substances Class 9- ○ Miscellaneous hazardous materials ○ Dangerous  Hazardous Material Study Guide Matter is found in three stages: + ERG initial isolation zone based on matter. Gas - 330 Ft Liquid - 150 Ft Solid - 75 Ft High Pressure Tank Truck “Bobtail tank” – MC-331 High pressure tanks transport liquefied petroleum gas and Anhydrous Ammonia ○ Hemispherical heads on both ends. Single shell vessel , no insulation. Shut off valves are left front and right rear. Guard cage around the bottom loading/unloading piping. Permeate flammable markings. ○ Low Pressure Chemical Tank Truck - MC-307/DOT-407 Rounded or horseshoe shaped ends. Stiffening rings that may or may not be visible. Discharge and unloading at middle or rear. Pressure and vacuum protection. Emergency shut off at front left. Flammable/combustible liquids, mild corrosives, and some toxic/poisons.  Hazardous Material Study Guide Non Pressure Cargo Tank Truck - MC-306/DOT-406 New tanks made of aluminum or steel, Old tanks made of steel. Almost always carry flammable combustible liquids. Such as gasoline, fuel oil, alcohol, or other non hazardous liquids. Oval shape, valves at the bottom, multiple compartments, vapor recovery valves on right side and rear. Manway assemblies and vapor recovery valves on top of each compartment. Typically trucks are involved in spills and leaks rather than violent ruptures. Breached by punctures, splits, tears, or damage to attachments. Corrosive Liquid Tank Trucks- MC-312 DOT-412 Made from aluminum mild steel stainless steel and fiberglass Carries corrosives. Typically acids such as acetyl chloride, hydrochloric acid, and sodium hydroxide. Small diameter round shape Exterior stiffening rings Top unloading on the rear and with exterior piping extending to the bottom Rollover protected valve assembly Pressure relief device located at turnover protection Can be damaged by splits tears and breaches pressure can cause violent ruptures Discolored unloading and loading area Most won't have a shut off valve  Hazardous Material Study Guide Compressed - Gas/Tube Trailers Carries typically helium, hydrogen, methane, oxygen, and other pressurized gasses. Very high pressure Pressure relief device on each cylinder. Bolted manway at front or rear. Valves in a protected housing. Valves manifolded together Runaway cracking, damage to attachments, punctures, splits or tears. Exposed to heat or flames will BLEVE When released, gasses will expand rapidly. Dry Bulk Cargo Trailers Transport solids such as oxidizers, corrosive solids, cement, plastic pellets, and fertilizers. Usually not under pressure but can be under low pressure depending on contents. Used to transport heavy loads. Varying shapes with V or W shaped bottom unloading. Cryogenic Tank Trucks - MC-338 TC-338 well insulated aluminum or steel tanks with vacuum sealed shells liquid cryogenics such as oxygen nitrogen or hydrogen liquids will pool close to the ground in a spill  Hazardous Material Study Guide will initially be visible as a fog or condensation and will change liquids will expand into gas as they expand with heat round tank with flat ends loading/unloading at the rear or in front rear dual wheels permanent markings such as refrigerated liquid emergency shut off at the left front and right rear may experience disintegration damage to attachments, punctures and split/ tears violent rupture or rapid relief when exposed to heat or flame (BLEVE) -130 degrees F Bulk transportation: Y Cylinders / Y Ton containers Nipples on both sides Often used for refrigerants Typically operate in a cascade system Two specifications depending on size. Often cary refergeriants Both Y and T containers cary refrigerants but Y is often used for refrigerants Ton Container: Pressure Tanks 1 short ton - Approximately 2,000lbs Stored on their sides Ends of the containers are concave Two valves in the center of one end. One above the other. One connects a tube to the vapor space. One connects a tube to the liquid space.  