Things Fall Apart PDF Exam - AQA, OCR, IB

English Things Fall Apart Exam By Pie Iramaneerat 10H Topics : 1.​ Characters 2.​ Vocabularies ( Igbo culture specific vocabs ) 3.​ Storyline Summary 4.​ Main Characters Analysis 5.​ Okonkwo’s relationship with important characters 6.​ Thi...

English Things Fall Apart Exam By Pie Iramaneerat 10H Topics : 1.​ Characters 2.​ Vocabularies ( Igbo culture specific vocabs ) 3.​ Storyline Summary 4.​ Main Characters Analysis 5.​ Okonkwo’s relationship with important characters 6.​ Things Fall Apart Themes & Context Characters : Characters Simple Description Detail Description Okonkwo Protagonist Tragic Hero that is a well respected figure in Umuofia Nwoye Okonkwo’s eldest son Okonkwo’ least liked son who he sees as feminine because of his soft personality Ezinma Okonkwo’s and Ekwefi’s Okonkwo’s favorite daughter because of her brave and manly Daughter personality despite being a girl +​ Almost dies of illness but survived Ikemefuna Okonkwo’s adopted son Okonkwo’ adopted son that he later murders Nwoye’s Mother Nwoye’s mother Nwoye’ mother enjoys some seniority amongst Okonkwo’s 3 wives as a result of giving birth to the eldest son Ekwefi Okonkwo’s 2nd wife Okonkwo’s favorite wife because of her beauty known throughout the village and ran away from first husband to marry Okonkwo Ojiubo Okonkwo’s 3rd wife (youngest) Okonkwo’s youngest wife that he beats during peace week Unoka Okwonkwo’s father Hated by Okonkwo because of his wasteful acts Uchendu Okwonkwo’s uncle Uncle that warmly welcomed him to Mbanta after he was forced to leave the village for 7 years as a result of killing an innocent villager ( Aka. Ezeudu’ son) by accident Obierika Okwonkwo’s Best Friend Okonkwo’s best friend who always gives him advice and is the novel’s foil (Character that highlights the flaws of protagonist) Ezeudu Oldest man in the village Oldest man who is feared Chielo Priestess A priestess dedicated to the oracle, Agbala Agbala The Oracle of the Hills and the The Oracle of the Hills and the caves caves Egwugwu 9 Villages Leader Represent Umuofia’s most important ancestors Mr. brown First Missionary Is kind and respectful towards Umuofia Reverend james Replaces Mr.Brown later Is racist and zealous Smith The District Authority figure for white Thinks he understand the Igbo culture but actually has no respect Commissioner colonialists towards the culture and their customs ​ Vocabularies : Vocabularies Meanings Umuofia Village where Okonkwo lives and is where the novel is set in Chi Personal gods that is believed to help guide each individual with their struggles Patriarchal Society controlled or lead by men Polygamy Having more than 1 husband or wife Colonialism Political practice of taking over control of another country, occupying it with settlers and exploiting its economy Ibo How the term ‘Igbo’ is spelled in the novel Mbanta Village where Okonkwo went to live with his uncle for 7 years after being exiled from Umuofia as a result of accidentally killing Ezeudu’s son Abame Village where the first white man was spotted and was killed Iyi-uwa An object buried by an Ogbanje kid Ogbanje A child who died young because they were possessed by an evil spirit, and spirit will re enter mother’s womb again to repeat the process Isa-ifi Pre-marriage ceremony that takes place after the bride has spend time away from her husband Obi A hut Cassava Root vegetable that is considered to be ‘lesser’ than the yams by the Igbo people Yams Vegetables are considered manly in Igbo culture because it represents wealth and prosperity. Growing these will show a man’s ability to support his family through harvesting yams Ozo A title of prestige for Igbo men who have earned a certain amount of riches  Storyline Summary : Chapters Summary AO1 Analysis AO4 Chapter Introduces the main protagonist, Okonkwo, who lives in a fictional Chinua Achebe explained to us the 1 village named Umuofia, Southern Nigeria. Okonkwo is known for his Igbo traditions and culture that has wrestling skills and was first noticed when he beat an undefeated yet to be touched by the Christains wrestler in the village whom no one was able to beat for 7 years. He through the introduction of builds his status as a warrior and a successful husband in the eyes of Okonkwo. his clan as well as in his own eyes. The chapter also showed one of the Okonkwo’s father, Unoka, was also introduced. He was described as a novel’s most important themes, wasteful father who enjoys drinking palm wine, playing music, making Masculinity. With Okonkwo conversations and telling stories with proverbs. However, he was lazy building up his status of being a in terms of doing masculine tasks to provide for his family and was masculine man in the igbo society, considered a failure. When Unoka passed away, he left behind many unlike his father, Unoka. However, debts among the villagers, making a huge shame on Okonkwo. Okonkwo is quick to anger and Therefore, Okonkwo decided to build himself into a stereotypical violence especially with men who masculine figure. are weak which reminded him of his father’s unsuccessful life. Chapter In chapter 2, the clan is notified of a meeting in the middle of the In this chapter, Okonkwo’s fear of 2 night. Okonkwo predicts it is a meeting for war, so he reminds himself failure was shown as he vows that of all his success of being a warrior so far in his life. he will never be gentle or idle like his father was in the past. In the morning, Ezeudu, the oldest man in the village broke the news that a clans woman had been killed by another village’s villagers. So Okonkwo’s temper made him Ezeudu sent Okonkwo to negotiate whether they would like war or constantly beat his children and peace. But peace doesn’t come for free, the village will need to give a wife, using violence rather than young man and a virgin as a payment for the loss. Umuofia are conversation as a way of powerful warriors so they are feared by the other clans. He soon communication. enough returns with a virgin and a young boy named Ikemefuna who is given to Okonkwo’s first wife to take care of. Okonkwo’s vision of being a man follows the Patriarchal Hierarchy, a Achebe explained that Okonkwo has a job of being a leader of his society led by men, using power children and 3 wives. All members lived under Okonkwo’s umbrella and authorities. Although his with fear of his fiery temper. Okonkwo’s fear is that one of his sons actions of violence are seen as would end up like his father. Nwoye, Okonkwo’s oldest son, is very respectful for the Umuofia citizens, different from his father, he enjoys activities inside rather than it is hard for his family