Parts of Speech: Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives and more

PARTS OF SPEECH Speech is the vocalized form of human communication, formed by the collective sounds that are mutually unintelligible. In order for speech to be understood, it has to have parts. PARTS OF SPEECH: 1. Noun 5. Adverb 2. Pronoun 6. Preposition 3. Verb 7. Interjection...

PARTS OF SPEECH Speech is the vocalized form of human communication, formed by the collective sounds that are mutually unintelligible. In order for speech to be understood, it has to have parts. PARTS OF SPEECH: 1. Noun 5. Adverb 2. Pronoun 6. Preposition 3. Verb 7. Interjection 4. Adjective 8. Conjunction I. A noun is a person, place, thing, or event that is usually used as the subject in a sentence. In a sentence, nouns can play the role of subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement, object complement, appositive, or adjective. Examples: Gina Mendoza, flower, professor, Mars, table, Paris FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS ➤ Subject a noun partnered with a predicate verb. Tala drank the coffee. Subject: Tala ➤ Object of Preposition – a noun answering “whom” or “what” after a preposition in a prepositional phrase. Tala drank coffee with my friends. Preposition: with OP: friends ➤ Direct Object – a noun answering “whom” or “what” after an action verb. A direct object “receives” or is the “object” of the action. Tala drank the coffee. DO: coffee ➤ Indirect Object – a noun answering “to whom/what” or “for whom/what” after an action verb. Tala gave Xio a coffee. 10: Xio ➤ Subjective Complement – a noun that renames or describes (equals) the subject after a verb of being or a linking verb. She is a gold digger. SC: gold digger ➤ Objective Complement – a noun that renames or describes (equals) the direct object. They consider her as a gold digger. OC: gold digger KINDS OF NOUNS There are two main classes of nouns: the proper nouns and the common nouns. A Proper Noun names a particular person, place, or thing. It is used when the speaker is talking about somebody, something, or someplace specific. The first letter of a proper noun must be capitalized. A Common Noun does not denote anybody, anyplace, or anything in particular. It refers to anyone belonging to a class of persons, places, and things. Its first letter is not capitalized, except when the common noun is found at the beginning of a sentence. Proper Nouns Common Nouns John Cruz Guy Philippines Country English Language Christmas Holiday Saturday Day There are other kinds of nouns. There are what we call collective nouns and abstract nouns. They usually belong to common nouns. A Collective Noun refers to a collectivity or a group of persons, animals, or things that are counted or deemed as one. Collective nouns are singular when we think of them as a group and plural when we think of the individuals acting within the whole. Following are some examples of collective nouns. Public Group Band Jury Audience Flock Class Pack An Abstract Noun denotes an intangible idea. It names a condition or a concept. Anything that names a quality is an abstract noun. This means that they refer to ideas or concepts that are not observable by any of the five senses. Some abstract nouns may be formed by adding suffixes like -ty, - ness, -hood, -ment, -ship, -ure, -ion, and -ity. The following are some abstract nouns: Sisterhood Sincerity Relationship Sadness Other kinds of nouns: Count Nouns can take a plural, can be formed with a numeral, quantifier, and an indefinite article. It indicates discrete and countable objects. Mass Nouns can be counted yet are generally taken as a whole and cannot be formed with numerical words. It indicates some relatively undifferentiated substance. Count Nouns Mass Nouns Cabbage Water Tree Ice cream Paper Pasta II. A pronoun is a word or form that substitutes for a noun or a noun phrase. Most pronouns have an antecedent, or a noun that has already been specified previously, though some have no antecedent. These words take away the monotony of repeating The nouns over and over again. Examples: He, She, It, They, Them, You, I, We They want to join the Volleyball team. We will attend the English class tomorrow. KINDS OF PRONOUNS Personal Pronouns are pronouns that replace persons or things. It also denotes a specific person entity in a sentence. This type of pronoun speaks in three different persons: First Person Case Singular Plural Nominative Possessive Objective 1 We My, mine Our Me Us Second Person Nominative Possessive Objective Your, yours You You You Your, yours You Third Person Nominative He, she, it They Possessive Objective His, her, hers, its Him, her, it Their, theirs, Them Interrogative Pronouns introduce questions. They refer to nouns in the form of a question. Examples: who, whom, whose, what, which Relative Pronouns-who, which, what, and that-relate groups of words to nouns or other pronouns. Relative pronouns function as conjunctions by joining to its antecedent the subordinate clause of which it is a part. Kiko, who was always early in school, has gone on vacation. The student that will top the exam will be our school representative. A verb is a word that signifies action, occurrence, or state of being. A verb shows what someone or something is doing. Examples: talk, walk, eat, sing, write, dance The old lady yelled at me yesterday.. My dad will teach me how to drive. KINDS OF VERBS ACCORDING TO USE Transitive Verbs are verbs that express an action which passes from a doer to