Hazardous Material Study Guide May have pressure relief or fusible plugs in case of fire or exposure to heat. Chlorine, Sulfur dioxide, anhydrous ammonia, or freon. Bulk Transportation Containers: Railroad Tank Cars Pressure Tank Trucks: ○ Typically carry flammable, non flammable, and poisonous gasses. ○ As well as flammable liquids and liquified compressed gasses. ○ Pressures greater than 25 psi. ○ Capacity ranges from 4,000 - 34,000 gallons. ○ Older jumbo cars can have capacity up to 50,000 gallons ○ Non compartmentalized ○ Steel or aluminum ○ Top loading cars ○ out of sight fittings located on the top in the manway cover ○ May be insulated or thermally protected ○ New pressure tank cars are more accident protected due to thicker tank walls, lower profile, and higher tank test pressure. ○ New pressure tanks are heavier and may be equipped with GPS, and anti tampering systems. ○ Several highly hazardous materials that do not emit vapors are transported in pressure tank cars. ○ May BLEVE. Due to large quantity evacuation and isolation zone will be large (1 mile) Cryogenic Liquid Tank Cars: ○ Carry low pressure usually below 25 psi ○ Argon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. ○ Liquefied natural gasses (LNG), and ethylene at higher psi ○ Unloading/ loading fittings, valves, and pressure relief in one cabinet. Bottom middle of the side or the end. ○ Double wall tank, metal outer layer and stainless steel inner layer. ○ Insulated and vacuum space ○ Protected from ambient air for only 30 days. ○ Initial isolation zone is ½ mile. ○ May be recognized by ground level cabinets  Hazardous Material Study Guide Low Pressure/ Non Pressure Tank Cars: DOT 111 ○ Does not carry TIH ○ Transport hazardous and non hazardous solids ○ And liquids with vapor pressures below 25 psi ○ New tanks made out of aluminum, mild steel and stainless steel ○ Flammable liquids / Solids ○ Reactive liquids / Solids ○ Oxidizers ○ Organic Peroxides ○ Poisons ○ Food Liquids ○ Can not transport inhalation hazards ○ Valves and fittings located in a dome cover on the top ○ Relief valves are also on the top but outside of the dome cover. ○ Compartmentalized up to 6 compartments. Each with its own fittings , capacity, and ability to transport different materials. ○ Fittings for loading/ unloading, pressure and vacuum relief located at the top or bottom of the car. ○ If only one protective housing is visible at the top of the car you must verify if it's low pressure or a pressurized car by identifying DOT specification stencil located on the right hand side of the car. ○ High-Hazard Flammable Trains (HHFT) are trains that transport – Multiple low pressure tank cars containing ethanol, crude oil, and other Class 3 products. Railroad Cars: Pg 258 Covered Hopper Cars ○ Often transport dry bulk materials such as grain, calcium carbide, ammonium nitrate, and cement. Uncovered (or open top) hopper cars ○ May carry coal, ○ Sand ○ Gravel ○ Rocks. Pneumatically unloaded hopper cars ○ Unloaded by pressurized air ○ Used to transport dry bulk loads ○ Ammonium nitrate fertilizer ○ Dry caustic soda ○ Plastic pellets ○ Cement Miscellaneous cars ○ Boxcars ○ Gondolas ○ Well cars  Hazardous Material Study Guide ○ Spine cars ○ Used to carry containers of hazardous materials ○ Mixed cargo in varieties of different packaging North America Railroad Tank Car Markings Reporting Marks ○ Railcar initials and numbers ○ Used to obtain information about the car's contents from the railroad computer, the shipper, CHEMTREC, CANUTEC, or SENTIQ. ○ Should match initials and numbers on shipping papers ○ Stenciled on both sides (to the left when facing the sides of the cars) and both ends (Upper center of the tank) ○ Some owners also stencil the top of the cars Capacity Stencil ○ Show the volume of the tank car ○ Volume in gallons is on both ends under the reporting marks. ○ Capacity in pounds ( term load limit) is stenciled on the sides under reporting marks. ○ Water capacity (Water weight) Stenciled on the sides in the Center. Specification Marking ○ Indicates the standards to which a tank was built. ○ stenciled on both sides of the tank ○ To the right when looking at the side. ( opposite of reporting marks.) ○ Can also get specification information from the railroad, shipper, car owner, or the association of railroads by using reporting marks. ○ Stamped on metal place located on the frame to certify it complies with specifications. ○ Non Bulk Packaging: Pg 278 International Intermodal Markings -  Hazardous Material Study Guide WMD Pg 367 WMDs are produced/acquired from these substances and their sources, such as: ○ Triacetone triperoxide (TATP) - is an explosive made with Common household products. ○ Ricin – A biological toxin made from Castor Beans. recipes can be found on the internet ○ Foot and mouth disease - Caused by exposure to feces. Biological agricultural threats that have natural reservoirs in nature. ○ Radiological materials - can be stolen from medicinal and construction sources ○ Toxic and industrial chemicals - readily available in every jurisdiction (plants, warehouses, factories..etc) Producing these highly sophisticated weapons requires a high level of resources and knowledge. Reactivity : Fire tetrahedron - Oxygen, Fuel, sustained chemical reaction, heat Activation energy - Minimum energy that starts a chemical reaction when added to an atomic or molecular system. Such as a blasting cap in dynamite - C ○ Reactivity triangle – Can be used to explain the basic components of many chemical reactions.  