Development Across Lifespan - PDF

Neonates -​ 5.5 to 10 lbs -​ 18 to 22 inches -​ Colostrum (Liquid Gold) before Milk​ ​ Characteristic Features -​ Misshapen head -​ Receding chin -​ Pinkish skin tone -​ Lanugo - Fine soft hair for heat retenti...

Neonates -​ 5.5 to 10 lbs -​ 18 to 22 inches -​ Colostrum (Liquid Gold) before Milk​ ​ Characteristic Features -​ Misshapen head -​ Receding chin -​ Pinkish skin tone -​ Lanugo - Fine soft hair for heat retention -​ Vernix Caseosa Physical Growth ​ Directionality - Changes in the proportions of the body -​ Cephalocaudal - “Head to tail” development ​ Proximodistal - Development progresses from the center of the body outward ​ Independence of Systems - different parts of the body develop at different times and rates ​ Canalization - Development follows and, if needed, returns to a normal course (Catch up Growth) Norms Vs Individual Differences  The Developing Brain -​ Starts as a neutral tube and after 3 weeks develops into a mass of cells -​ Most Neurons before birth ​ Neurons - Integrate and Differentiate ​ Plasticity - The ability to change over time in response to experiences ​ Synaptogenesis - The process of forming connections between neurons ​ Synaptic Pruning - The Loss of unused neural pathways ​ Myelination - The process where Myelin(Fatty Tissue) surrounds axons Reflexes Primitive Reflexes - Breathing, Sucking, Rooting, Moro reflex Locomotor Reflexes - Movement reflexes Postural Reflexes - Reflexes to keep the body upright and aligned Development of Sensory Capacities ​ Touch - Builds connection with parents, promotes growth and development ​ Harlow - Comfort through contact ​ Hearing - Develops prior to birth, Important for normal language development ​ Taste - Exhibits typical responses to taste of particular substances -​ Might develop food preferences based on mothers milk ​ Smell - Able to identify mother’s scent if breastfeeding ​ Sight - Visual acuity develops over time - from poor to adult quality in 6 months -​ High contrast is easier to see when younger  -​ Depth Perception - “Visual Cliff” experiment, at about 6 months they develop Motor Development ​ Progresses from rolling to crawling to walking in about 12 months Safe Sleep Failure to follow can result in SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) 1)​ Baby sleeps in the crib. 2)​ Baby sleeps on back 3)​ Nothing in sleep area 4)​ Baby’s face uncovered 5)​ No smoking around baby 6)​ Do not overheat or overdress (60-65 degrees) 7)​ Firm Mattress, tight-fitting sheet  DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid ​ Made of Four Bases -​ Guanine -​ Thymine -​ Cytosine -​ Adenine ​ 23 Chromosomes -​ 22 pairs of Autosomes -​ 1 pair of Sex Chromosomes (provided by father) ​ Karyotype - A visual representation of a person’s set of chromosomes showing size and structure ​ Alleles - The different versions of a gene -​ Heterozygous - Two different alleles of a gene in one parent (Dd) -​ Homozygous - Two of the same alleles of a gene in one parent (DD, dd) ​ Polygenic Inheritance - A mixture of genes are inherited and cause an mixed outcome ​ Codominance - Two dominant alleles that are both present (AB blood) (Two distinct color flowers on a plant) ​ Phenotype - The physical characteristics based on a genotypes interaction with the environment ​ Genotype - The genetic material itself ​ Multifactorial Transmission - the inheritance of traits or conditions that are caused by multiple factors, including genes and environmental factors.  