Group 2 TCW M1 PDF

GROUP 2  THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM  CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE  GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH & THE SOUTH  ASIAN REGIONALISM  THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM It is the whole system of human interactions. The modern world system is structured politically as an interstate system of comp...

GROUP 2  THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM  CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE  GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH & THE SOUTH  ASIAN REGIONALISM  THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM It is the whole system of human interactions. The modern world system is structured politically as an interstate system of competing and allying states. Political scientists commonly call this the international system and this is the focal point of the field of international relations. World-systems are defined by the existence of a division of labor. The modern world-system has a multi-state political structure (the interstate system) and therefore its division of labor is international division of labor. The division of labor consists of three zones according to the prevalence of profitable industries or activities: core, DIVISION OF  Core - high income nations in the world economy. This is the LABOR manufacturing base of the planet where resources funnel in to become the technology and wealth enjoyed by the Western World today. They are dominant capitalist countries that exploit peripheral countries for labor and raw materials.  Semi-periphery - are the middle-income countries, such as India and Brazil. These are considered semi-periphery due to their closer ties to the global economic core. Peripheral countries share characteristics of both core and peripheral countries.  Periphery - called as the low-income countries, whose natural resources or labor support the wealthier countries, first as colonies and now by working for multinational corporations under neocolonialism. Peripheral countries are dependent on core countries for capital and have underdeveloped industry. THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM Resources are redistributed from the underdeveloped (poor part of the world the periphery) to developed countries (core). Cyclical rhythms represent the short-term fluctuation of economy, while secular trends mean deeper long run tendencies, such as general economic growth or decline. The term contradiction means a general controversy in the system, usually concerning some short term vs. long term trade- offs. The last temporal feature is the crisis: a crisis occurs if a constellation of circumstances brings about the end of the system. The world-system theory stresses that world- systems should be the basic unit of social analysis. Thus, we should focus not on individual states, but on the relations between their groupings (core, semi-periphery, and periphery. INTERNATIONALISM vs GLOBALIZATION Internationalization refers to the increasing importance of international trade, international relations, treaties, alliances, and many more. Globalization refers to global economic integration of many formerly national economies into one global economy, mainly by free trade and free capital mobility, but also by easy or uncontrolled migration. International trade (governed by comparative advantage) becomes interregional trade (governed by absolute advantage). The national community embraced both national labor and national capital, and these classes cooperated to produce national goods largely with national natural These are the formal entities established by states through treaties or agreements, with their own structures, rules, and procedures. Some of the most prominent international organizations include: The United Nations (UN): The United Nations (UN), a 193-member worldwide organization, was founded in 1945 with the goals of maintaining peace, encouraging collaboration, and addressing world problems like poverty and violations of human rights. The International Court of Justice (ICJ): The ICJ is the primary judicial organ of the UN, responsible for settling legal disputes between states and providing advisory The World Trade Organization (WTO): The WTO is a global organization that regulates international trade and aims to reduce trade barriers and promote free trade among its 164 member countries. The International Monetary Fund (IMF): The IMF is a financial institution that provides loans and financial assistance to countries facing economic difficulties, with the goal of promoting global economic stability and The World Bank: The World Bank is a development institution that provides loans and grants to developing countries to support economic growth, poverty reduction, and social development. Regional Organizations: These organizations focus on specific geographic regions, such as the European Union (EU), the African Union (AU), and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), promoting political, economic, and social cooperation among their member states.  Internationalism vs Globalization Internationalization refers to the increasing importance of international trade, international relations, treaties, alliances, and many more. Globalization refers to global economic integration of many formerly national economies into one global economy, mainly by free trade and free capital mobility, but also by easy or uncontrolled migration. International trade (governed by comparative advantage) becomes interregional trade (governed by absolute advantage). The national community embraced both national labor and national capital, and these classes cooperated to produce national  The Effects of Globalization on Government Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world's markets and businesses.  