Hazardous Material Study Guide ○ NIMS-ICS Which section of NIMS-ICS is established specifically when WMDS or criminal activities are suspected – Intelligence and information. Which section of NIMS-ICS directly manages all incident tactical activities and priorities – Operations. Which section of NIMS-ICS gathers, assimilates, analyzes, and processes information needed for the effective decision making - Operations Section – Planning Section – Logistics – Finance/Administration section - Radioactive materials packaging: 1. Excepted Used to transport materials with limited radioactive activity that present no risk to the public or the environment. Not marked or labeled as such. Because of low risk it is exempt from some labeling and documentation. 2. Industrial - Must retain and protect its contents during normal transportation. Not identified as such on packages or shipping papers. Limited hazard to the public and environment Slightly contaminated clothing Laboratory Samples  Hazardous Material Study Guide Smoke Detectors 3. Type A - Protects contents and maintains sufficient shielding under normal transportation Must demonstrate their abilities to withstand a series of tests without releasing their content. Packages and shipping papers will have type A written on them. Radioactive materials with relatively high specific activity levels are shipped in Type A Packages. Radiopharmaceuticals ( materials used for medical use) Some qualified industrial products. 4. Type B - must demonstrate ability under normal shipping conditions but also in severe accident conditions without releasing contents identified as type B on package and shipping papers they protect against radiation when the limit of type A is exceeded use type B packaging materials that present a radiation hazard to environment if major release Materials with high levels of radioactivity such as spent fuel from nuclear power plants. 5. Type C - Packages used for high radioactive materials. Transported by aircraft. Requirements higher than Type B Requirements are set for emergency conditions that can occur in air transport GEMBO (General Emergency Behavior Model) – Model used to describe how hazardous materials are accidentally released from their containers and how they behave after the release. ○ Three common elements - Hazardous Materials Exposures Containers that have failed APIE is a response model: Analyze the incident Plan the initial response Implement the response Evaluate the progress  Hazardous Material Study Guide Response Phases (Criminal/WMD): Tactical Phase – Law enforcement removes tactical threats. Operational Phase – Life safety objectives are met and stabilized and secured. Crime Scene Phase – evidence is recovered and packaged for transport, and the crime scene is processed forensically. ANSI Z545.5 ○ Red – Used for danger signs, flammable liquids, fire protection equipment, emergency stop buttons, etc. ○ Orange – Used for warning signs and an indication of energized machines or equipment ○ Yellow – Used for caution signs and alerts of physical hazards. ○ Green – Indicates first aid equipment and safety information ○ Blue – Used for property policies, facility standards, and any other information that is not directly safety related Chemical Properties: Flash point – Minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapors to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surfaces of the liquid. Fire point - Temperature at which a liquid fuel produces sufficient vapors to support combustion once the fuel is ignited. Usually a few degrees above flashpoint. Auto Ignition -Lowest temp at which fuel in the air will ignite without flame. Ignition temperature - Minimum temperature to which a fuel (other than liquid) in the air must be heated in order to self - self sustain combustion independent of the heating source. Flammable Liquids - Have lower flash point (100 degrees F) Flammability Range - Correct mixture of vapor to air for combustion to occur LFL (LEL) - Lower limit UFL (LEL) - Upper limit The three levels of situational awareness: Perception Comprehension Application. Thermal imagers can be used to detect liquid in containers at hazmat incidents. Because you can tell the temp of the liquid vs the temp of the open space.  