History of Ideas: Philosophy Lecture Notes PDF

1 Classical Hellenistic Roman Era Modern Renaissance Medieval Era Contemporary HISTORY OF IDEAS I-ANCIENT II-MEDEIVAL III-MODERN  2 Period of Philosophy 1. Ancient philosophy (600 B.C.E.–1000 C.E.) 2. Medi...

1 Classical Hellenistic Roman Era Modern Renaissance Medieval Era Contemporary HISTORY OF IDEAS I-ANCIENT II-MEDEIVAL III-MODERN  2 Period of Philosophy 1. Ancient philosophy (600 B.C.E.–1000 C.E.) 2. Medieval philosophy (1000 C.E.–1500 C.E.) 3. Modern philosophy (1500 C.E.–1900 C.E) 4. Contemporary philosophy (1900 C.E. - present)  3 Natural philosophy Classic Moral philosophy period Hellenistic Individualism ANCIENT PERIOD o Philosophy appeared in Greece in the sixth century B.C.E. as the first attempt to provide a thoroughly rational explanation of the natural world. o The first group of philosophers, known as the pre-Socratic limited their explanation of the world to natural elements, such as air, water, heat, and their mode of justification to analytical reason and logic.  4 THALES OF MILETUS(636-546 BC ) “Everything is made up of water. All life originated from the hydro and turn into water again.”  5 EMPEDOCLES (490-430 B.C) “All are air ,water, fire and earth. Nature changes means we believe what we see and suggest all four root of nature.”  6 HERACLITUS (540-480 B.C) Everything is fire as flux , a change of nature. The nature force is fire and the world is characterized by “unity of opposites” dark and light are the form of temperature.  7 PROTAGORAS(485 - 410 B.C) Human being is the measure of all things – of things that are, that they are, and of things that are not, that they are not.Thus,all is relative. Man is microcosmic SOCRATES (470-399 B.C) 8 The best thing that I know is that I know nothing Knowledge is virtue. An unquestioned life is ignorance without morality. Live a good life must know about good and evil. I know nothing except the fact of ignorance.  EPICURUS (341-270 BCE) “DEATH IS NOTHING TO US” Death is the end of consciousness so cannot be emotionally painful. Our unhappiness is caused by fear of death. We can overcome fear of death so we can be happy. The goal of life is to seek happiness. Man is a pleasure seeking animal.  DIOGENES (404-323 BCE) “HE HAS THE MOST WHO IS MOST CONTENT WITH THE LEAST.” Live according to nature and withdrew from the society. He rejected the ideas of pleasure and wealth. To live worth living free from external restrictions from society. To live good life discontentment with desire, emotion and fear. To live simple life reject customs and convention without shame.  11 MEDIEVAL PERIOD 250-1500 A.D Muslim philosophers Christian Philosophers Age of Faith St. Augustine (354-430 AD) God is not the present of all evil The absence of goodness is evil. Human have free will to choose between good or evil. What made Adam capable of obeying God’s command also made him able to sin.  13 AL KINDI ( 801-873A.D) Knowledge can attain from philosophy.” He was first Muslim philosopher and appointed in translated movement by Al-Mamun Rashid. He developed mathematical scale in medicine, method of variations in frequency of letters and determined eye and object in contact with medium of light  14 AVICENNA (980-1037) “The soul is distinct from the body” Active intellect communicate the absolute truth. He is dualist and interest in physiology. The canon of medicine is standard medical text.  15 AL-GHAZALI (1058-1111) Falsafa is incompatible with religion. Ethics is around the control of the soul and body and rewards and punishments are spiritual not bodily. He warn not accept all belief from science and philosophy. He said that God knows by essence not by knowledge.  16 AVERROES (1126-1198) We are holding two truths, that of religion and that of philosophy. The finding truth will not contradict with absolute truth. He was the founding father of secular thought in the west.  Rumi (1207-1273) Don’t grieve. Anything you lose comes round in another form. Everything in the universe including man is part of an endless flow of time. The past is linked to the present and the present to the future in one endless continuum. I died as mineral and became a plant. I died as a plant and rose to animal. I died as animal and I was Man.  18 IBN-KHALDUN (1332-1406) History was an endless cycle with no evolution and said that intellect has limit to know immaterial things. Philosophy of history is to civilized the society. And conceived a theory of social conflict. He attempt to reconcile theology and mysticism.  