receiver. It is followed by nouns or noun phrases. Robert bought Sheena a new phone. Mr. Dela Cruz called lan’s parents. Intransitive Verbs are verbs that have no receiver of their action. It is not directly followed by a noun, adjective, or noun phrase. We went to the beach to enjoy our break. He cried when he found out that he failed the examination. Linking Verbs connect a subject and its complement. Their main function is linking or coupling the subject with a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective. Linking verbs cannot be followed by adverbs; rather, they are always preceded by nouns or adjectives. The gold appeared to be authentic. The spaghetti tasted awful. KIND OF VERBS ACCORDING TO FORM The principal parts of the verb are the present, the past, the present participle, and the past participle. Verb To compete To dance Present Past I can compete. I competed. I can dance, I danced. According to the manner by which their principal parts are irregular, or defective. Formed, verbs may be regular, Past Participle I have competed. I have danced. Regular Verbs are verbs that form their past tense and their past participle by adding -d or -ed to the present tense. Present Past Past Participle Match Matched Matched Greet Greeted Greeted Imagine Imagined Imagined Irregular Verbs are verbs that do not form their past tense and their past participle by simply adding d or ed to the present form. Present Past Past Participle Fly Flew Flown Wake Woke Woken Blow Blew Blown Defective Verbs are verbs that do not have all the principal parts. Present Past Past Participle Will Would Must Must Beware THE VOICE OF A VERB Voice is the quality of a verb that indicates whether the subject is the doer or receiver of the action of the verb. Remember that only transitive verbs may be used in the passive voice. Intransitive verbs have no receivers (object) of the action. Verbs are also said to be either active or passive in voice. Active Voice denotes the subject as the doer of the action. In the active voice, the subject and verb relationship are straightforward: the subject is a be-er or a do-er and the verb moves the sentence along. Passive Voice denotes the subject as the receiver of the action. In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is neither a do-er nor a be-er but is acted upon by someother agent or by something unnamed (when it is, it is usually named by an object of the preposition). Active Voice Passive Voice You did not wash the plate. The plate was not cleaned by you. We took the paper. The paper was taken by us. THE VERB TENSE Tense is the quality of a verb which denotes the time of the action, the being, or the state of being. Simple Tenses Present Tense → signifies action, being, or state of being in present time Past Tense → signifies action, being, or state of being in past time Future Tense signifies action, being, or state of being in future time Compound Tenses Present Perfect Tense → signifies action, being, or state of being completed or perfected in the present time. This is formed by prefixing the auxiliary have or has to the past participle of the verb. Example: He has broken the vase. Past Perfect Tense signifies action, being, or state of being completed or perfected before some definite past time. This is formed by prefixing the auxiliary had to the past participle of the verb. Example: He had broken the vase before his mom came. Future Perfect Tense signifies action, being, or state of being that will be completed or perfected before some specified time in the future. This is formed by prefixing the auxiliary shall have or will have to the past participle of the verb. Example: He will have broken the vase before his mom came. Present Progressive Tense describes an action going on now. All actions are unfinished and incomplete. Example: I am taking Calculus this semester. Past Progressive Tense → describes an action which was in progress at a certain time in the past. Example: The dogs were barking all night. Future Progressive Tense describes an action that is going on now and is continuing into the future. It describes an action to be done in the future. Example: Liz will be performing onstage next week. An adjective is a word that describes or qualifies a noun or a pronoun. It gives more information about a noun or pronoun.. Examples: wonderful, beautiful, small, loud, rough We had fun at Denise’s birthday party. The apartment he bought was spacious for one person. Remember that adjectives in English have no plural form. The same form of the adjective is used for both singular and plural nouns. A different plan Some different plans INCORRECT: some differents plans POSITION OF ADJECTIVES Adjectives nearly always appear immediately before the noun or a noun phrase that they modify. Sometimes they appear in a string of adjectives, and when they do, they appear in a set order according to category. The following list shows the usual order of adjectives when they appear in a string. There are exceptions, of course, but this is the usual rule. THE ROYAL ORDER OF ADJECTIVES 1. Determiners articles and other limiters (eg, the, a/an, my) 2. Observation post-determiners and limiter adjectives (eg, a real hero, a perfect idiot) and adjectives 3. Size and Shape adjectives subject to objective measure (eg, wealthy, large, round)  4. Age-adjectives denoting age (e.g., young, old, new, ancient) 5. Color adjectives denoting color (e.g., red, black, pale) 6. Origin denominal adjectives denoting source of the noun (eg, French, American, Canadian) 7. Material denominal adjectives denoting what something is made of (e.g. wooden, metallic) 8. Qualifier final limiter, often regarded as part of the noun (e.g., rocking chair, hunting cabin) Example: Deter-miners Observation Size and Shape Color Age Origin Material Qualifier Noun An Expensive White Italian Chandelier The Beautiful Antique Wooden Mirror Several Tall Young Volleyball Players V. An adverb is a word that qualifies or changes the meaning of a verb, adjective, or another adverb. It tells how, where, when, how often, or to what extent. It usually ends in -ly. Examples: almost, later, closely, always, diligently, clearly CLASSIFICATIONS OF ADVERBS 1. Adverbs of Manner answer the question of how or in what manner. She answered the examination slowly. 