Environmental Science Reviewer PDF

allowed in the lab. Environmental Science Reviewer -made by Camile ganda There should be False no fire I. Laboratory Equipment...

allowed in the lab. Environmental Science Reviewer -made by Camile ganda There should be False no fire I. Laboratory Equipment extinguishers in 1. Test Tube Rack – Used to hold multiple test the lab. tubes upright. Wash your hands True 2. Beaker – Used for mixing, stirring, and heating after chemicals. experiments. 3. Erlenmeyer Flask – Used to hold and swirl You can always False liquids; prevents spillage. eat and drink in 4. Test Tubes – Used to hold, mix, or heat small the laboratory. quantities of liquid or solid chemicals. Always wear a True 5. Test Tube Holder – Used to hold test tubes when laboratory gown they are hot or should not be touched. in the lab. 6. Funnel – Used to pour liquids into containers Chemicals must True with small openings and to filter substances. have proper labels. II. True or False Statement Answer Return equipment False while it's wet and Horseplay is False messy. allowed in the laboratory now III. Acidic, Basic, or Neutral and then. Substance Classification Read the labels False Distilled Water Neutral on the containers only when you Vinegar Acidic are not sure. Egg White Basic Only change the True directions when Baking Soda Basic told by the Powdered Juice Acidic teacher. Soft Drinks Acidic Broken glass can False go in any trash Lemon Juice Acidic can. Calamansi Juice Acidic Clean glassware False only if it's really IV. Questions and Answers dirty. 1. Formula for Percentage Error: (Measured Value - Tasting True True Value) / True Value × 100% chemicals is NOT 2. Boiling Point of Water (°C): 100°C 3. Freezing Point of Water (°C): 0°C Iron Bubbles form, heats Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq) 4. Common Paper Used to Measure pH: Litmus up, dissolves slower → FeCl₂(aq) + paper than Zn H₂(g) 5. pH Level if Neutral: 7 VI. pH Indicator Test 6. True Value of Water Density (g/mL): 1 g/mL ​ Statement: If the pH paper turns red, we can 7. SI Unit of Temperature: Kelvin (K) conclude the liquid is acidic.​ 8. Density Formula: Mass over Volume V. Applications VII. Density Tower (Arrangement Based on Density) Key Concept: Less dense substances float on top Meta Observation Balanced of more dense ones. l Equation Density Order (Top to Bottom): Mag Bubbles form rapidly, Mg(s) + 1.​ Pingpong Ball​ nesi will heat up and 2HCl(aq) → um dissolve MgCl₂(aq) + 2.​ Lamp Oil​ H₂(g) 3.​ Rubbing Alcohol​ Copp No reaction No reaction er 4.​ Vegetable Oil​ Alum Bubbles form from 2Al(s) + 5.​ Water​ inum heat-up, dissolves, but 6HCl(aq) → slower than Mg 2AlCl₃(aq) + 6.​ Dish Soap​ 3H₂(g) 7.​ Milk​ Lead Slow reaction with Pb(s) + 2HCl(aq) 8.​ Maple Syrup​ minimal bubbles → PbCl₂(s) + H₂(g) 9.​ Corn Syrup​ Zinc Bubbles form, heats Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) 10.​Honey​ up, will dissolve → ZnCl₂(aq) + H₂(g) Key takeaway: Honey is the most dense, while the Pingpong ball is the least dense (not a liquid, but Tin Slow reaction, visible Sn(s) + 2HCl(aq) included to show buoyancy). bubbles → SnCl₂(aq) + H₂(g) VIII. Soil Types 1. Loam X. Renewable and Non Renewable Energy ​ A balanced blend of sand, silt, and clay Renewable energy resources come from natural (40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay).​ sources like the sun, wind, water, and geothermal heat that can be replenished over time. They are ​ Most fertile soil, ideal for plant growth.​ sustainable and environmentally friendly because they do not run out and produce little pollution. 2. Clay Non-renewable energy resources, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, are limited and cannot be replaced ​ Dense, with high water-holding capacity.​ quickly. These fossil fuels take millions of years to form and are considered exhaustible. Using ​ Retains water for long periods.​ renewable energy helps protect the environment and supports long-term energy needs. ​ Poor drainage.​ WIND TURBINES 3. Sand OBJECTIVES ​ Coarse and dry, drains water quickly.​ ​ To define what is wind turbines and Wind ​ Less fertile due to low nutrient retention. energy​ IX. Holding Capacity of Water ​ To explain the parts of wind turbine​ ​ To explain the benefits and disadvantages of wind turbine​ Soi Water Explanation l Holding ​ To differentiate the types of wind turbines Typ Capacity e INTRODUCTION TO WIND ENERGY Loa Moderate Balanced mix of sand, silt, and Wind power or wind energy is the use of wind m clay; holds water well but turbines to generate electricity.​ drains excess water. It is a popular, sustainable, and renewable energy source that has a much smaller impact on the Sa Lowest Large particles and spaces environment than burning fossil fuels. nd allow water to drain quickly. A BRIEF HISTORY OF WIND ENERGY Cla Highest Tiny particles with tight ​ 5,000 BC: People used wind energy to y spaces trap water, making propel boats along the Nile River.​ drainage slow. ​ 200 BC: In China, simple wind-powered water pumps were used.​  ​ In Persia and the Middle East, windmills ​ These parts work together to transfer wind with woven-reed blades were used for energy into electricity. grinding grain.