since his outside the hut. Okonkwo tries to change his mindset by constant actions cause more risks of nagging and beating. conflicts as the Igbo culture gradually changes with Colonialism. Chapter Unoka, Okonkwo’s father, consults the Oracle for why his crops fail. Okonkwo’s early experience in 3 The Oracle replies by telling him off to go home and work like a man. farming and his fear of becoming Unoka’s fate is determined by his bad chi or personal god, which like his own father was the key to explains why all his life matters fail. Unoka later develops a health what led to Okonkwo’s success. issue of swelling in his limbs considered an offense to the earth goddess, so he was left to die in the evil forest. Unoka’s death and illness represents the failure of Unoka’s Without his father’s help to create his own obi for his family, life which is what Okonkwo is Okonkwo approaches Nwakibie, a wealthy clans man, asking for 400 trying to avoid. Okonkwo follows seed yams to start his farm. Nwakibie sees Okonkwo as a very the traditions of men farming yams respectful man so he decided to give Okonkwo 800 seed yams, since his father failed to do so. He alongside Unoka’s old friend giving Okonkwo 400 more. Okonkwo believes that exercising his own will was able to keep only ⅓ of the yams. can overcome bad fate. Chapter At a clan meeting, Okonkwo insults an untitled tribesman saying that Having related how Okonkwo’s 4 ‘This meeting is for men’. past has influenced his present personalities, Achebe reminds us Meanwhile, Ikemefuna is homesick and tries to run away, barely again by using Okonkwo’s anger of speaks and won’t eat. Okonkwo forced the boy to eat, resulting in beating an untitled tribesman to Ikemefuna vomiting painfully and being ill for 3 weeks. After his show readers how his lack of recovery, Ikemefuna became good friends with Nwoye who is 2 years patience led to violations. younger than him along with other family members, clearing away his sadness. Okonkwo also starts admiring Ikemefuna’s development but When the priest of Ani reminds him does not show it. of his lack of patience, he listens, showing the limitations of his During this time, the week of peace is celebrated, where no harm masculinity identity. He also does should be made with anyone, physically and mentally. During this not admit or say any sorry for his week, Okonkwo’s 3rd wife, Ojiubo, leaves the house to plait her hair wrongs again for the reason that it without preparing supper for the family. In rage, Okonkwo beats her, is a sign of weakness. against the clan's tradition and beliefs. The priest of Ani, the earth goddess, reminds Okonkwo of his behaviors and that he needs to Okonkwo’s affection towards behave in order for the crops to grow. He then orders Okonkwo to Ikemefuna placed him in an bring a sacrifice to the shrine. awkward position because Okonkwo believes that showing When the week of peace ended, each family of Umaofia cleared up affection is a sign of weakness in their lands to prepare for the new yams to be planted. Ikemefuna and men. Nwoye have gotten closer and later helped Okonkwo as he was harsh on the two boys. Although Ikemefuna and Nwoye are too young to be working or farming crops like yams, Okonkwo’s gusto made him force away the laziness. in Nwoye’s heart and forced him to do some physical activities. Chapter The new yam festival took place in chapter 5, where families gathered This chapter describes the most 5 to feast, give thanks to Ani the earth goddess, and enjoy the wrestling important festival held in Umuofia, match. Everyone in the village is all excited to enjoy the activities the new yam festival. while Okonkwo prefers working. But he still insists his family members take part and prepare all dishes properly. With nothing to The beating of his wife is tolerated do, Okonkwo randomly starts beating his second Wife Ekwefi before (ยอมรับได ้) in Igbo culture so it is going into the woods to hunt with his gun. Okonkwo is not a good not abnormal for him to beat his hunter and Ekwefi acknowledges that, so she expressed her feelings wife at this time of festival. about Okonkwo being a bad hunter. With anger, he shoots his gun at Ekwefi but misses. Ekwefi’s actions of leaving her husband to marry Okonkwo in The wrestling contest took place and Ekwefi was particularly excited another land shows independence as she enjoyed watching Okonkwo defeating player after player. that is unique among the women of Ekwefi ran away from her home just to marry Okonkwo since he was Umuofia. Her daughter Ezinma too poor to pay her bride price back then. Ezinma, Ekwefi’s daughter, shares similar traits and is beautiful took a bowl of food from Okonkwo’s hut. Okonkwo is very fond of like her mother. Ezinma because of her masculine actions such as calling her mother by her name but Okonkwo doesn’t show his affections. This chapter is the first chapter to explore guns, and Okonkwo’s inexperience foreshadows what is to come next in the novel after colonisation of Britains. Chapter The villagers gathered at the village square to witness a wrestling The seating arrangements show 6 match. One particular match of a 15 to 16 year old boy thrills the Umuofia's patriarchal society and crowd, including Okonkwo. It is the match of Maduka, Okonkwo’s its effect on Okonkwo, his wives  best friend,Obierika’s son, who later won the match. and his children. The sexes are separate and are not equal in any Ekwefi speaks to her friend Chielo, a widow(แม่หม ้าย) who has 2 way. children and is a priestess of Agbala. Chielo asks about Ezinma and Ekwefi replies that maybe Ezinma has come to stay. Chielo replies saying that children usually stay if they do not die before the age of 6. Watching the match not only calms Okonkwo down but also reminds him of the reputation he has built. The seating arrangement is made so that men sit in front and women stand behind them. Chapter In this chapter, 3 years have passed since the events shown previously This chapter opens at a positive 7 and Ikemefuna has become like an older brother for Nwoye. point as Ikemefuna came in to help Okonkwo is pleased at the influence that Ikemefuna has on Nwoye influence Nwoye to become more whom he wants to grow into a tough young man capable of ruling his masculine in a way Okonkwo has father’s households. Nwoye’s behaviour started to shift as he groaned never been able to do. about women when they asked him to do chores. Okonkwo is proud of Nwoye’s shift in behaviour as he believes that Igbo men should be In chapter 7, it is described that ‘a able to control women with an iron fist. shadow fell on the world and the sun seemed hidden by a thick