Increased Interdependence Economic Ties - Greater trade and investment links between countries. Global Challenges - Collaborative efforts on issues like climate change, health crises, and security. Policy Innovation and Reform Exposure to Global Practices - Learning from international best practices and success stories. Adoption of New Policies - Implementation of innovative policies inspired by global experiences.  Sovereignty Concerns Policy Constraints - Limitations on national decision- making due to global commitments. Balancing Act - Navigating the tension between national sovereignty and international obligations. Cultural and Social Change Cultural Exchange - introduction of new ideas, values, and practices. Social Policies - Adaptation of policies to accommodate cultural diversity and global social trends. Contemporary Global Governance Contemporary global governance refers to the intricate web of institutions, norms, and processes that aim to address transnational challenges in a world increasingly interconnected by globalization. This essay will explore the concept of global governance, examining its historical roots, key actors, domains of influence, and the challenges it faces in the 21st century. What is United Nations? An international organization designed to make the enforcement of international law, security, human rights, economic and social progress easier for countries around the world. FUNCTIONS OF UN ARE:  Promote international cooperation  Maintain peace and security throughout the world  Develop friendly relations amongst nations  Cooperate in solving international problems  Promote respect for human rights  CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE There are major powers like united state which utilized war as the means to solve certain problems and conflicts. The sad fact state that the U.S believe on the philosophy of the fundamentalist Muslim networks, which continually launched attack. Even in Europe the nationalist movements proved to be the most persistent terrorist threat. The United states is leading the global war on terrorism among the western state, non-western nations and international institution.  THERE ARE DEEP-ROOTED CAUSES OF THE CRISIS IN WOLRD GOVERNANCE 1.Economic inequality 2.Social conflict 3.Religious Secretarianism 4.Western Imperialism 5.Colonial Legacies 6.Territorial Dispute 7.The control over the basic resources like water and land THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS - The international relation become more clouded with ambiguous conflicts and dilemmas with the emergence of competitive nationalism among the rich and poor countries. What fuelled the global insecurity comprises: the increasing military budgets Siphoning off huge sums of public money to the benefit of arms industries and The Military-oriented scientific innovation. - To eliminate the causes of war and terrorism require even a fraction to provide the permanent solution to satisfy the basic needs of the human population.  COMMODITIZATION RESULTS TO THE SERIOUS TIGHTENING OF THE EDUCATION BUDGETS  This has the impact in the quality of general education as a public service.  There must be an improved learning outcome despite the critical status of its universal accessibility.  The children must achieve the fundamental literacy, numeracy, and  Life skills, which are vital for poverty reduction.  It is imperative that the educational system is improved and made adaptable to the speed of changes in this complex and unpredictable world. STRENGTHENING GLOBAL DIALOG AMONG ALL STAKEHOLDERS Is important to be considered in order to establish a fairer global order. Hence the discussion on governance and practices in Asia both at the regional and global levels are significant to be developed in the various continents.  THE THREE STRATEGIES TO CONSTRUCT WORLD GOVERNANCE COMPRISE The following reforming the United Nation,  Drawing up international treaties to serve as the main source of global regulations and  The progressive penetration of the international scene by justice. This concept on the global governance is documented in the White Paper by the European Commission.  Hence the search for better global governance derives from the uniform challenges, which the present humankind encounters. The series of goals herein include: the sustainable development Security Peace and Equity BASED ON THE ACADEMIC PERSPECTIVE  Here there is no power to enforce compliance.  There are conflicts which arose and the networks of actors are established to deal with them.  This is in the absence of an international analogue to the domestic government.  This is in the domestic government.  This is referred to as the disaggregated The Relevance of State Amid Globalization  Globalization can be defined as the intensification of political, economic and social relationships in a global context, such that events happening across the other world can have a very 'local' impact for a particular country  State a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government. 4 Elements of a State: 1.Sovereignty - the authority of a state to govern itself or another state 2.Government - the machinery of the state through which the people's will is 3. Territory - includes all the land, sea and airspace the state exercises jurisdiction on 4. People - the organization of human beings living together as a community  Relevance globalization is generally recognized as the fading or complete disappearance of economic, social, and cultural borders between states some scholars have theorized that states, which are inherently divided by physical and economic boundaries, will be less relevant in a globalized world.  