Exam 2 Study Guide from Prof | Medical Study Notes

Exam 2 Study Guide from Prof Communication barriers Language differences- use a translator Cultural diversities Speech or hearing impairments Developmental or cognitive disorders Medication effects Effects of recreational drugs Distress- stress, depression, anxiety E...

Exam 2 Study Guide from Prof Communication barriers Language differences- use a translator Cultural diversities Speech or hearing impairments Developmental or cognitive disorders Medication effects Effects of recreational drugs Distress- stress, depression, anxiety Environmental factors- noise, lighting, Dysphagia- Difficulty Swallowing, speech pathologist chooses diet/treatment Diets Full Liquid- foods that are fluid or fluid at room temperature Clear Liquid- clear liquids only (broth, jello, water) Regular- healthy foods for all food groups Soft- soft foods easy to swallow and digest Pureed foods that do not need to be chewed Vision impairments Macular Degeneration Glaucoma Cataracts Communication styles Verbal, Nonverbal, Electronic, Written Communication Styles Passive: wants to avoid conflict, so the individual says nothing or simply agrees. Assertive: honest and clear communication that does not violate the rights of others. Aggressive: communication that is verbally, and sometimes physically, abusive. Passive Aggressive: communication that appears passive on the surface, but often, the individual is demonstrating anger in a subtle, indirect, or secretive way. GI diagnostic tests Endoscopic Tests:  Endoscopy:  A flexible, lighted tube (endoscope) is inserted into the GI tract to visualize the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.  Colonoscopy: Examines the entire colon and rectum for conditions like polyps, tumors, and inflammatory bowel disease.  Sigmoidoscopy: Examines the rectum and lower part of the colon.  Capsule Endoscopy: A small camera-containing capsule is swallowed, allowing visualization of the small intestine.  Gastroscopy: Checks the food pipe, stomach, and upper part of the small intestine (duodenum) for abnormalities. Imaging Tests:  X-rays: Can be used to visualize the GI tract, often with the use of a contrast agent like barium.  Upper GI Series: Uses X-rays to examine the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.  Lower GI Series (Barium Enema): Uses X-rays to examine the colon and rectum.  CT Scan: Provides detailed images of the GI tract.  MRI: Uses magnetic fields to create images of the GI tract.  Ultrasound: Uses sound waves to create images of the GI tract. Stool Tests:  Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): Checks for hidden blood in the stool.  Stool Culture: Checks for abnormal bacteria in the digestive tract.  Stool Analysis: Examines stool for parasites, infections, and other abnormalities.  GI Effects Stool Profiles: A suite of advanced stool tests that provide immediate, actionable clinical information for the management of gastrointestinal health. Other Tests:  Blood Tests: Can help diagnose conditions like anemia, liver problems, and infections.  GI Motility Studies: Evaluate the movement of food through the GI tract.  Breath Tests: Can help diagnose conditions like H. pylori infection.   Esophageal Manometry: Measures the pressure in the esophagus to assess motility.  Antroduodenal Manometry: Measures the pressure in the stomach and duodenum.  Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): Uses an endoscope to visually examine the pancreas and bile ducts. Digestion Objective/subjective data Objective- information that the nurse obtains, such as sight, smell, or touch Subjective- Information offered up by client/family Urinary incontinence Stress incontinence is urinary incontinence where urine leaks involuntarily during activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, or exercising, often due to weakened pelvic floor muscles Mixed incontinence is a condition where you experience symptoms of both stress incontinence (leakage during physical activity) and urge incontinence (sudden, strong urges to urinate) Urge incontinence type of urinary incontinence characterized by a sudden, strong, and uncontrollable urge to urinate, often leading to involuntary leakage of urine Reflex incontinence occurs when the bladder muscle contracts involuntarily, leading to urine leakage without any warning or urge to urinate. This happens due to nerve damage that impairs the communication between the bladder and the brain, preventing the brain from receiving signals about bladder fullness. PQRST Provocation- what triggers the pain or makes it better? Quality- What does the pain feel like? (dull, sharp, throbbing) Region- Where is the pain located? Does it move? Severity- How intense is the pain? (scale 1-10) Timing- When does that pain occur, and how long does it last? Pain Vital signs initially showing an elevation in blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration Muscle tension or rigidity Pallor When pain becomes more severe, there is a decrease in blood pressure and heart rate Nausea and vomiting Fainting Withdrawal to pain  Grimacing Restlessness Guarding the area of pain The numeric scale involves a pain rating from 0-10. The client is asked to rate the pain on a scale of 0 -10. Slight pain is described as between 1 and 3. Moderate pain is between 4 and 7. Severe pain is between 8 and 10 Non-pharmacologic measures  Physical Therapy: Exercises to improve movement, strength, and flexibility, and reduce pain.  Massage Therapy: Can help relax muscles and reduce pain.  