GECREA Final Examination Pointers and Notes 2024-2025 PDF

GECREA (Readings in Philippine History) FINAL EXAMINATION POINTERS AND NOTES First Semester, A.Y. 2024 – 2025 Lesson 4: Controversies and Conflicting Views 1. Historical Interpretation - is based on the historian’s judgement on how the past...

GECREA (Readings in Philippine History) FINAL EXAMINATION POINTERS AND NOTES First Semester, A.Y. 2024 – 2025 Lesson 4: Controversies and Conflicting Views 1. Historical Interpretation - is based on the historian’s judgement on how the past should be seen. 2. Multiperspectivity - defined as a way of looking at historical events, personalities, developments, cultures, and societies from different perspectives Lesson 5: Case Study on Controversies and Conflicting Views: 1. The Site of the First Mass in the Philippines: Masau Butuan or Limasawa There are two (2) primary sources that historians refer to in identifying the site of the first mass: Francisco Albo and Antonio Pigafetta Francisco Albo was the pilot of one of Magellan’s ships Trinidad who record an account of the First mass of the Philippines According to the historians, as a riverine settlement, Butuan was never listed in the sources as the location of the first mass in the Philippines 2. What Happened in the 1872 Cavite Mutiny? 1872 is a historic year of two events: Cavite Mutiny and the Martyrdom of the three priests, Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora or GOMBURZA The failed mutiny led by La Madrid was the Cavite mutiny Edmund Plauchut complemented Trinidad Pardo de Tavera’s primary source account and analyzed the motivations od the 1872 Cavite Mutiny The Cavite mutiny led to the execution of GOMBURZA Rafael Izquierdo was the Spanish governor-general during the mutiny in Cavite In his account, Governor Izquierdo emphasized that natives attempted to destroy the Spanish administration in the Philippines in order to appoint a new "hari" in the person of either Fr. Fr. Burgos and Zamora The 200-men led contingent by Segeant La Madrid attacked Spanish officers at sight and seized the arsenal, thinking that the fireworks display during the feast of the Virgin of Loreto in Sampaloc on January 20, 1872 was a signal to commence the attack The revolution was easilt crushed when the Manilenos who were expected to aid the Cavitenos did not arrive. On February 17, 1872, the GOMBURZA were executed to serve as a threat to Filipinos never to attempt to fight the Spaniards again. The following are the consequences of Cavite Mutiny: o Leaders of the plot were killed o GOMBURZA were tried by court-martial and sentenced to be executed o Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Antonio Ma. Regidor, Jose and Pio Basa and other Filipino lawyers were suspended from the practice of law, arrested, and sentenced to life imprisonment at Marianas Island. o Izquierdo dissolved the native regiments of artillery and ordered the creation of artillery force composed exclusively by peninsulares  3. The Retraction of Jose Rizal (retraction meaning a withdrawal of a statement, accusation, or undertaking) The allegations of Fr. Vicente Balaguer against Rizal was the retraction of Rizal Fr. Vicente Balaguer was the priest who is said to be the only eyewitness regarding Rizal’s writing of the document, Retraction The following were testimonies of Fr. Balaguer when Rizal allegedly retracted: o Rizal woke up several times o Rizal attended the mass, received communion and prayed the rosary o Rizal confessed four (4) times The following are the iterations of the text of the retraction: o The one published in La Voz Espanola and Diario de Manila on 1896 o The other text appeared in Barcelona Spain, in the Magazine, Lu Juventud o The original text found at the archdiocesan archives found by Fr. Manual Garcia on May 18, 1935 4. The Cry of Pugad Lawin: When and Where? Teodoro Agoncillo was the historian who claimed that the Cry of Revolution happened in Pugadlawin on August 23, 1896 The Cry of the Rebellion happened in the present-day Quezon City Andres Bonifacio led the revolutionaries in tearing the Spanish Cedula Balintawak, Kangkong, Pugadlawin and Bahay Toro are the places mentioned with different dates of the Cry of Balintawak or Cry of Pugadlawin Independence from Spain Additional Readings to analyze the social, political, economic and cultural issues in the Philippines using the lens of history: 1. Evolution of the Philippine Constitutions Constitution is a defined as a set of fundamental principles or established precendents according to which a state or other organization is governed, thus, the word itself means to be a part of a whole, the coming together of distinct entities into one group, with the same principles and ideals. These principles define the nature and extent of government The Constitution of the Philippines is the supreme law of the Republic of the Philippines, had been in effect since 1987. The three (3) other constitutions that have effectively governed the country: o 1935 Commonwealth Constitution o 1973 Constitution o 1986 Freedom Constitution 2. 1897: Constitution of Biak-na-Bato Constitution of Biak-na-Bato was the provisionary constitution of the Philippines Republic during the Philippine Revolution Was promulgated by the Philippine Revolutionary Government on November 1, 1897 Borrowed from Cuba  Written by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer in Spanish and later translated into Tagalog 3. 1899: Malolos Constitution Also known as the Political Constitution of 1899 Constitution of the First Philippine Republic Barasaoin church was the place of the convention of the Malolos Constitution 4. 1935: The Commonwealth Constitution The constitution in effect in the Philippines was the 1935 before 1973. The Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines provided for a presidential system of government with a unicameral legislature. It had the power to enact laws for the Philippines, known as Commonwealth Acts, through the National Assembly. Manuel Quezon was the Philippine president when the Commonwealth Constitution was written Philippine Organic 1902 and the Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 – result of the passage in the United States Congress of the Hare-Hawes Cutting Act. 5. 1987: Constitution After Martial Law Constitution that truly reflective of the aspirations and ideals of the Filipino people Officially adopted on February 2, 1987 Tripoli Agreement is an agreement between the government of the Republic of the Philippines and Moro National Liberation Front 6. Policies on Agrarian Reform Agrarian reform is rectification of the whole system of agriculture Agrarian reform is centered on the relationship between production and distribution of land among farmers Land Reform Act was the program which sought imporvement in land tenure and guaranteed the expropriation of all tenanted landed estates Republic Act No. 1199, also known as the Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954, was enacted by the Congress of the Philippines during the administration of President Ramón Magsaysay During the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, landownership was a major cause of anger and discontent among Filipinos. The land reform program in the Philippines aims to redistribute land to tenant farmers and promote equitable land ownership, whereas haciendas refer to large estates owned by individuals or families, often associated with inequitable land distribution during the Spanish colonial period and beyond. Land reform programs were introduced to address the inequalities perpetuated by the hacienda system. 7. Evolution of Philippine Taxation Taxes – buhis/buwis/handug – payment of tribute Taxation is a government mechanism to raise funds Direct Taxation was suggested by the Americans after World War II, but then President Manuel Roxas declined it In 1884, the payment of “tributos” or tribute was put to a stop and replaced by a poll tax collected through a certificate of identification called the cedula personal  Cedula personal is required from every resident and must be carried while traveling during the Spanish period. Forced labor was a character of Spanish colonial taxation in the Philippines and was required from the Filipinos The VAT or value-added tax was introduced during the time of President Corazaon Aquino Cultural Heritage - refers to cultural aspects providing identity to a group of people, gives them an automatic sense of unity and belonging within a group, and allows them to better the history of people’s origin. Indigenous Peoples’ Right ACT (IPRA) - provides the legal framework for the protection and recognition of indigenous peoples and cultural communities in the Philippines.