In his hut, Okonkwo tells the two boys about the wars and bloody cloud’ when the locusts came. The stories he had been through, although Nwoye still prefers his shadow of the locusts evokes a mother’s stories more but he stays with his father to please him. metaphor for European colonialism. As there is a contrast While the 3 men were working, locusts(ตั๊กแตน) started to cover the between the darkness that land. Locusts rarely appear and they are considered weak. Ezeudu announces their arrival and the joy stops by Okonkwo’s obi and asks him to have a private conversation people have in seeing them and as they eat locusts. Ezeudu explains that the oracle has ordered the consuming them. clan to kill Ikemefuna in retribution for the murder of the Umuofian women that took place 3 years ago. Okonkwo was warned not to take Okonkwo’s fear of being seen as part as the boy calls Okonkwo father. weak was what led him to killing Ikemefuna. Earlier, Ikemefuna was Okonkwo told Ikemefuna he had to go home and Nwoye cried about it described as a sacrifice and ill fated resulting in Okonkwo beating him. On the way through the forest, that foreshadowing now comes to Ikemefuna feels uneasy but is comforted by the fact that Okonkwo pass. He took the last strike with was beside him. When the clansman started striking him, Ikemefuna his eyes closed. in hope that it shouts ‘Father!’ as Okonkwo walked towards him and took a final would be easier for him to take the strike. Upon returning, his family heard about the news and Nwoye last strike as his affection towards was especially devastated. Ikemefuna was more than he had with Nwoye. The chapter ends with a concept of betrayal and hints at the changes that may come to Nwoye. Chapter Okonkwo sits in his obi and calls for Nwoye to come listen to bloody Okonkwo’s actions of drinking 8 stories he had to tell, but with fear of what his father has done to palm wine to escape the thought of Ikemefuna, he slips off when Okonkwo dozes off. Okonkwo could not Ikemefuna shows the aftermath of help but think about Ikemefuna. He did not eat for two days because the decision Okonkwo has made in of it. Ezinma brings him food and sits beside him while he eats. participating in Ikemfuna’s death. Okonkwo wishes Ezinma was a boy. Ezinma’s presence comforts him Okonkwo visits his best friend, Obierika, whom he consults on the since he sees a strength that he fact that his children do not resemble him, especially Nwoye. He is does not see in any other one of his worried about Nwoye. The two friends also discuss the death of children, other than Ikemefuna. Ikemefuna while Obierika questions Okonkwo’s decision to participate in his son’s death. The two were notified of some early This chapter clearly shows how people’s death in the clan, which made Okonkwo feel better about Nwoye’s relationship with his  himself. father is broken as he comes to Okonkwo when called for but Later that afternoon at Obierika’s house,a ceremony was held to leaves as soon as possible. This also determine the bride price( price that a family is willing to pay another shows that Nwoye’s trust in the in exchange for their daughter to become the other family’s bride.) harsh Igbo culture starts fading, for Obirika’s daughter. Men drank wine and used broomsticks to which foreshadows how he will be represent their offerings. After the event, the men drank some more transforming into a christian later wine while discussing some ‘white men’ who walked with shoes. The on in the novel. mens doubt that those people are real, because they have only heard stories of them but haven’t ever witnessed them themselves. Obierika can be seen as a guidance of Okonkwo who gives him advice when he needs to as Obierika is a wise man who seems much more adapted to society rather than being full on masculine Igbo-stereotyped man. He openly disagreed on Ikemefuna’s death that Okonkwo participated in. Chapter Ekwefi bangs on Okonkwo’s door in a panic as she shouts that Ezinma Although with other children and 9 is dying. Okonkwo knew before Ekwefi said anything that she was wife, he is harsh and does not show knocking because no other family member or villager would have the any affection towards them, he has audacity to do so. a weak spot for Ezinma and shows great care for her when she is sick It is told that Ekwefi has lost 9 children before Ezinma, and Ezinma is by rushing to find ingredients and the oldest child out of the 9 so she believes Ezinma came to stay. forcing her to consume the medicine. A year ago, Ezinma was sick and so in order to cure her sickness, an Iyi-uwa (An object buried by an Ogbanje kid) must be found and Ekwefi’s panic and trauma towards destroyed. So, Ezinma and the medicine man along with Okonkwo and the loss of her children shows the the villagers went on a hunt in the forest. When they finally found the cultural beliefs that account for Iyi-uwa, the medicine man destroyed it immediately and that was children mortality (ความตายของ what made everyone believe that it was the end of Ezinma’s health เด็กทารก). When the Iyi-uwa was issues. This was the first time Ezinma was sick after that incident. destroyed, that was the ending to Okonkwo gave her some medicine and she fell asleep. the Ogbanje and Ekwefi believes she should now live in the normal world without an evil spirit behind her back. The new sickness of Ezinma made Ekwefi question the previous cures. Chapter A traditional Igbo legal ceremony held in the village of Umuofia. The The egwugwu represent ancestral 10 chapter focuses on the role of the egwugwu, masked ancestral spirits authority, reinforcing communal who serve as judges in legal disputes. These egwugwu are, in reality, decision-making. respected men of the village, but their identities remain hidden behind elaborate masks. The leader of the egwugwu, known as Evil The case exposes male dominance Forest, presides over the proceedings, symbolizing the power and and how women rely on family and mystery of Igbo justice. tradition for protection. Case of Mgbafo and Uzowulu was being judged. Uzowulu demands Unlike colonial justice, Igbo law his wife, Mgbafo, be returned, claiming she was taken unfairly. Her prioritizes peace over strict family argues he was abusive and caused her miscarriage, highlighting punishment. gender roles and the limits of women’s agency. The egwugwu rule that Uzowulu must bring a peace offering (palm wine) but do not force Mgbafo to return Chapter Ekwefi tells Ezinma a story about a cunning tortoise who tricks birds Ekwefi’s story moral is ‘don't be 11 into giving him feathers to attend a feast in the sky, only to betray greedy’ them. The birds