Geothermal Resource of The Philippines (Board Review) PDF

GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE O F THE PHILIPPINES ADAMSON UNIVERSITY BOARD REVIEW Prepared: HOAR :.:.;.-. -. -. -. -················· ·· · ••••••• · · · · ·· · · ·· · · ·· ~· -~· -":t ••,.•.•····························=·······=·····•:•·•:•······ 'it.··· ........•.•·················· ••••••••••••••• ••• ·...

GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE O F THE PHILIPPINES ADAMSON UNIVERSITY BOARD REVIEW Prepared: HOAR :.:.;.-. -. -. -. -················· ·· · ••••••• · · · · ·· · · ·· · · ·· ~· -~· -":t ••,.•.•····························=·······=·····•:•·•:•······ 'it.··· ........•.•·················· ••••••••••••••• ••• ·········•,1. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••• :-:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•: .·•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•: •:•: •• •••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••• •••••••••••• GEOTHERMAL ENERGY What are the elements of a Geothermal Recharge area Flowofhea1 (conduelion) M agmatic lntn,sl9n ConvflOtion plume Jemperature ("Cl 200 400 600 10' lll'lg 5 I I 1 t 1 I I - c..if\-e t I ~\ 2 I '• I 10 3 '' f "' 15 4 '' '' 20 ~\ -e ~ ~ i.., '' '•• • ' \ I 6 ~ I I I l 4(1(} 800 1200 7 ' l'DCk ,c • 5 't G .ibl& ~ 0 I 0 81 tie-glm I cryatalla:ie \' ' \ • H ~ ~ • ff rod( I 1 1 #A .._,'I• •• GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Classification of Geothermal System Based on the physical nature of the major working fluid □ Water-dominated Temperature and Pressure Wet steam ✓ Capable of producing hot water at the ✓ Contain pressurized water at temperatures surf ace at temperatures up to 100°C. exceeding 100°C and small quantities of steam in the shallower, lower pressure parts of ✓ Temperatures in the reseNoir remain below the reservoir. the boiling point of water at any pressure because the heat source is not large enough. ✓ Surf ace temperature is not higher than boiling temperature of water at atmospheric 11 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Classification of Geothermal System Based on the physical nature of the major working fluid □ Water-dominated Heat Source Wet steam ✓ The heat source is not large enough. ✓ The heat source 1s large and generally of magmatic origin. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Classification of Geothermal System Based on the physical nature of the major working fluid □ Water-dominated Dominant Phase Wet steam ✓ Water in liquid phase. ✓ The dominant phase in the reservoir is the liquid one, and it is this phase that controls the pressure inside the reservoir. ✓ Steam is not uniformly present, occurring in the form of bubbles surrounded by liquid GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Classification of Geothermal System Based on the physical nature of the major working fluid □ Water-dominated Caprock and Reservoir Pressure Wet steam ✓ The reservoir may not have a cover of ✓ An impermeable cap-rock generally exist to impermeable rock acting as a lid, however prevent the fluid from escaping to the surface, thus keeping it under pressure. some of these thermal aquifers are overlain by confining layers that keep the hot water ✓ At any depth below the water table, water under bears its own hydrostatic pressure. ✓ When the fluid is brought to the surface and its pressure decreases, a fraction of fluid is flashed into steam, while the greater part 1 remains as boiling water. ' GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Classification of Geothermal System Based on the physical nature of the major working fluid □ Water-dominated Surface Manifestation Wet steam ✓ Thermal springs whose temperatures are, in ✓ Boiling springs and geysers. some cases, near the boiling point of water. ";i. -~""~ • - - J, fP ,& " ~ ' • • ; • Well ) Hot Ro ck heat exlraction GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Classification of Geothermal System Based on temperature range: Summary geothermal classification based on reservoir characteristics Low-temperature Medium-temperature High-temperature Low-enthalpy geothermal system Liquid-dominated High-enthalpy geothermal system Two-phase Vapour-dominated " Prepared: HOAR GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Classification of Geothermal System Temperature R ange (°C) [Convectiw hydrothermal resources I Vapor dominated ' Hot-,vater dominated I 20 to 350 + 01her hydrothermal resources S,edimentary ba5in Geopre sured 20 to 150~ 90 to 200· Radiogenic 30 to 150.. Hot rock resources. Solidified ( hot dry rock) 90 to 650 Part still molten (magma) ~ Coldspring (D Co-HCO, t ype A Fractured water G) Na-Cl-SO, type G) M ixed Ca-Na-HCO, type @Stream ■ T hermal water + Rai n X Rivcr Mg,- 10 '\_ 90 20 80 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN THE PHILIPPINES SHORT QUIZ 1. How many per cent of energy come from geothermal powerplant? Gross Generation = 82,413 GWh Natural Gas 23% Renewable Energy 25% Wind, 1% Biomass, 0% Solar, 0% GEOTHERMOMETERS Mineralogy and their purposes in geothermal exploration SHORT QUIZ 3. If you encounter Biotite or k-feldspar, what is the temperature that it indicates? A. <180 °C B. 200 °C C. >250 °C D. 230 °C " Prepared: HOAR GEOTHERMOMETERS Mineralogy and their purposes in geothermal exploration Geothermometers □ Epidote - appears at what temperature? ► □ Montmorillonite/ smectite - appears at what temperature? ► □ >200 °C - 100 °C lllite- appears at what temperature? ► >200 °C " Prepared: HOAR Calcium Carbo11:1t·e SolubUJty In Water (Wl1b audWilboul Air) 0 NoAir A ir A! Ol!CMPR 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 20 -10 so 100 100 l-10 0 ! 60 lSO 300 GEOTHERMOMETERS Calcite Scaling ► Factors leading precipitation to calcite Carbonates are at dissolved state 0, 1 - 0 u aQ -:::. 0.0 1 C: 0 ~ ..,f! C: ~ carbonates ar·e at solid state Q ! 0,001 ..... 0,0001 C: 8 0,0000) 4 6 10 12 GEOTHERMOMETERS Calcite Scaling ► Factors leading precipitation 1. pH condition 2. Activity of CO2 3. Temperature to calcite CaC03 ca+- + HiO + 2HC03- + C02 => ca* - -HC031 > Ca C03 + H2 0 + CO2! 1 1 Brown, K. 2013 CO2 tends to dissolve CaC03 into soluble Ca2+ at higher pressure, but as pressure decreases, Boiling will occur, then precipitation of CaC03 will occur. The reaction was reversed to equilibrate the system. 42 ► Factors leading precipitation to Variati on of th e solubility of carbon dioxide w ith teinJ>erature calcite .... 400 350 0 0 ...a> 300 -... ... 250 ..:I 200 150 -~ - 100 0 1. pH condition C') "!""" 2. Activity of CO2 3. Temperature 0')G.I --=0 (JJ 50 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Te,nr>erature I °C 43 [ 1000 C. :00 0 C....==:1::::::::::::::::::I::____j_ _L__---1..__ _J 0 ! 00 310 TE1\-IPER4TURE. °C 1500 Silica Scaling 2 At hrgher pH and Cl. Cl. I temperature, sifica becomes more <( ► Factors leading to silica precipitation u :J in 1000 ■ 1/'1 ::> 0 I :c 0.. 