​ 4. Generator ​ Converts mechanical energy from the rotor PARTS OF A WIND TURBINE into electrical energy.​ 1. Tower ​ Its structure is similar to that of an electric ​ Most towers are made of round tubular motor. steel with a diameter of 3–4 meters (10–13 feet) and a height of 75–110 meters TYPES OF WIND INSTALLATIONS (250–370 feet).​ Onshore Wind Farms ​ The height of the tower usually matches the diameter of the blade’s rotation circle.​ ​ Built on land to harvest wind blowing over terrain.​ ​ The higher the tower, the faster the wind it captures, because wind speed increases ​ Positioned in areas to extract optimal with height. power from the wind.​ 2. Rotor Offshore Wind Farms ​ The rotor is the rotating part and includes three blades and the hub (center).​ ​ Built deep into the ocean where stronger winds can be harnessed.​ ​ While turbines can have 2, 4, or more blades, the three-blade design is most ​ These require more complex construction efficient.​ and maintenance. ​ Blades are hollow, made of composite ADVANTAGES OF WIND ENERGY materials, and aerodynamic like airplane wings.​ 1. Cost Competitive ​ In 2016, wind power agreements averaged ​ They have a twist from root to tip and can 2.2 cents per kilowatt-hour, competing with rotate up to 90° about their axis (called new gas-fired plants.​ blade pitch).​ ​ Future projections remain favorable through 3. Nacelle 2040.​ ​ The nacelle is the housing at the top of the tower, containing components essential for 2. Job Creation turbine operation.​ ​ The wind energy sector supports a growing number of employment opportunities.​ ​ Includes generator, shaft, gearbox, and other electromechanical systems.​ 3. Energy Portfolio Diversification ​ Supports small-scale and remote energy needs.​ ​ Wind energy stabilizes electricity costs and reduces vulnerability to price spikes and supply issues.​ 10. High Integration Potential ​ It is an indigenous, homegrown energy ​ Research shows that high levels of wind source.​ and solar can cut net carbon emissions by one-third, with just a 2–5% increase in cost. 4. Economic Boost to Communities DISADVANTAGES OF WIND ENERGY ​ Provides income for farmers and ranchers.​ ​ Aesthetic Impact: Wind turbines can disrupt scenic landscapes.​ ​ Brings economic benefits to local communities. ​ Wildlife Hazard: Dangerous to birds and bats flying into rotors.​ 5. Renewable and Inexhaustible ​ Remote Locations: While isolated ​ Wind is plentiful, readily available, and placement can be good, it increases travel doesn’t deplete natural resources. and maintenance costs.​ 6. No Water Consumption ​ Noise: Some turbines can be noisy and ​ In 2017, wind power saved approximately disturbing.​ 95 billion gallons of water, equal to 719 billion bottles. ​ Maritime Safety: Offshore turbines pose risks of collisions at sea, especially at night. 7. Clean Energy WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL IN THE PHILIPPINES ​ Wind turbines produce no pollution.​ According to the US NREL study, areas with a ​ Leads to less smog, less acid rain, and potential capacity of 76,600 MW include: fewer greenhouse gases.​ 1.​ Batanes and Babuyan Island​ ​ A 30% increase in wind energy could reduce carbon emissions by almost 19%. 2.​ Northwest tip of Luzon (Ilocos Norte)​ 8. Low Operating Costs 3.​ Higher interior terrains (Luzon, Mindoro, Samar, Leyte, Panay, Negros, Cebu, Palawan, ​ No fuel costs, unlike fossil-fueled plants. Eastern Mindanao)​ 9. Versatile Applications 4.​ East-facing coastal areas, Northern Luzon to Samar​ ​ Used in schools, tribes, rural cooperatives, businesses, farms, and 5.​ Wind corridor between Luzon and Mindoro telecommunications.​ (Lubang Island)​  6.​ Wind corridor between Mindoro and Panay ​ Each turbine: 2MW​ (Semirara & Cuyo Islands) ​ Total annual generation: ~150 Gigawatt NOTABLE WIND FARMS IN THE PHILIPPINES hours​ Bangui Wind Farm WEPS (Wind Energy Power System) ​ Located in Bangui, Ilocos Norte​ ​ Located in Puerto Galera, Mindoro​ ​ Has 20 units of 70-meter high Vestas V82 1.65MW turbines​ ​ Developed by Philippine Hybrid Energy Systems, Inc., a ​ Arranged in a single row along a 9-km Philippine-Italian-American partnership​ shoreline off Bangui Bay ​ Approved by Energy Secretary Jose Burgos Wind Project Almendras in June 2011 as part of the national energy policy ​ 500 km north of Manila, covering Saoit, Nagsurot, and Poblacion in Ilocos Norte​ STATISTICS ​ Capacity: 150MW, the largest in the country​ ​ Includes job growth data in the wind energy industry worldwide from 2009 to 2020 (see ​ First wind project under the Philippine FIT chart in original file) incentive scheme​ ​ Operated by EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation Caparispisan Wind Farm ​ Also called North Luzon Renewables Wind Farm, located in Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte​ ​ Joint venture between AC Energy Holdings, Philippine Alliance for Infrastructure, and UPC Philippines Wind Holdco​ ​ Project cost: $220 million Pililia Wind Farm ​ Features 27 turbines on hills 300 meters above sea level​ ​ Oriented NW-SE to catch Amihan winds from October to March​