retaliate, leading to his downfall. Chielo’s tone of speaking with In the middle of the night, Chielo, the priestess of Agbala, arrives and Okonkwo and Ekwefi at this point declares that Agbala (the oracle) wants to see Ezinma. Okonkwo asks of time was serious and rather Chielo to come later as the child is asleep. Ekwefi asks to go with different to when she was talking Ezinma but Chielo warns that going to see Agbala without being to Ekwefi about Ezinma at the summoned is considered to bring curse to the family. Later, Ekwefi wrestling match. tells Okonkwo she is going to follow Chileo through the 9 villages and when they arrive, Ekwefi waits outside. Okonkwo showed up, Okonkwo’s Hidden Softness was surprising Ekwefi, but she feels comforted and reminds the time of also shown in this chapter. His when she first met Okonkwo and he took her in. concern for Ezinma reveals a rare emotional side, contradicting his usual tough exterior. Chapter The village gathers for the uri (bridal ceremony)of Obierika’s The ceremony shows the bonding 12 daughter, where the groom’s family presents palm wine, showcasing between the village, working like a Igbo marriage customs and the importance of community bonds. one big family as every part of the ceremony is cooperative. Women After being taken by Chielo in Chapter 11, Ezinma is back home, play a key role in preparing for the relieving Ekwefi and Okonkwo. feast, reinforcing traditional duties. The feast is a moment of joy and communal harmony, showing the strength of Igbo traditions before colonial disruption. Chapter The whole Umuofia clan was woken up to the shocking news that It is clear that Okonkwo cannot 13 Ezeudu, the oldest man in town who had warned Okonkwo not to escape the killing of Ikemefuna. participate in Ikemefuna’s death, has passed away. Okonkwo’s guilt The death of Ezeudu who warned starts building up as he recalls the words Ezeudu told him. him not to participate in Ikemefuna’s death reminds The funeral was held in the midst of villagers playing music and men Okonkwo of the guilt he had shooting guns to pay their respects towards Ezeudu, Okonkwo joined created. in. However, his gun accidentally explodes, piercing into the heart of Ezeudu’s 16 years old son, killing him. Killing a clan member is an The second killing was at Ezeudu’s offense against the earth goddess. As a result, Okonkwo was forced funeral, even if the incident was an to leave the village, but because the incident was an accident, he will accident, the crime caused great be able to return back to Umuofia after 7 years. Okonkwo and his upheaval(การเปลีย ่ นแปลง) in family set off to his mother’s village, Mbanta. Okonkwo’s life. Ezeudu’s neighbours storm into Okonkwo’s compound and destroy it The igbo use controlled violence in symbolically cleansing the land Okonkwo has soiled with their this chapter for ceremonial and klansman's blood. One of the helpers is Obierika, who questions the religious purposes such as in the cleansing ritual because the incident was an accident. Obierika is funeral where men held weapons in described as a man who thought about things logically. The chapter honour of Ezeudu’s passing or ends with Okonkwo’s exile to his mother’s village. when men broke into Okonkwo’s compound. Obierika is described as a thoughtful man who doubts the religious acts of Igbo culture, but he does not say a word and follows the traditions as it is. Chapter Okonkwo and his family settle in his motherland, Mbanta, where his In the previous parts of the novel, 14 uncle, Uchendu, welcomes them. The uncle prepared crops, lands, Okonkwo is described as a man food, compounds and all necessary needs for Okonkwo to restart his who is enthusiastic to do life in Mbanta. Okonkwo is happy to have Uchendu prepare all the everything and anything to become  things for him but the enthusiasm of him working is now lower than a better figure compared to his before as his dreams of becoming the most successful Umuofia man father, Unoka. Now, his lack of now seems out of reach. experience in guns and machinery has made his dreams of Seeing Okonkwo in despear, Uchendu gathers his sons and Okonkwo overcoming his father’s for a speech. He tells Okonkwo to stop despairing, reminding him that unsuccessfulness seem far away. a man always finds refuge in his mother’s land when in trouble. The He now believes that his personal message that Uchendu wanted to deliver to Okonkwo was that being god, Chi, is no longer desired for exiled is obviously a negative but the past is the past so Okonkwo greatness.​ should make the best of moving to Mbanta. Unchndu’s speech represents the guiding support of Okonkwo’s motherland at the same time, making Okonkwo question what other suffering the novel will bring him to. Chapter Obierika visits Okonkwo and Uchendu after some time. Uchendu The destruction of Abame 15 states that men in this generation are scared of their fellow foreshadows the coming neighbours and do not visit them unlike his time. Obierika shares a destruction of Igbo traditions and shocking story that a white man has arrived riding an iron horse independence. (bicycle), and they have destroyed Abame. The villagers had killed a white man after consulting the Oracle. Some ordinary men brought in Obierika and Uchendu recognize 3 other white men and when they saw the bicycle being tied up on a the threat, while Okonkwo remains tree, they surrounded Abame, shooting all living creatures in their focused on personal honor, sight. ignoring the larger cultural crisis. Uchendu explains that Abames were fools for killing the white men Obierika’s continued support who had said nothing ( he said something but was not understood). He contrasts with Okonkwo’s isolation further elaborates that Abames should’ve just armed themselves for and rigid masculinity, reinforcing future dangers to come. Obirika shares that he is scared of the white the importance of community in men as he has heard stories that they kill violently and even took Igbo life. some villagers overseas for slaves. Chapter 2 years have passed and Obierika returns to Mbanta to share some Obierika and Nwoye share similar 16 more news to Okonkwo and Uchendu. He states that missionaries traits as they both question the have built a church in Umuofia and they even converted some way their society functions. villagers to christianity. The elderly members of Umuofia do not believe in the new religion but believe it will slowly fade away anyway, Obierika tries calming Okonkwo so they follow the trend as it is. down when he learns about Nwoye’s changes in religion but as Obierika notices that Nwoye is participating in activities of the the