1. Chemistry Condition (pH and total dissolve solid) 2. Kinetics (Flow rate) 3. Thermodynamics (Temperature and Pressure) 0:: 0 ~ <t ~ soo >.... ■ ..J (I) ::> ...) 0 en I soluble. 200"C -- 155"C - - 90° C 13°c - - - so• c I 22• c ~ o• c 0 5 6 1 8 9 10 45 11 PH INDICATORS Mineralogy and their purposes in geothermal exploration □ Kaolinite ✓ ✓ □ Halloysite/Pyrohyllite ✓ ✓ □ □ Indicates acidic environment and low temperature Form when steam mixes with meteoric water (Boiling due to pressure drop) Indicates acidic environment and high temperature Come from magmatic fluids Alunite Diaspore " Prepared: HOAR PERMEABILITY INDICATOR Mineralogy and their purposes in geothermal exploration SHORT QUIZ 4. Which of the following minerals is a good indicator for high permeability? A. Adularia B. Alunite C. Dolomite D. Pyrite " Prepared: HOAR GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN THE PH ILIPPINES SHORT QUIZ 5. Philippines ranking in the world in terms of geothermal installed capacity? A. First B. Third C. Fifth D. Seventh " Prepared: HOAR GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN THE PHILIPPINES 3,639 Indonesia lGW Country Club Philippines Turkey Top 10 Geothermal Countries 2018 Installed Capacity in MWe Year-End 2018 Total 14,600 MW New Zealand Mexico Italy I Iceland 755 Kenya 676 Japan 542 Other 925 T ~ I rJ K GEOENERGY Source: ThinkGeoEnergy (2019). GEA (2016), IGA {2015) SOlJRCE: DOE a •-IJJ/1/nflnlte PD$$iti/id6$ BRANDRAP GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN THE PHILIPPINES ~ ~aflftaPWIJ9pi~ Geothermal Service/Operating Contracts (Development Stage} Department of Energy - N Mak~"•h. . _.,..,...,,_Pto•~ L.ogo,n,w0Uft00 GREOC NI:, NG '.IOOll-10-C(l I T--~ •~$53r,;w,, Moiint lit;,•~thu:,ahww ~ F . . t d Gile No Z-1~04.oAS .........-,.,,. . . _...................... ] ~ GRESC No No '20•0-42-411 n,,,;GooCMt!NIP-rl'IMI.-, 'lbtaJln~°"""""" 20tfW ITOlill ,,,.,....., c-r-0 • ..s!"Lr - ' - - - - ' Gf(tOC °'""'"°' . 2li,< - n... G••lt,.nnol floOd 6teort-ll.lt\ to ~11\M Powtr ~ ----~laoy GOC No 2011-llf.WI laul 1_...., No 'l1Jo$.1o-006 GliC No 2 0 t ~ 151 Hl\~O 8-o_.,_ _ _ ,,_ICI i,REllC No 701)9.IQ 0<U ==-0.o<honn•I P_,Flold, Nog'6,, .. Gl'tfSC No - • - Sedtharrt __ "°""""°""""" ,_ G~•~,ilf.5rtf\111e-Oln~ GS( G«H'~r•1'11l~CaldtKI Qlf.OC . -.-11£°""'""'<1 COmM.ll (jOC •- 1 Opot.,"'OCO"flllCl .................,.,...,.,1 • g , e ~ m al P~tiOl'I J"eelll. GRE$f"G 200!l-lG-002 LEGfND L - • Goa-l'rocluct,.,, ,1o1e1 . Co1.>b....,D.w•oo N,,;ioo;.10.00< !nat.olll<I 0-c:lty 10141- GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN THE PH ILIPPINES SHORT QUIZ 7. Among the following geothermal fields, which are the first ones to develop? a. Makban b. Maibarara C. Bokman d. Tiwi e. Leyte f. Palimpinon g. Mt. Apo h. Negros " Prepared: HOAR GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN THE PH ILIPPINES SHORT QUIZ 8. Who is the pioneer of geothermal production in the Philippines? a. PHIVOLCS b. PNOC c. DOE d. COMVOL " Prepared: HOAR GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN THE PHILIPPINES Turblno Steam- From other Transformer stations Steam / Hot Waler Hot Waler Grid Steam Silencer Reif'uection Well Cootine Water ~ To ReioJection Well Cooling Tower GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN THE PH ILIPPINES SHORT QUIZ 9. As of 2016, How many existing service contracts for geothermal resources in the Philippines have been awarded under the Renewable Energy (RE) Project? a. 43 b. l l0 C. 50 d. 67 " Prepared: HOAR