Hazardous Material Study Guide The entry team performs search, rescue, and removal of victims. Must have at least two trained members in PPE. Class 7 radioactive I, ii, and iii labels always contain isotope name and radioactive activity A common sequence of events generally occurs at hazmat incidents, starting with stress to a container, and ending in harm. In this order Stress, Breach, Release, dispersion/engulf, exposure/contact, harm. High – Temp protective clothing Pg 435 Proximity suit Permit close approach to fires for rescue, fire suppression and property conservation activities such as aircraft rescue and fire fighting operations involving flammable liquids. Such suits provide greater heat protection than fire fighting protective clothing. Fire entry suit Allow a person to work in total flame environments for short periods of time. Each suit has a specific use and is not interchangeable. Roles and Responsibilities at hazmat incidents: Awareness – Typically on scene when the incident occurs. Perform limited defenses such as calling for help, evacuating the hazard area, and securing the scene. Operations - Dispatched to the scene in order to mitigate the incident. Are allowed to perform defensive actions but are not allowed to come into contact with the hazardous material. (first responders) Operations mission specific – May be trained beyond the set of core competencies to perform defensive tasks and limited offensive actions. These include using specialized equipment and performing tasks where they might come into contact with hazardous materials. Hazardous Materials Technician – Perform offensive tasks, including controlling releases at hazmat incidents and may supervise the activities of operations level responders performing mission specific tasks. Hazardous Materials Technician with Specialty – Hazardous Materials Officer – Manages the hazmat personnel and operations under the direction of the Incident Commander. Hazardous Material Safety Officer – Ensures that safe practices are followed at the incident. Specialists – Provides expertise in specialized areas, such as chemicals, processes, containers, and specialized operations, typically in an advisory capacity.  Hazardous Material Study Guide Local Emergency Response Plan (LERP) – determines the level of incident. Level 1 - Level 2 - Level 3 – In the U.S if responders need to request outside assistance for an incident they should consult - Local Emergency Response Plan (LERP) Two classes of asphyxiants are : Simple – Displaces oxygen so you're simply not breathing oxygen. Chemical- Prohibit body cells from using oxygen. Disease Transmission: Airborne transmission (Inhalation of airborne organisms or toxins) Remainssuspended in the air for a long time. Airborne transmitted diseases can survive outside the body for a long time. Contact with infection droplets Transmit diseases through contact with mucous membranes of the eye, nose, and mouth. Droplets generally do not survive outside the human body for long. Direct contact (such as touching or kissing an infected person) Most sexually transmitted diseases, such as HIV, fall into this category. Other diseases such as Ebola, transmitted in this way typically do not survive outside the human body for long. Indirect contact (such as touching contaminated surfaces) Can generally survive on exposed surfaces for extended periods of time. The Norwalk Virus is an example of a disease transmitted through indirect contact Ingestion of contaminated food or water Normally this occurs due to contact with infected fecal material. Disease transmitted through food and water include amoebic dysentery and cholera. Vectors Some diseases such as Lyme Disease and the bubonic plague, are spread by insects, animals, rodents and livestock.  Hazardous Material Study Guide Breaches: Disintegration – Caused by corrosion, in containers made of brittle materials. Runaway cracking – Breaks the container into two or more relatively large pieces or large tears. A crack develops in a container and continues to grow rapidly. (Associated with BLEVE.) Attachment (closures) open or breaks – Breaking off at an attachment. Punctures – Occurs when foreign objects penetrate through a container, such as forklift puncturing through a drum. Split or tears – Breach through a welded seam on a tank. Mechanical or thermal stress may cause split or tears, such as a seam on a bag ripping. Caution safety symbols: Pg 92 U.S – Rectangle Mexico – Triangle Canada – Circle Identifying potential evidence: Direct - Facts found through the five physical senses to which a person can attest without further support. Circumstantial - Facts which support presumptions or inferences formed from direct or physical evidence. Physical – Material objects evaluated during an investigation which tend to prove or disprove facts Concentration, Dose, and Exposure limits: Exposure limits – Max time exposed to airborne substances before injury, illness, or death. Concentration – Ratio of material to water Parts Per Million (ppm) – Larger concentrations Parts Per Billion (ppb) – Smaller concentrations Threshold Limit Value (TLV) – Concentration (ppm) tolerated during an 8 hr workday. Threshold Limit Value/Ceiling (TLV/C) – Concentration (ppm) Not to be exceeded instantaneously Short -Term Exposure Limit (STEL) – Exposure not to exceed 15 minutes time Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) - The exposure limit term that describes the concentration in the air at which most people are not adversely affected.  