novel has been describing, missionaries and wants to tell Okonkwo about it. Okonkwo does not Okonkwo does not have any want to discuss about his son so Obierika learns from Nwoye’s patience. Okonkwo’s reaction mother that the missionaries' message of peace and love offers him shows his obsession with an escape from the violence and rigid traditions of Igbo society, masculinity and inability to accept especially after Ikemefuna’s death. He finds comfort in their rejection change, setting up his eventual of ritual killings and the caste system. downfall. When Okonkwo learns of Nwoye’s conversion, he is furious and Christianity spreads by exploiting disowns him, seeing it as a betrayal of Igbo traditions and masculinity. Igbo weaknesses, offering an Nwoye leaves to join the mission school in Umuofia, cutting ties with alternative to those disillusioned his father. Even when missionaries asked about his father, he with tradition, like Nwoye. answered by saying ‘ I don’t know, he is not my father’. Chapter The missionaries came to the Mbanta marketplace and asked the When the villagers decide to let the 17 villagers for land. The elders lead them to the evil forest and tell them missionaries have land in the evil that they can take as much as they want, believing they will fail forest, they still believe that the miserably. To their surprise, the missionaries thanked them and took gods will end the missionaries well. the land to build churches. Villagers waited for the goddess to punish But Christianity appeals to those the missionaries but that never happened. Some villagers were even oppressed by Igbo customs, convinced by this and moved to christianity. showing how colonialism exploits social divisions. Nwoye was intrigued by the missionaries since they first arrived but dared not to go near them in fear of his father. When he does get near, Okonkwo’s inability to understand villagers tell Okonkwo about it and he beats Nwoye upon returning. or accept Nwoye’s choice Nwoye later left Mbanta to return back to Umuofia to learn skills he highlights the clash between old had never learned before in Church school. and new values. Okonkwo reflects over Nwoye’s leavings and begins to realise that Nwoye is his son. He cannot take full control over his life. Chapter The church in Mbanta faces challenges as they allowed 2 outcasts into The missionaries' gestures of 18 the church. While people protest to kick them out, Mr.Kiaga insists embracing everyone and that in church, everyone is allowed to join in. everything let the lowly members of the society feel seen and equal. When a Christian murders a cherished Python, a key Igbo cultural emblem, a major controversy follows. When the village authorities The interactions between Mr. meet to discuss this offense, Okonkwo makes the case for the Kiaga, who represents a more Christians' deportation. The clan agrees with Okonkwo as they accepting and caring approach, and cherish their Igbo culture. However, later, the community changes Okonkwo, who is known for his their mind about the Christians after the man who killed the python anger and devotion to traditional becomes ill and passes away, which they see as evidence that the gods beliefs, are examined in this are still in charge. chapter. Chapter 7 years have passed and Okonkwo is free from being exiled. He is The conflict between the 19 anxious to go home and he regrets every day of his exile. Okonkwo traditional methods and the new sends money to Obierika asking for him to build a hut for Okonikwo’s forces influencing their culture is family upon returning. Okonkwo wishes he went back earlier so he summed up by Okonkwo's loyalty could build his own compound like a man should do. to tradition and his anxieties about his clan's future. The title "Things In order to show his appreciation and highlight his achievements in Fall Apart" further resonates with exile, Okonkwo throws a magnificent feast for his mother's kinsmen the elder's speech of the value of (ญาติพน ี่ ้อง) as the rainy season draws to a close. An elder gives a kinship togetherness in stark moving speech during the feast that highlights the changing dynamics contrast to the reality of a divided within the clan and expresses worry about the younger generation's society. Exile, tradition, the weight shift out of traditional values and the new religion that has replaced of expectations, and the them. unavoidable changes that threaten the foundation of their civilization are all topics that are captured in this chapter. Chapter In Part Three, Chapter 20 Okonkwo returns to Umuofia after his exile, Obierika draws attention to their 20 determined to reclaim the lost years by expanding his wealth and society's breakdown and complains prominence. He aims to build a larger compound, take two new wives, about the way the white man has and secure titles for his sons, intending to reinstate his traditional successfully broken the ties that patriarchal values and social standing. However, upon his return, he had bound their community discovers that the landscape of Umuofia has drastically changed due together. Okonkwo continues to to the arrival of British colonialism. The church has gained significant hold onto old concepts of power influence, attracting respected clansmen, while a new court system, and authority in spite of the governed by the English district commissioner, has established obvious changes, refusing to see oppressive laws and practices that undermine traditional Igbo the new reality. The chapter culture. highlights the terrible conflict  Okonkwo discusses the changes with Obierika asking why the between traditional and modern villagers do not fight against the missionaries. Obierika reminds ideals and exposes Okonkwo's Okonkwo of the fate of Abame, and says that it is too late now. inner turmoil as he struggles with Obierika supports that ‘ The white man has put a knife on the things his world's change and his that held us together, and we have fallen apart’ incapacity to adjust. Chapter The clan is pleased at the inventions the white men have brought in Mr.Brown represents the colonial 21 such as the trading store and the money that is now flowing into paradox that combines positive Umuofia. development and devastating loss. From the beginning, religion and Mr.Brown is a patient man who eventually becomes close to the education went hand and in hand neighbourhood as well as the leaders, one being a man named for him. Hakuna. The two discussed religious changes and Mr.Brown mentions that the method he uses to persuade people to change religion is not The clans have been adapting to to attack or offend their traditions but to