Has Globalization Altered the Role of the State? Hyperglobalists believe that globalization has made the state superfluous (Heywood, 2007: 103) while others believe it is 'globaloney' and has had no effect on the state's role whatsoever (Brown & Ainley, 2009: 177): the most likely option is between the two, that globalization has changed the role of the state to some  Are States Still Relevant? Yes. Globalization and nation-states are, in fact, supplementary and go hand-in-hand. The opposite of these is imperialism; imperialism attains global unity through coercion by an outside, external force. GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH & THE SOUTH The north-side divide is a socio-economic and political categorization of countries. The cold war- era generalization places countries in two distinct groups; The north and the south. The north is comprised of all first world countries and most second world countries while the south is comprised of third world countries. This categorization ignores the geographic position of countries with some countries in the southern hemisphere such as Australia and new zealand being labeled as Global North - United States, Canada, Western Europe. Outer most regions of the European Union. - Developed parts of Asia, Australia, and New Zealand - Home to all G8 (France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom, Japan, United States, Canada, and Russia) and to for of the five permanent members of UN security council.  DEFINE GLOBAL SOUTH Global south  Africa, Latin America  Developing Asia, Including Middle East  Third world  Poor and less developed region  source for a raw materials of the north. STANDARD OF LIVING - south lacked the right technology, it is politically unstable, its economies are divided, and its foreign exchange depend on primary products exports to the north - About 95% of the population in countries in the north have enough basic needs and have access to functioning education system INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT - The economies of most countries in the SOUTH rely on imports from the north and have low technological penetration. - The SOUTH serve as the raw materials of north LATIN AMERICA this refers to countries that were colonized by the Spaniards in the American content The phrase “Global South” refers : - broadly to the regions of Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. It is one of a family of terms, including “Third World” and “Periphery,” that denote regions outside Europe and North America, mostly (though not all) low-income and often politically or culturally marginalized. The use of the phrase Global South marks a shift from a central focus on development or cultural difference toward an emphasis on geopolitical relations of power. - Latin America’s culture is Roman-Catholic, Latin, Scholastic and Thomist. Meaning, a group of fundamental Western traits. Even accepting the limitations of Iberians as full members of the Western World, and adding to it the acculturation process that took place in the New World, Latin Americans still remain Westerners. They are, however, within its periphery. Theirs, is an acculturated society with a clearly dominant Roman-Christian heritage that co-exist, sometimes peacefully, sometimes wistfully, and even belligerently, with the values Latin America within the Global South - As such, even if they are within the borderline of Western civilization, they are still part of it. Their location, although very close to the walls that encapsulates this world, remains inside them. Their peripheral neighborhood, though, has easy access to the exit gates of such civilization. As inhabitants of the Western World’s fringe, they are able to move with total ease inside its walls. At the same time, however, they can easily cross outside and watch such walls with a critical and even surprised perspective. Few other Westerners, if any, enjoy of Third World Coined during the Cold War to describe the countries that were neither aligned with the capitalist First World nor the communist Second World. Global South Emerged in the late 20th century as a more inclusive and less hierarchical term.  FEATURE GLOBAL SOUTH THIRD WORLD FOCUS Economic, social , cultural, Primarily economic and and geopolitical political Connotation Inclusive, Empowering Hierarchical, potentially, offensive Origin Late 20th Century Cold War Era Latin American countries, influenced by their history of colonization, economic struggles, and political struggles, have significantly shaped global relations through their unique perspectives. Regionalism and Cooperation Latin American countries are fostering regional cooperation in infrastructure development, confidence-building measures, and the establishment of regional Emphasis on Autonomy and Diversification Some Latin American countries, particularly South America, are advocating for increased US autonomy and a more diverse global role. Contributions to International Relations Theory Latin American scholars have significantly contributed to the field of International Relations by providing new theoretical, Navigating Globalization and Development Latin American countries are actively addressing the challenges and opportunities of globalization, fostering cooperation and leveraging its potential benefits.  ASIAN REGIONALISM Asian regionalism refers to the process by which countries in Asia work together to foster closer economic, political, and cultural ties. It involves cooperation among Asian nations to address shared challenges, such as economic development, security, environmental issues, and social integration.  