19 Rationality Reform Revolution Modern PHILOSOPHY (1500-1900) a. Age of Reason (1500-1750) b. Age of Revolution (1750-1900) By: Syed Noman Al! SNA Philosopher  20 COPERNICUS (1473-1543) “The earth revolves around the sun” The sun remain in a fixed positions and the planet and the earth rotate in their own axis THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679) 21 Man is machine. Life is a motion of limbs. Our senses work as mechanical. Heart is battery, nerves are string ,joints are wheels. Spirit carried information through nervous systems. Human are bound by the rule of nature. The world is governed by mechanical law of motion.  22 RENE DESCARTES (1711-1776) Cogito ergo sum-I think therefore I him. Doubting everything reach toward true knowledge. I cannot think of myself without thinking. So, thinking is necessary for the self; it is part of the essence.  23 David Hume (1711-1776) Custom is the great guide of human life. Reasons ought to be slave of the passions  24 JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712-1778 ) Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains up. KARL MARX (1818-1883) The history of all existing society is the history of class struggle. The socio economics status is defined by its relationship to property and means of production. The ruling idea of each age have ever been the ideas of its ruling class. From each according to his abilities , to each according to his needs. Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) we are ourselves the entities to be analyzed. What is it like to be human? We should raised the new question of the meaning of being.  27 POSTMODERNISM(1900-present) The twentieth century was characterized by a revolution against the past. 1. Critical theory 2. Post structuralism 3. Post colonialism Jean Paul Sartre (1905-1980) Existence precedes essence. We are not made for any purpose. We are our choices. We exist first and define ourselves afterwards. Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) Man is defined as a human being and women as female. Most of human nature writings are by man. Men have define women by their own maleness different standard. Representation of world is the work of men they describe it from own point of view. Albert Camus (1913-1960) Life will be lived better if it has no meaning. Happiness is absurd. The universe as a whole has no meaning. Our lives are full of contradiction. We embracing the meaningless of existence. Hans Georg Gadamer (1900-2002) History does not belong to us but we belong to it. We understand the world through interpretation. We cannot understand things outside prejudices and biases. FRANCOIS LYOTARD (1924-1998) 32 Knowledge is just produced to be sold. All scientific knowledge is to become the game of rich. INFORMATION IS JUDGED BY ITS COMMERCIAL VALUE AND NOT BY WHETHER IT IS TRUTH OR NOT.  33 MICHAEL FOUCAULT “Man is an invention of recent date.” Man see as both object as study and subject as experience. Mankind are used for social institutions.  34 DERRIDA(1930-2004) There is nothing outside the text. We are all mediators, translators. Meaning is always incomplete. We think only in signs.  35 PETER SINGER(1946- In suffering, animals are our equal. The animals are sentiment beings. The value of life is a notoriously difficult ethical question.  36 BARTHE(1915-1980) Language is a skin The birth of the reader is the death of author. Language affects the other like skin on skin contact.  37 Activity Quiz for Review  38 1 The philosophical period is mainly divided into three era , ancient, medieval and _____. a. modern b. post modern c. classical d. middle ages  39 2 The contemporary philosophy of 21st century is known as ___________ a. modern b. post modern c. classical d. middle ages  40 3 In medieval period ,which one is dominating factor over reason and science. ___________ a. Faith b. Rationality c. Myth d. Humanism  41 4 The modern period of philosophy due to its intellectual revolution known as___________ a. Age of faith b. Age of enlightenment c. Age of mythology d. Age of science  42 Reading Text  43 Literature review