build schools and hospitals the new society. They have for the community instead. accepted the presence of white missionaries, making use of Mr.Brown mentions to the town that future leaders must be able to everything they had brought in. read and write in order to communicate. Without the knowledge, They also feel trusted enough that outsiders will come to lead Umuofia instead. This convinces people to the missionaries are allowed to not only send their lazy children but all of their children. interact with Umuofia’s leaders. Mr.Brown visits Okonkwo to tell about Nwoye’s , who is now called Okonkwo had not accepted the Issac, outstanding performances. Okonkwo was offended and rushed missionaries and Nwoye’s changes. to threaten Mr.Brown. The town has changed dramatically since the He sees Umuofia, a once powerful missionaries came and the villagers are now too busy to be interested land, to be feminine and weak. He in the return of a once powerful farmer. sees Nwoye as someone he does not know anymore. Chapter Mr. Brown is replaced by the harsher Reverend James Smith, who is Mr.Smith’s appearance changes 22 intolerant of Igbo traditions and demands total conversion. from a peaceful society once made by Mr.Brown to an aggressive The revelation of an egwugwu by a devout Christian convert named religious control. Enoch is an important event in this chapter. In Igbo culture, masked men represent the ancient spirits known as the egwugwu. Enoch Enoch’s unmasking of the egwugwu commits a serious sacrilege by publicly revealing an egwugwu, is a major turning point, signifying a direct assault on Igbo customs. In an act of collective symbolizing the destruction of Igbo justice, the Egwugwu burn down the Christian church in retaliation culture. after this action infuriates the clan. Reverend Smith, unlike Mr. Brown, does not try to understand the Igbo people and instead reinforces the idea that Christianity is superior. His rigid approach accelerates conflict and leads to further destruction of the church as the villagers burn it down. Chapter Okonkwo felt happy for the first time in many years, as he has Okonkwo’s success in bringing men 23 convinced some villagers to arm themselves so that they don’t end up together to fight for their culture, like people in Abame. Three days later, missionaries invited Okonkwo made him feel successful again and and his men to meet at their office. Okonkwo does not refuse as an is reminded of the past. He believes Umuofia man does not refuse a call. The men bring weapons with that Igbo men should take actions them in case of an emergency fight as they do not trust the and be respected for it. missionaries. As they discussed the situations, missionaries came and attacked Okonkwo and the rest. They are told that they will be The District Commissioner tricks released only if the clan pays a heavy fine of 200 cowries. However, the Igbo leaders, pretending to the court messengers increase the amount to 250 cowries and keep want peace but instead the extra money for themselves, revealing the corruption of colonial imprisoning them. rule.  While in captivity, they are humiliated and beaten by the white colonial authorities. The District Commissioner’s men shave their heads, insult them, and mock their traditions. Chapter In this chapter, Okonkwo and the others were released but no one The reason why the clan did not 24 welcomed them, they simply looked away. No one vows to talk to follow Okonkwo’s action is because Okonkwo, only Obierika. Later the next day, the village was called for they fear more violence and know a meeting. Okonkwo was pleased to see such a gathering of Umuofia that there is no chance of them but is furious, knowing that some people in the clan have changed winning against Britains anyway. their religion and followed the missionary’s plans. Okonkwo fights on his own and he One of the released prisoners explained that their lives depend on the is not embarrassed of doing so. He changes we make now, even if that means shedding blood of believes that he should do anything Umuofia’s clansmen. (หมายถึงว่าถ ้าไม่สู ้ตอนนีม ้ น ั และถ ้าสู ้แม ้จะ ั จะไม่ทน to bring back the Igbo traditions. ต ้องฆ่ากันเองกีดก ี ว่าหลงกลพวกmissionaries ). Suddenly, a messenger shows up asking the crowd to disperse. Okonkwo wields his machete Okonkwo talked to no one, for the and kills one of the messengers. No one follows Okonkwo’s actions, reason that he wanted to separate they just let the rest of the messengers leave on their own. Okonkwo himself from the clan. Okonkwo’s realises there will be no war. fear of being like his father made him act out violence not realising his actions are causing more and more violence in the clan. Chapter The District Commissioner arrives at Okonkwo’s compound, Okonkwo’s suicide represents the 25 expecting to speak with him. However, Obirika informs him that cultural disintegration faced by the Okonkwo has hanged himself. In Igbo culture, suicide is a great Igbo people, illustrating the abomination, and only strangers can touch his body. Obirika asked the profound impact of colonialism on Commissioner’s men to take it down. identity and tradition. The District Commissioner, showing complete indifference, sees The planned book title “The Okonkwo’s death as just another event in his book about “primitive” Pacification of the Primitive Tribes African customs. He even considers that Okonkwo’s story could make of the Lower Niger” emphasizes for “a reasonable paragraph” in his book, reducing his tragic life to a the ethnocentric perspective of the mere footnote. colonizers, revealing their inability to appreciate the complexity of Igbo society. Okonkwo’s isolation in death serves as a powerful commentary on how colonialism can alienate even the most respected figures in a community. Main Character Analysis : Okonkwo AO1 : Demonstrates weaknesses throughout the novel. He is determined to be strong in reality as well as Knowledge trying to avoid the appearance of weakness because he doesn’t want to be a failure like his father, Unoka. Okonkwo demonstrates a fierce personality, does not show any affection to his family and regularly beats his wives.  