Regional integration is the process by which two or more nation- states agree to co-operate and work closely together to achieve peace, stability and wealth. The entire world is moving towards integration, it is inevitable. In Asia, the Southeast Asian countries have already formed ASEAN (ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS. This regional power block appears to work fine, the member states fit very well together because of the following factors:  Why do countries form regional associations? Military Defense the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed to protect Europe from the threat of the Soviet Union; and as a response, the Soviet Union created the Warsaw Pact. Economic Crisis The ASEAN countries along with China, Japan, and South Korea established an emergency fund that stabilized Asian economies after the rippling effect of the Thai economy's collapse. Resources Countries need to pool their resources together to make themselves more powerful. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) rose in power when they took over domestic production and controlled crude oil prices across the globe.  Factors that are Leading the Asian Region Into Greater Integration Resurgence of militant nationalism and populism - this involves the conflict between the NATO, the United States, and Vladimir Putin's Anti-NATO movement. Continuing financial crisis - The continuing crisis in the European Region continues to lead the United Kingdom into exiting the European Union. Conflict between sovereignty and regional stability - The Philippines had a difficulty in letting some countries support its condemnation of China's occupation of the West Philippine Sea because China had given great investments and economic aid to these countries. Differing visions of regionalism - Developed countries like the US may only see regionalism as a tool for political democratization, but developing countries see regionalism as an obstacle How do different Asian states confront the challenges of globalization, regionalization? ASEAN founded on 8 August 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines promoted economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the Southeast Asian region through multilateral cooperation. Energy and environmental concerns -Rapid economic growth for Asia has led to reliance on economic imports, increasing the importance of sea lanes and transformational routes. Asian states need to empower Science and technology so that its citizens can eventually discover or create sustainable energy sources. Migration - The combination of rapidly growing populations in much of the developing world, increasingly porous national boarders, and disparities in economic growth rates have sparked a dramatic increase in international migration. Like Malaysia, other Asian countries need to deploy troops and naval vessels to limit the arrival of migrants. Organized crime and threats from "non-state" actors - Through the increasing ease of communication and transportation flows, and growing permeability of national borders, organized crime networks, terrorism drugs and weapon traffickers, and even human smugglers face fewer constraints on their activity. Asian states must enable stricter laws on national security. Weakening regional institutions because of rifts between authoritarian members of ASEAN - "Flexible engagement" allows for countries to comment on each other's internal policy matters; these counties can monitor economic indicators for signs of impending crisis. Asian countries need to preserve their sovereignty, meaning they should not allow other states to exert influence on their Shifts in balance of power - Deepening economic integration gives rise to regional economic blocks that competes for power and influence. Asian countries need to work together as one region instead of competing for power, and rise against Western economic dominance. Expanding Roles of the Military - With lingering traditional threats, the prospect of increased internal tensions in Asian countries, and the emergence of new security challenges will place high demand on regional militaries. Increasing demand for military will likely coincide with a period of declining resources. So as to avoid the declining of resources, countries can adopt conscription methods similar to that of South Korea wherein men are required to do compulsory military conscription for a few years and go back to their lives Globalization and Democracy - Authoritarian regimes suffer more from the effect of globalization than states that embrace transparency, accountability and the rule of law because these are norms that are the backbone of democratic and free-market societies. Asian countries may have to adopt democracy in order to have an efficient economic system that is well-criticized and is therefore well-reviewed by the mass. This way, the processes become more efficient.  THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN REGIONALIZATION AND GLOBALIZATON  Globalization Regionalizatio n Promotes Divides an integration of area into economies smaller NATURE across state segments borders all around the world  Allows many Monopolies are corporation to more likely to MARKET trade on develop. internation level; it allows fee market Acceleration to Does not support multiculturalism multiculturalism CULTURAL & through free and SOCIETAL inexpensive RELATIONS movement of people  Globalized A regionalized area international does not get AID communities are involved in the more willing to aid affairs of other countries stricken areas by disasters Globalization has Advanced driven great technology is TECHNOLOGICAL advances in rarely available in ADVANCES technology one country or region THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!