Heat and Cold Therapy: Applying heat or cold can help decrease pain, muscle spasms, and swelling.  Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS): Uses mild electrical signals to help control pain.  Acupuncture: Involves inserting thin needles into specific points on the body to relieve pain.  Spinal Manipulation: A chiropractic or osteopathic technique to realign the spine and reduce pain.  Low-Level Laser Therapy: Uses low-intensity laser light to reduce pain and inflammation.  Exercise Therapy: A prominent modality in physical therapy, including aerobic, aquatic, and/or resistance exercise. Mind-Body Practices:  Yoga: A mind-body practice that can help reduce pain and improve flexibility.  Tai Chi: A gentle form of exercise that can improve balance, flexibility, and reduce pain.  Meditation: A mind-body practice that can help reduce stress and pain.  Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction: A mindfulness practice that can help reduce stress and pain.  Guided Imagery: A relaxation technique that uses visualization to reduce pain and anxiety.  Relaxation Techniques: Techniques like deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and biofeedback can help reduce pain and stress. Psychological Interventions:  Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Helps people identify and change negative thoughts and behaviors that contribute to pain.  Psychotherapy: Talk therapy that can help people cope with chronic pain and its emotional impact.  Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT): A therapy that helps people accept their pain and focus on living a meaningful life.  Distraction: Using activities like watching TV, listening to music, or reading to take the mind off of pain.  Music Therapy: Using music to reduce pain and promote relaxation.  Art Therapy: Using art to express emotions and reduce pain.  Pet Therapy: Interacting with animals can reduce stress and pain. Opioid Education NG tubes Inserted to decompress/drain the stomach when unwanted contents are present or peristalsis is absent. May be used post-surgical to help the intestines rest and promote healing Tube placement verification Radiographic examination is the gold standard for placement verification Other methods: checking pH of aspirated fluids, CO2 monitoring (capnography) Oral hygiene every 2 hours Rinse/cleanse mouth, and apply lip moisturizer Foley a common type of indwelling catheter (a catheter that stays in place) used to drain urine from the bladder, often for patients who cannot urinate on their own or need continuous bladder drainage. It's a thin, flexible tube inserted through the urethra and into the bladder, and it's held in place by a small balloon filled with sterile water. Diarrhea Does the patient really have diarrhea? Beware of fecal incontinence and impaction. Rule out medications as a cause of diarrhea (drug-induced diarrhea). Distinguish acute from chronic diarrhea. Diarrhea is acute if it lasts fewer than 2 weeks and chronic if it lasts more than 4 weeks Categorize the diarrhea as inflammatory, fatty, or watery. Inflammatory diarrhea is characterized by frequent, small-volume, bloody stools and may be accompanied by tenesmus, fever, or severe abdominal pain. Inflammatory diarrhea is suspected with the demonstration of leukocytes or leukocyte proteins. Fatty stools are suggested by a history of weight loss, greasy or bulky stools that are difficult to flush, and oil in the toilet bowl that requires a brush to remove. Watery diarrhea can be further classified as osmotic or secretory in origin Consider factitious diarrhea. Factitious diarrhea is an intentionally self-inflicted disorder. The most frequent cause of factitious diarrhea is surreptitious laxative ingestion Constipation Defined as fewer than 3 bowel movements a week. Dehydration occurs when your body loses more fluid than it takes in, leading to a lack of sufficient water and potentially causing various health problems Vitamins/ Minerals Vitamins- Organic compounds (made by living things) that are needed in small amounts for various bodily functions. Minerals- Inorganic elements found in the earth that are essential for various bodily functions. Pressure injury risk  Immobility: Lack of movement, whether due to illness, injury, or other causes, is a primary risk factor.  Poor Nutrition and Hydration: Malnutrition and dehydration weaken tissues and compromise the skin's ability to resist pressure.  Incontinence: Moisture from urine or feces can irritate and damage the skin, making it more susceptible to pressure injuries.  Medical Conditions: Conditions like diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, and impaired circulation can reduce blood flow to the skin, increasing the risk of pressure injuries.  Age: Older individuals are at higher risk due to thinner skin and reduced blood flow.  Sensory Impairment:  People with impaired sensation may not be able to feel pressure or pain, making them unaware of the need to change positions.  Skin Condition: Pre-existing skin conditions or damage can make the skin more vulnerable.  Smoking: Smoking reduces blood flow to the skin, impairing its ability to heal and increasing the risk of pressure injuries.  Shear and Friction: Friction from bedsheets or clothing, and shear forces (skin moving in one direction while underlying tissue moves in another) can damage the skin and contribute to pressure injuries. And I need Quizlet Math conversions/ Intake & Output Common Conversions:  1 cc = 1 mL  1 ounce (oz) = 30 mL  1 cup = 8 oz = 240 mL  1 liter (L) = 1000 mL  1 tsp = 5 mL  1 Tbsp = 15 mL = 3 tsp