In his desire to show strength, Okonkwo shows weakness when taking part in Ikemefuna’s murder. Okonkwo does not question the directive and is more concerned about his reputation, despite his friend, Obierika, warning him not to take part. Okonkwo is biased as he does not show affection to his son Nwoye who he sees as weak and feminine while he takes care of Ezinam who is his favorite daughter when she is ill. When exiled to Mbanta, Okonkwo demonstrates weakness when he loses his determination and desire to do well, as he fears all is lost. Okonkwo’s weakness is his total rejection of new ideas and ways introduced by the Christians and colonisation. Although his friend is more open to some of these new ideas, Okonkwo remains steadfast in his belief that the traditions of Umuofia should be kept the same. In trying to demonstrate strength and resilience, Okonkwo brings about his own demise and exhibits his ultimate weakness. It is considered cowardly to take one’s own life, which Okonkwo does at the end of the novel. Okonkwo AO4 : Okonkwo represents the traditional Igbo (Ibo in the novel) view of the world and its beliefs. When Context Nwoye converts to Christianity, it can be seen as the threat that Western culture presents to the traditional Nigerian way of life The novel is set in a patriarchal society, where men are often feared. Okonkwo’s obsessive desire for respect and status through his display of physical and emotional strength leads to his downfall and suicide Changes in the nature of Igbo society were dramatic, and Okonkwo feared the loss of traditions and culture Nigerian society respect their elders and fathers, which is lacking in Okonkwo’s case Igbo traditions, rituals and ceremonies are important in all aspects of village life and affect many of the characters, such as when Okonkwo violates the Week of Peace and later when the family is exiled following Okonkwo’s accidental killing of Ezeudu’s son Ikemefuna is murdered when the Oracle commands; Okonkwo’s guilt weakens him Obierika warns Okonkwo that the earth goddess will seek revenge for his part in Ikemefuna’s murder. Later, when the village men destroy Okonkwo’s compound in order to cleanse the earth of his sins, they do this as they feel it is essential to please the earth goddess and to protect their own lives. This violent act is essential according to traditional beliefs and customs. Following Okonkwo’s suicide, the District Commissioner considers the actions of the tribe, the introduction of British culture and its code of behaviour and how ‘enlightenment’ has been introduced. He decides to write a book entitled The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of the Lower Niger, which sums up the attitude to non-western cultures at the time. Nwoye AO1 : Is seen as weak in Okonkwo’s eyes because he does not enjoy doing masculine tasks Knowledge  When Nwoye was with Ikemefuna, he was more comforted by the fact that his ‘brother’ is with him throughout the challenges his father forces them to go through. And when Nwoye was listening to his father’s stories, he did not enjoy it but he only does it so that Okonkwo is pleased. As Nwoye matures, he is influenced by his mother’s stories more than Okonkwo would like. Okonkwo fears that Nwoye is not as manly as he wants him to be and that he will be weak, too sensitive and feminine, like Okonkwo’s father, Unoka. Nwoye does not show any jealousy over Okonkwo appearing to be closer to Ikemefuna. Ikemefuna has a positive effect on Nwoye, broadening his mind with outside perspectives When Nwoye realises that his father has murdered Ikemefuna, he distances himself from him and his clansmen. Nwoye breaks away from his father and Igbo traditions by becoming a Christian and changing his name to Isaac. Okonkwo believes that his son is lost and ‘not worth fighting for’. Nwoye AO4 : Nwoye challenges all that is important to his father. The novel is set in a patriarchal society, where Context men are often feared. Nwoye is devastated by Ikemefuna’s death and becomes more distant to his father. Nwoye rejects his people’s traditions and beliefs and turns to Christianity The traditional and cultural background is inherent in everyday life, such as how Nwoye’s mother was never named but referred to as Nwoye’s mother, since traditionally, mothers are known by their eldest son’s name. When Nwoye converts to Christianity, it can be seen as the threat that Western culture presents to the traditional Nigerian way of life, as the central lines in Yeats’ poem, The Second Coming, suggest: ‘Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold’ Things Fall Apart is a post-colonial novel, exploring Igbo traditions, the arrival of Christianity and the colonial experience that can be seen through Nwoye’s change Ikemefuna AO1 : Initially, Ikemefuna is intimidated by Okonkwo’s family but soon becomes very close to Okonkwo Knowledge and is adored by Nwoye. Ikemefuna lives for three years with Okonkwo and his family Okonkwo is affected by Ikemefuna’s presence. He becomes inwardly fond of Ikemefuna, but he does not show affection as it is womanly and a sign of weakness. He treats Ikemefuna like other members of his family and beats him, like the others. Okonkwo allows Ikemefuna to accompany him like a son to meetings and feasts, carrying his stool and his bag. Ikemefuna calls Okonkwo ‘father’ Ikemefuna’s presence was able to comfort Nwoye better than his father and allowed him to open up to doing masculine tasks which Okonkwo is fond of. Ikemefuna AO4 : Ikemefuna’s fate reflects the harsh reality of Igbo justice and sacrifice. Context Ikemefuna’s death is a catalyst (แรงกระตุ ้น) for Nwoye’s reflection of the harshness of Igbo culture, which also foreshadows the changes that he took later when he changed his name to Issac along with his religion to christian.  Achebe uses Ikemefuna to critique blind adherence to tradition, highlighting its emotional and moral consequences. Ezinma AO1 : Is Okonkwo’s favorite child because of her independence and bold personality which was partially Knowledge from her mother, Ekwefi. Ezinma called her mother by her name rather than calling her mother which is a trait that Okonkwo values as it’ what men do in Igbo culture. Ezinma survives despite being an Ogbanje ( child who dies young) Represent Okonkwo’s favorite child and who he wants Nwoye to be Ezinma AO4 : Her survival as an Ogbanje reflects Igbo spiritual beliefs about fate Context Achebe uses Ezinma to highlight the untapped potential of women in Igbo society. Okonkwo’s Relationships : Okonkwo and… Analysis Nwoye Strained Relationship: Okonkwo sees Nwoye as weak and effeminate, much like his own father, Unoka. He believes masculinity is defined by strength, violence, and authority, which contrasts with Nwoye’s gentler nature. Achebe contrasts Okonkwo’s rigid traditionalism with Nwoye’s shift towards modernity, reflecting the real historical tensions between indigenous African values and Western colonial influences. Ikemefuna Father Figure Role: Okonkwo grows fond of Ikemefuna, who embodies the ideal son—brave, hardworking, and obedient. He sees in him what he wishes Nwoye