Hazardous Material Study Guide Respiratory Protection Power Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR) Supplied Air Respirator (SAR) Emergency Breathing Support System (EBSS) Air – Purifying Respirators (APRs) SCBA - Self Contained Breathing Apparatus Green Pages in the ERG: Table 1 – Initial isolation & Pads Table 2 – Water reactive materials Table 3 - Six common Toxic Inhalation Hazard Materials How can a responder estimate the available work time in a breathing air cylinder – By the volume of the cylinder. Sublimate = A solid turning to a gas without going through liquid phase (Dry Ice) Self-Accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) – Specific to organic peroxides If organic peroxides reach their SADT, they undergo a chemical change and may violently release from their container. Specialized team that can assist in the assessment and intelligence process at an illicit lab – o DEA Clandestine Lab Team. (DEA) = Drug Enforcement Agency o Local or State Law Enforcement Lab Teams for the illegal manufacture of drugs. o Federal Bureau of investigation (FBI) Laboratory Forensic Response Section for the manufacture of WMD materials. 5 Primary illicit (Illegal) labs and their Indicators: Biological labs – Castor beans and rosemary peas may have microscopes, growth media, auto caves (device that uses high pressure team to sterilize objects), glove boxes, incubators, and refrigerators. May contain acetone, Epsom salt, and sodium hydroxide. Unlikely to have flammables. However, they likely contain acids/bases, alcohols, and acetone. Radiological labs – Lantern mantles, shielding materials, smoke detectors. Milling tools, or lathes. Metal grinders, tongs or tools to provide distance for the user, Trefoil symbols. Responders should know how to contact the radiation protection office. Special Nuclear Materials (SNM) emit neutrons. Explosive labs – (2nd common type of lab). Ammunition and hundreds of matchbooks. May not need to cook materials. Basic ingredients are FUEL and OXIDIZER. Large number  Hazardous Material Study Guide of PEROXIDE based explosive labs. Use refrigerated methods for storage and transport as they are highly unstable. Peroxide explosives can look like cocaine and react violently to drug test kits. Chemical labs – Organophosphate pesticides, presence of cyanides or acids, military manuals, methyl iodide and phosphorus. Very sophisticated lab equipment. Drug labs – (1st Common type of lab) flammability Agencies should write an After Action Report after each incident, with input from all involved , and a copy furnished to all participating agencies/departments. After drug labs, Explosive labs are the second most common type of lab encountered/ 3 most common methods for cooking meth: One/single Bottle method (one pot method) Red phosphorous (Red P) method. Produces a highly toxic/flammable gas phosphine. Phosphine - smells like dead fish or garlic and causes respiratory irritants, pulmonary edema, and vascular collapse. Nazi/Birch method Flammability is the most serious hazard associated with meth labs. Anhydrous Ammonia – used in meth labs, Sold as fertilizer or refrigerant gas. For every pound (0.5kg) of meth produced, labs generate approximately 6 pounds (3KG) of hazardous waste. 1lb meth = 6lb hazardous waste. Anhydrous ammonia, used in meth production, will turn the brass fittings blue on propane cylinders and other containers. Castor beans indicate which type of illicit lab – Biological. Read chapter 10 Decon Four potential sources requiring decontamination at an illicit lab incident: o Uninjured tactical operators and their equipment o Injured tactical operators o Uninjured suspects o Injured suspects Choking agents- Chlorine and phosgene does not require decon because it does not stay in a liquid for very long ( turns to a gas rather quickly). Both heavier than air. Cause damage to LUNGS!! The three basic principles of decon are – Get it off, keep it off, and contain it.  