2. Adverbs of Time answer the question when. We do our training weekly.  3. Adverbs of Place answer the question where. Jenny still lives there now. 4. Adverbs of Degree answer the question of how much or how little. 5. Adverbs of Frequency answer the question of how often. Denise is extremely tired. I often go to the mall. She walks carefully to avoid accidents. 6. Adverbs of Purpose answer the question of why or for what VI. A preposition is a word that denotes the relationship between two individuals or entities in a sentence. They can indicate time, place, or relationship. Examples: at, since, through, over, under, toward, on, onto, beneath TYPES OF PREPOSITIONS 1. Prepositions of Time show relationships between a word and a period of time. I was born in 1945. We’ll meet you at 3pm. 2. Prepositions of Place show relationships between a word and a location. I found your phone under your bed. Her address is at Manga Street, Mabuhay City. 3. Prepositions of Movement show relationships between a word and a movement to a specific direction. I went to the library to read a book. He sailed across the Pacific ocean. VII. An interjection is a word that denotes or expresses emotion or sentiment in a sentence. They sometimes stand by themselves, but they are often contained within larger structures. Examples: alas, woah, shucks, woops, gee Wait! I forgot my wallet. Wow! You have a big house. An interjection is grammatically distinct from the rest of the sentence. They may express disgust, pain, joy, assent, delight, sorrow, and so forth. They are generally set off from the rest of the sentence by exclamation points. An entire sentence, however, may be exclamatory. If the sentence is exclamatory, the interjection is followed by a comma and the exclamation point is placed at the end of the sentence. The Proper Use of “O” and “Oh” The interjection “O” is used only before a noun in direct address. It is not directly followed by an exclamation point. “Oh” is used to express surprise, sorrow, or joy. It is followed by an exclamation point unless the emotion continues throughout the sentence. Oh! There you are. O God! Help me please! VIII. A conjunction is a word that connects two words, phrases, clauses, or sentences together and shows how they are connected. KINDS OF CONJUNCTIONS 1. Coordinate or Coordinating Conjunctions are conjunctions that connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal rank. The following are the coordinating conjunctions, arranged in an acronym that makes them easier to understand. F-for A-and N-nor B-but 0-or Y-yet S-so 2. Correlative Conjunctions are coordinate conjunctions used in pairs. The most commonly used correlative conjunctions are: Both and Neither nor Not only but also Whether or Not but As as  3. Subordinate Conjunctions are conjunctions that connect clauses of unequal rank. It connects a subordinate clause to a principal or an independent clause. A subordinate clause depends upon some other part of the sentence. Examples: after, although, even if, in order that, though, wherever The Correct Use of Conjunctions 1. Than and As The conjunctions “than” and “as” are used to compare one thing with another, and there is usually an omission of words after each. The substantive word which follows “than” or “as” must be in the same case as the word with which it is compared. Particular care must be taken when the substantive is a personal pronoun. Example: It’s safer to stay here than to go outside. She’s soft as a pillow. 2. Unless and Without “Unless” is a conjunction and introduces a clause. “Without” is a preposition and introduces a “phrase”. Example: You’ll be sick unless you drink your medicine. You can’t achieve great things without determination. 3. Like, As, and As If “As” and “As if” are conjunctions and are used to introduce clauses. “Like” is a preposition and is used to introduce a phrase. Example: Brian is looking at me as if I did something wrong. My mother has been working like an ant. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT The verb must always agree with its subject in person and number. Thus, if a subject is singular, its verb must also be singular; if a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural. She likes the smell of her new perfume. She is the singular subject: Likes is the singular verb. The singers sing so angelically. Singers is the plural subject: Sing is the plural verb The Proper Use of Doesn’t and Don’t If the subject of the sentence is in the third person and singular, doesn’t is the correct form of the verb. If the subject is in the first or second person, regardless of the number, the correct form is don’t. The boy in the white shirt doesn’t like Science. The judges don’t like their performance. You don’t know our teacher’s name, The Proper Use of There is and There are There is (or There was or There has been) should be used when the subject that follows the verb is singular. There are (or There were or There have been) should be used when the subject is plural. There is a spider in her bathroom. There were a lot of students that attended the mass. The Proper Use of Here is and Here are Here is (or Here was or Here has been) should be used when the subject that follows the verh is singular. Here are (or Here were or Here have been) should be used when the subject is plural. Here is an offer for you. Here are a few offers you can’t miss. The Proper Use of You as a Subject When You is the subject, the plural conjugation of verbs (are, were, have, etc.) should always be used, whether the You is meant in the singular or plural sense. You are the best person I know. Subject is singular You (people) are the future of your country. → subject is plural SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT RULES Subject-Verb Agreement when there are Parenthetical Expressions Sometimes modifiers will get between a subject and its verb, but these modifiers must not confuse the agreement between the subject and its verb. Examples: The doctor, with her secretary, goes to our shop every weekend. Newest game controller, as well as greater graphics, is expected when you buy the game application. Subject-Verb Agreement for Compounded Positive and Negative Subjects If your sentence compounds a positive and a negative subject and one is plural, the other singular, the verb should agree with the positive subject. Examples: The student council but not the students have decided to continue the Sportsfest. It is not the employees but the manager who decides the leaders for each group. Subject-Verb Agreement for Compound Subjects Connected by and Compound subjects connected by and require a plural verb unless the subjects refer to the same person or thing, or express a single idea. Examples: His wife and his mother want him to accept the job offer. Bread and butter is a popular dish in our country. Subject-Verb Agreement for Compound Subjects Preceded by each and every Two or more singular subjects connected by and but preceded by each, every, many a of no verb Require a singular Examples: Each student and parent is happy to hear the announcement Every used shirt and shoes has to be put away Subject-Verb Agreement for Compound Subjects Connected by or or nor With compound subjects joined by or or nor, the verb agrees with the part of the subject nearer to it. Examples: My sister or my friends plan to go to the beach next month. Neither my friends nor my sister knows how to drive Subject-Verb Agreement for Collective Nouns A collective noun requires a singular verb if the idea being expressed by the subject is a single unit. It requires a plural verb if the idea expressed by the subject denotes separate individuals. Note, however, that a collective noun is usually thought of as a single unit, and thus, the verb that goes with it is usually singular. Examples: Our organization helps those who are in need. The school of fish were swimming in different directions. Subject-Verb Agreement for Distributive and Indefinite Pronouns The distributive pronouns-each, either, neither and the indefinite pronouns- everyone. Anyone, nobody, no one, somebody, everybody, someone, somebody-are always used with a singular verb. The boy gives his milk. 4 The Indirect Object indicates to whom or for whom the action of the sentence is being done. The indirect object is usually a noun or pronoun. The boy gives them milk. A Subject Complement either renames or describes the subject, and therefore is usually a noun, pronoun, or adjective. Subject complements occur when there is a linking verb within the sentence (often a linking verh is a form of the verb to be) The boy seems kind. Basic Sentence Pattern 1. Subject + Linking Verb + Complement (S-LV-C) The first basic sentence pattern in English we have is S-LV-C. This includes a subject, a linking verb, and a complement. Linking verbs are the types of verbs that join the subject with an adjective or another noun. Some commonly used linking verbs include be, am, are, is, was, were, and seem. He looks great. S: He LV: looks C: great 2. Subject + Intransitive Verb (S-IV) This includes just a subject and an intransitive verb. This pattern uses verbs that are in the base form and doesn’t need supporting information. This means that the thought of the sentence is already completed by the action of the verb. She eats. S: She IV: eats The bell rang. S: The bell IV: rang 3. Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object (S-TV-DO) This pattern includes a subject, a transitive verb, and a direct object. Here, we use transitive verbs, which means that we need a direct object. The remote hit the television. S: The remote TV: hit DO: the television  4. Subject + Transitive Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object (S-TV-10- DO) This type includes a subject, a transitive verb, an indirect object, and a direct object Jenny saved her a seat. S: Jenny TV: saved 10: her DO: a seat 5. Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object + Object Complement (S – TV – DO-OC) This sentence pattern includes a subject, transitive verb, direct object, and an objective complement. Unlike subjective complements, objective complements describe a direct object. The object complement in this sentence pattern refers to a Specific description of the direct object being done by the subject, with the use of the verb. Generally, the OC in this pattern could be a noun, an adjective, or an adverb, Angelo colored the paper blue. S: Angelo TV: colored DO: the paper OC: blue PUNCTUATION Punctuations help make the meaning of written statements clear. THE PERIOD When to use a period: 1. At the end of a declarative statement or an imperative sentence The play has a beautiful story. 2. After an abbreviation or initial Juan T. Dela Cruz THE COMΜΑ When to use a comma: 1. To separate words or group of words in a series Please choose between coffee, tea, lemonade, or fruit juice.  2. To set off a short direct quotation and the parts of a divided quotation, unless a question mark or an exclamation point is required “I hope they’ll be comfortable,” prayed the host, “and may they like staying here.” 3. 14 To separate independent elements and words of direct address Teacher, I am not feeling well. To set off the parts of dates, addresses, or geographical names March 24, 2000 6. To separate nonrestrictive phrases and clauses from the rest of the sentence. The youth, who are supposedly the hope of the motherland, couldn’t care less. 7. After long introductory phrases and clauses and when needed to make meaning clear While you were waiting at the airport entrance, I was waiting at the canteen. 8. To set off an appositive that is not part of the name or that is not restrictive It is my wish, that you may see the error of your ways. 9. To set off a parenthetical expression; that is, a word or a group of words inserted in the sentence as a comment or an exclamatory remark, and one that is not necessary to the thought of the sentence The nurses, as well as the doctor, are confident about the patient’s full recovery. To separate the clauses of a compound sentence connected by the conjunctions and, but, or, nor, or yet. If the clauses are short and closely related, the comma may be omitted. I honored my word, but you didn’t honor yours. 10. After the salutation in a social letter and after the complimentary close in all letters Sincerely, THE COLON When to use a colon: 1. After the salutation of a business letter Dear Ma’am: 2. Before a list or enumeration of items Here is a list of government agencies: DOLE, DTI... Before a long direct quotation 3. John Locke in his Second Treatise of Government said: “The State of Nature has a Law of Nature to govern it, which obliges everyone: And Reason, which is that Law, teaches all Mankind who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his Life, Health, Liberty, or Possessions.” THE EXCLAMATION POINT When to use an exclamation point: 1. After an exclamatory sentence I can’t believe it! You’re really here! 2. After an exclamatory word, phrase, or clause Wow! What a game! That was great! THE QUESTION MARK When to use a question mark: 1. At the end of every question Are you still there? QUOTATION MARKS When to use quotation marks: 1. Before and after every direct quotation and every part of a divided quotation. For quotations within a quotation, use single quotation marks. “Locke has described the State of Nature much as Hobbes had, but then he adds ‘something different,’ or so Montague believes,” said the professor.  2. To enclose titles of stories, poems, magazines, newspaper articles, and works of art. The usual practice for titles of books, magazines, and newspapers is italicization. “Ode to my Family” 3. Periods and commas belong inside quotations. Colons and semicolons are written after quotation marks. My mother always said: “Focus on your studies first.” “I didn’t know you’re here,” Debbie remarked. THE APOSTROPHE When to use an apostrophe: 1. To show possession My sister’s shoes are hard to fill. 2. With s to show the plural of letters, numbers, and signs How many a’s are there in this sentence? 3. To show the omission of a letter, letters, or numbers The 25 th of February in ‘20 THE HYPHEN When to use a hyphen:  1. To divide a word at the end of a line wherever one or more syllables are carried to the next line For effective reading, several techniques are recom-mended to the students. 2. In compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine I have twenty- three baskets already. 3. To separate the parts of some compound words My sister-in-law and my father-in-law are coming to visit tomorrow morning. THE DASH When to use a dash: 1. To indicate a sudden change of thought She is still at the academy-an unusual thing for her. CAPITAL LETTERS When to capitalize the first letter of the following: 1. The first word in a sentence 2. The first word of every line of poetry (not very strict due to poetic license) 3. The first word of a direct quotation  4. Proper nouns and proper adjectives 5. Titles of honor and respect when preceding the name 6. North, south, east, and west when they refer to sections of a country 7. All names referring to God, the Bible, or parts of the Bible 8. The principal words in the titles of books, plays, poems, and pictures 9. The pronoun I and the interjection O 10. Abbreviations when capitals would be used if the words were written in full Do not capitalize: 1. The seasons of the year. 2. The articles a, an, the, conjunctions, or prepositions in titles, unless one of these is the first word. 3. The names of subjects, unless they are derived from proper nouns. 4. The words high school, college, and university, unless they are parts of the names of particular institutions. 5. Abbreviations for the time of day. (a.m./p.m.)