could be. Ikemefuna’s sacrifice mirrors colonial disruptions—like Igbo society, he is caught between tradition and external forces beyond his control, foreshadowing the community’s eventual downfall. Ezinma Okonkwo’s Favorite Child: Ezinma possesses traits Okonkwo values in a son—intelligence, strength, and resilience. He often laments that she was not born male. Achebe critique gender expectations in pre-colonial Igbo society, illustrating how these rigid roles limit even those who challenge them, like Ezinma. His wives Patriarchal society : Okonkwo has multiple wives, showcasing the polygamous nature of Igbo society, where marriage is a measure of a man’s success. Achebe highlights the rigid gender roles and domestic power structures in Igbo society, showing both the resilience of women and the toxic masculinity enforced by cultural expectations. Unoka Fear of Weakness: Okonkwo’s entire life is driven by a fear of becoming like his father. This leads to his obsession with strength, status, and masculinity. Contrasting Values: Unoka embraces a peaceful life, valuing joy and art, while Okonkwo believes success comes only through hard work and violence.  Achebe presents Unoka as a symbol of a different, more peaceful side of Igbo culture, contrasting with Okonkwo’s rigid and aggressive interpretation of masculinity. This father-son conflict reflects broader themes of generational change and identity Novel’s Themes and Contexts : Colonialism and its impact : What is Colonialism Features of Colonialism Effects Examples of Colonialism in TFA When a group of people Forcing religions Natural habitats are Umuofia losing it’s traditions take over the control in Change nation’s cultures destroyed Mr.Brown demonstrating another territory and traditions Colonialists take natural pros and cons of Britain's Competition with another resources for sale taking control of Umuofia nation Tradition VS Change : Traditional Igbo cultures are as listed : ​ Chi (personal god) being a guide for each person ​ Women is expected to cook for family ​ Evil forest is cursed and is forbidden from building any structures ​ Men wrestling to show strength ​ New yam festival ​ Kola-nut ceremony for visitors ​ Peace week ​ Drinking palm wine(for love making) ​ Stories and proverbs for learning shared by mothers ​ Earth goddess rules must be followed ​ No suicide as it is considered an abomination ​ Male are expected to be in charge of family ( providing crops and foods) ​ Polygomy (having many wives) Positive Neutral Negative Stories with Proverbs Earth Goddess rules must be followed Wrestling to show strength Peace Week Evil forest is cursed Male and female expectations roles No suiside Polygamy New Yam festival Drinking palm wine Kola-nut The changes : ​ The colonizers brought new religion, new justice and new government with little thought to how Igbo society functions previously before their arrival. The britains were confident that they were bringing culture and enlightenment to primitive(คนยุคเก่า) people. However, the book works hard to show readers the fully functioning Igbo society that includes elaborate beliefs, thriving agricultures, communal justice and many other aspects of a well established organization. Before colonization, in part 1 and 2 especially, there were multiple traditions that include gathering of the clans but not long after, in part 3, the dancing, ceremonial celebrations and other gatherings soon disappeared as the missionaries arrived. Masculinity and Gender Roles : Masculinity : In Things Fall Apart, masculinity is strongly associated with strength, control, and reputation. A man’s status in society is determined by his ability to provide for his family, fight in wars, and earn titles. The more strength, control, and achievements a man has, the higher his perceived masculinity. Okonkwo embodies this traditional masculine ideal. He is a respected warrior, a strict father, and a wealthy man with titles. His fear of weakness, shaped by his father Unoka’s failure, drives his actions. Unoka, who was gentle, artistic, and avoided conflict, represents the opposite of masculinity in Igbo culture. Because he lacked strength, wealth, and authority, he was seen as weak and feminine. This fear of being like his father pushes Okonkwo to be excessively strict and aggressive, even when unnecessary. Masculinity in Igbo society is rigid—any sign of emotion, failure, or gentleness is equated with weakness. This is why Okonkwo refuses to show love for his family openly and why he ultimately takes extreme actions, such as killing Ikemefuna, to prove his strength. Gender roles : Gender roles in Things Fall Apart are strictly defined. Men are expected to be providers, warriors, and decision-makers, while women are seen as nurturers, caretakers, and emotional supporters. ​ Masculine roles include farming yams (a symbol of wealth), ruling over the household, and participating in war. ​ Feminine roles include raising children, cooking, and storytelling. Despite being seen as submissive, women play important roles in society. They are responsible for the spiritual upbringing of children and hold religious influence, such as the priestess Chielo, who is highly respected. However, women still remain subordinate to men and are often treated as property—seen in the way wives are "acquired" and expected to be obedient. Okonkwo’s obsession with masculinity makes him dismissive of anything associated with femininity. He criticizes his son Nwoye for being sensitive and prefers his daughter Ezinma, wishing she were a boy because she has the strength and intelligence he values. Conflicts between Masculinity and changes after colonisations : The arrival of colonialism and Christianity disrupts the traditional ideals of masculinity. Nwoye, for example, rejects his father’s violent way of life and converts to Christianity, embracing a more peaceful and emotional existence. Okonkwo sees this as a betrayal and weakness, leading him to disown Nwoye. As the Igbo society changes under colonial rule, the rigid masculine identity that Okonkwo embodies begins to collapse. His suicide at the end of the novel symbolizes the fall of traditional Igbo masculinity, as he realizes that his people will not fight back and that the world he once ruled no longer exists. Fate and Free Will : ​ Chi (personal god) is said to predetermine a person’s fate. A person’s success or downfall all depends on the fate the chi has made. ​ Okonkwo works hard to dissociate himself from being like his father, people say that Okonkwo has overcome his chi. But when he was forced to be exiled after accidentally killing ezeudu’s son, he curses his fate