Hazardous Material Study Guide Decontamination of evidence – Will remove contamination from the exterior evidence packaging only. Exposure is not necessarily contaminated! And may not require decon. Public safety samples are used for – Risk assessments, health, and decontamination. What level of responders should perform technical decontamination operations – Operation Mission- Specific. The area of refuge is the staging area for decon in the warm zone. NFPA 704: Left - BLUE - Health ○ 4 - Severe ○ 2 - Moderate ○ 0 - Minimal Top - RED - Flammability 4 - Flammable gasses, volatile liquids, pyrophoric materials 2 - Ignites when moderately heated 0 - Will not burn Right - YELLOW - Instability 4 - Capable of detonation or explosive decomposition at ambient conditions 2 - Violent chemical change possible at elevated temp and pressure 0- Normally stable Bottom - White - Special Character OX - Oxidizer ₩ - Unusual reactivity with water Military symbols: Fire: ○ 1 -Mass explosion - Octagon ○ 2 - Explosion with fragment hazard - X ○ 3 - Mass Fire - Upside down triangle ○ 4- Moderate Fire/ No blast - Diamond Chemical Hazard PPE symbols: All full PPE ○ “Red your dead” - (Set 1) Highly toxic chemicals that may cause death. ○ “Yellow your mellow” (Set 2) Harassing agents ( Riot control agents and smokes)  Hazardous Material Study Guide ○ “White is bright” (Set 3) Spontaneously combustible (Phosphorous) Supplement Chemical Hazard Agents G - persistent/non persistent (nerve) → death H - Mustard/blister agents (burn agent) L - Lewisite blister (non persistent choking/blood agents) —-------- VX - Nerve (persistent/non persistent) → death BZ - incapacitating agents TRACEM - Another way to categorize the types of harm caused by hazardous materials. Pg 25 Thermal Hazards - Radiological hazards - Asphyxiation hazard - Chemical hazards - Etiological/biological hazards - Mechanical hazards - Terms to describe Air Contaminants: Pg 139 Dust - Solid particle that is formed or generated from solid organic or inorganic materials by reducing its size through mechanical processes. Fume - Suspension of particles that form when material from a vapor state solid condenses in cool air. Mist - Finely divided liquid suspended in the Atmosphere. Generated by liquids condensing from a vapor back to a liquid into a dispersed state. iNON PRESSURIZED Aerosol - Form of high pressurized mist. Identified by high speed of travel. (Hair Spray) Fiber - Solid particle, length is greater than width. Not visible in the air. (Asbestos) Vapor - Formed by evaporation of a liquid or solid. Gaseous form of a material that is normally in a solid or liquid state at room temp and pressure. Fog -Visible aerosol of a liquid formed by condensation. Vapor is emitted off a liquid. It is not a gas. The faster something evaporates the higher the vapor pressure: Gasoline - evaporates quick Oil - Evaporates slow BLEVE - Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion(violent rupture) Rapid vaporization of a liquid stored under pressure upon release into the atmosphere following major failure of its container. Resulting in overpressurization caused by an  Hazardous Material Study Guide external heat source which causes the vessels to explode into two or more pieces when the temperature of the liquid is well above its boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure. Physical Properties of a Material: Specific gravity - Greater than 1 or less than one (Liquid) Vapor density - Greater than 1 or less than one (Gasses) Polar solvent - A liquid that will mix with water Solubility - Ability for liquid to mix with water Miscibility - Ability for two or more liquids to mix together Immiscible - Incapable to mix with another substance Mercaptan - The additive to natural gas/ or other gas giving it smell. Polymerizable - Capable of undergoing self- reactions that release energy. The polymerization reaction generates a great deal of heat. Oxidizers - increase combustion by adding oxygen. Seismic effect - Vibrations similar to an earthquake Incendiary thermal effect - Occur during an explosion when thermal heat energy forms a fireball. Drums and bottles can hold – both liquids and solids. GEMBO (General Emergency Behavior Model) – Model used to describe how hazardous materials are accidentally released from their containers and how they behave after the release. ○ Three common elements - Hazardous Materials Exposures Containers that have failed CAMEO, WISER, and 911 Toolkit are examples of – Electronic technical resources. Arsine, hydrogen cyanide, and cyanogen chloride are BLOOD AGENTS. Field screening – Ensures safety to those packing and transporting the samples. Offensive operations – Are those where responders take aggressive, direct actions on the material, container, or equipment involved in the incident.  Hazardous Material Study Guide What type of respiratory protection is often used in hospitals because they require no fit testing – Powered – and supplied – air hoods. What type of tank is commonly used for bulk storage in conjunction with fuel dispensing operations – Horizontal Tank. On its side supported the ground on stilts. Which product is most likely to be involved in a hazmat incident – Anhydrous ammonia The type and extent of breach depends upon – The type of container and the stress applied. A dirty bomb contains – Radiation Poorly constructed nuclear bomb. NIOSH = Non- NIOSH certified SCBAs may have limited protection against – Chemical warfare agents What is a difference between labels and placards – There are certain unique labels for which there are no equivalent placards. What type of radiological dispersal device (RDD) is a radiological dispersal weapon (RDW) – Nonexplosive A radiological dispersal device (RDD) is intended to spread radioactive material over a – Large area. Radiological attacks utilize weapons that release dust or powders. (RDW) = A history of harmful and deadly incidents that affected the emergency response community prompted requests to include emergency responders in the provisions of the – Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act (SARA) Pg 28 A SITE SAFETY PLAN is an example of – Documentation Situational awareness is a continuous process. Improvised and homemade explosives are typically made by combining – an oxidizer with a fuel. OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standards – Allows individual employers to choose the labeling and marking systems for their businesses. Making it important to read the pre incident survey. Recovery Phases Pg 352 Pre-Incident surveys – are not always accurate!!! Study chapter 4 Study chapter 15 A carboy is a plastic or glass container used for corrosive materials. (like the water lug on water dispenser) Why might you find a grinder in a meth lab – It is used to grind up ephedrine or pseudoephedrine.  Hazardous Material Study Guide Control helps establish: That the collection containers and tools were not contaminated prior to use. The requirements set forth by the NFPA are – Recommendations. Cryogenic liquid tank cars are only protected from ambient air temperatures for 30 days. High pressure “Bobtail Tanks” are tank trucks used for local delivery of liquefied petroleum gas and anhydrous ammonia. Organic peroxides are – Oxidizers with a specific chemical composition that make them prone to reactivity. Study what is on the ERG orange pages and where they are located on the pages. Gas division numbers are assigned according to the – Type of potential hazard that gasses pose. Study Chapter 11 Study Chapter 5 DOT 312 does not have emergency shutoff valves. IMS is used at all incidents. Transient Evidence – Material that will lose its evidentiary value if it's unpreserved or unprotected, for example, blood in the rain. Remediation Phase – Safety briefings that include the incident status and PPE health and monitoring requirements are conducted before entering the HOT ZONE. Viscosity = The more Viscosity the slower it flows. On – scene recovery efforts aim to – Return the scene to a safe condition. Incapacitants and vomiting agents are Riot control agents. High explosives are classified based on their almost instant detonation. Sublimation – From solid to gas skipping liquid. Fire control is the strategy used to prevent ignition and/or extinguish the fire when hazardous materials are involved.  Hazardous Material Study Guide Response model – Can simplify the problem-solving process because most response models incorporate an entire problem-solving process. Any oxygen reading below 20.9 indicate that a contaminate in the air is displacing the oxygen The two common labels used in the Canadian Workplace Hazardous Materials Information system are the workplace label and the supplier label. Ideally , rescuers will use some type of _____ to remove a victim. - Litter (Backboard-basket) or sliding device. Cryogens – May present multiple hazards. APRs can only be used if it has a taste or smell. Damage due to radiation is often described in terms of Dosage- (Dosage = Absorbed) Two branches within the logistics section include – Support and Services Responders monitoring priority at a releases involving unknown hazards – Monitor for PH (corrosives) Casr - Are unique numerical identifiers assigned to individual chemicals and chemical compounds, polymers, mixtures, and alloys. Which unit applies to all types of radiation but does not take into account the potential effect that different types of radiation have on the human body – Radiation absorbed dose ( RAD ) What equipment is required to detect hazards in a radiological lab – Dose rate meter and contamination meter. Dose rate meter measures gamma radiation and contamination meter measures alpha/beta radiation for contamination. CGI – Combustible gas indicator. - Indicates the presence and explosive levels of combustible gasses. Combustible Gas Indicators (CGI) readings can be influenced by Chlorinated Hydrocarbons. ○ May need specific OXYGEN levels to function properly. (PIDs) Photoionization detectors – Used where gas concentrations may be too low to be easily detected. Of all the chemical elements, fluorine is the most reactive. An action that can be taken without risk of contamination is conducting searches on the edge of the hot zone. During which operation can the responder enter only after the risks have been minimized or eliminated – Recovery operations.  Hazardous Material Study Guide Chip measurement system (CMS) – A simple to use instrument that offers a highly reliable measurement for specific gasses and vapors. Miscellaneous dangerous goods will primarily have – Thermal and chemical hazards. Water cooling – Water cooling becomes less effective as air humidity increases and water temperatures rise. All emergency incidents, terror-related or otherwise, will use the same – Risk-based response procedures Warm water showers can – result in runoff that turns to ice in cold weather. Intermediate (medium) Bulk container – Can be either rigid or flexible holding liquids or solids. Shielding from neutron radiation requires materials with high amounts of hydrogen, such as oil, water, or concrete. The SI unit to measure ABSORBED DOSE is called gray (Gy) The Si unit to measure DOSE EQUIVALENCE is sievert (Sv) Primary explosive I PG3740 Responders should remember that most gasses sink and displace air, while only a few rise above air. How long can a piece of CPC ( Chemical protective clothing) provide adequate protection to the wearer – As long as its specific service allows. Catalysts - Any substance that can increase the chemical reaction rate. Pg 161 Agroterrorists threaten a region's FOOD SUPPLY to further an ideological agenda. What should be communicated to the team during emergency evacuation – remaining capabilities of equipment. BLEVE - Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion. Permeation - occurs when a chemical passes through a fabric or material on a molecular level. Degradation - chemical alters or breaks down structure of material or fabric Penetration - chemicals pass through openings (rips, tears, buttonholes, zippers) Inhibitors (stabilizer) – Materials that are added to products that easily polymerize in order to control or prevent an undesired reaction. New pressure tank cars have greater accident protection and will withstand greater damage without leaking because – they are significantly heavier than old cars. Hazard characterization is – The elimination of the knowns.  Hazardous Material Study Guide At a hazmat incident, defending in place – Eliminates the need for unnecessary evacuations. Which of the following is a method of cooking meth? – Red phosphorus method An indicator of a peroxide – based explosives lab could be – Hexamine HAZWOPER = OSHA training requirement for responders to hazmat incidents. Strategic, tactical, and tasks are levels included in the basic configuration of Command organization. Hazardous Materials Technician – May supervise responders trained to lower levels. PPE worn in the warm zone – May be at a reduced level from the hot zone. Factors such as the hazards present, the concentration of the material, and the duration of contact should be considered when evaluating the: Severity of exposures. Non Regulated Hazards -Milk, asphalt, and Multan Sulphur The dispersion patterns of liquids - Are dependent on the product and the container. Large amounts of radiation exposure that express the absorbed dose pertaining to the human body are usually expressed in a unit called – Roentgen Equivalent in man (REM) - Sievert (Sv) Measure of radiation expresses the amount of radiation absorbed by a material – Roentgen absorbed dose (RAD) - Gray (Gy) Millirem (MREM) – Smaller amounts of radiation Roentgen (R) Measurement of exposure to gamma and x-ray radiation. Which unit applies to all types of radiation but does not take into account the potential effect that different types of radiation have on the human body – Radiation absorbed dose ( RAD ) LC – Gas - followed by number indicating percentage killed LD- Solid or liquid- followed by number indicating percentage killed – Injected or Ingested Every good fire fighter otta practice reciting classes more