Epigenetics how environmental and behavioral factors change how genes are read causing differences between generations (Smoking when pregnant) Dominant or Recessive Inheritance ​ Dominant Defects: Happens ​ Recessive Defects: Happens early in life often isn’t present but is carried on (Sickle Cell Trait) ​ Incomplete Dominance: Sex Linked Inheritance: Traits that are passed down through the sex chromosome (Color Blindness) Chromosomal Abnormalities: Risk Assessment ​ Genetic Counseling: Non-invasinve talking about family history to asses risk of defecrs and abnormalities ​ Genetic Screening: Using Dna to test for traits and risks (23&me) ​ Prenatal Diagnostic Test: Screening for abnormalities in a developing child -​ Ultrasonography - Noninvasive imaging technique that uses sound waves to create a picture -​ Maternal Blood Screening - using the mothers blood to extract dna from the baby  Heritability Not the likelihood that a trait will be inherited Not meant to apply to the individual -​ The percentage of the variation in the population that is accounted for by genes Canalization Traits that have little to no involvement with genes Gene by environment interaction ​ Passive Correlation - Having an environment that matches the genes makes it easy to strengthen a trait ​ Reactive or Evocative correlations - The Environment shifting naturally to match the traits ​ Active Correlations - Seeking opportunities yourself to match traits Why are Siblings Different The non shared environmental factors How Humans Form ​ Zygote - a single cell created after an egg fuses with sperm through fertilization ​ Germinal Stage: Fertilization - 2 weeks ​ Embryonic: 2-8 weeks (implantation) Rapid physical development, (High Risk for miscarriage) ​ Fetal: 8 weeks - birth Are You Having Twins? ​ Dizygotic Twins - Fraternal twins 2 eggs independently fertilized same as regular siblings ​ Monozygotic Twins - Identical Twins, 1 egg is fertilized and slits into two embryos Prenatal Life: Factors affecting the Fetus Teratogens - Anything that disrupts fetal pregnancy -​ Alcohol, Smoking, Diseases, Stressors, Malnutrition Timing: Teratogens effect differently depending on when Exposure -​ Threshold: The level at which there is a negative response -​ Interaction Effect: Mixing things together have different effects then when separate ​ Genetic Variability - The natural difference in how something affects us In-Utero Activity: Not Just Passive Fetus develops the ability to taste and see in utero  Birth - The miracle of life ​ First Stage - Increase in contractions, lasts for 12-24 hours ​ Second Stage - Water breaks, active pushing, 2 hours max -​ APGAR (Activity, Pulse, Grimace, Appearance, Respirations ​ Third Stage - Detachment of placenta from the uterus After Birth Skin to Skin contact as soon as possible and measurements ​ Breastfeeding - Shows benefits as long as possible Breastfeeding & Physical Contact Both health and psychological benefits to breastfeeding Benefits to Breastfeeding - Babies that are breastfed have a higher IQ, milk changes composition with the child, More rapid weight loss during breastfeeding,  Behaviorism ​ Classical Conditioning - Adding a natural stimulus to a behavior to condition a response to that stimulus. (“Little Albert” John Watson) (Pavlov Dog Salivation Training) ​ Operant Conditioning - Learning of a Behavior comes through a Consequence either increasing it or decreasing its behavior. (Learning to not touch a hot stove) ​ Positive Reinforcement - Giving something good to increase a prior behavior (Paying for chores) ​ Negative Reinforcement - Taking away something bad to increase a prior behavior (Not doing conditioning for a good practice) ​ Positive Punishment (Punishment) - Giving a punishment to decrease a prior behavior (Spankings) ​ Negative Punishment (Response Cost) - Taking something good to decrease a prior behavior (Time outs) ​ Social Learning Theory - Humans learn through watching others (Learning the basics of how to drive) Freud’s Phycosexual Development Erotic needs govern our personality. ​ Id - Seeks pleasure and immediate gratification of needs (Baby’s Crying) ​ Ego - Reason (Balances Both) ​ Superego - Conscious (Societal Norms)  Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Taught by Frued but didn’t believe it was all or nothing ​ Identity vs Role Confusion (Identity Crisis) - Adolescents that are struggling with deciding who they are or what they wanted to do Piaget’s Cognitive-Stage Theory Observed how children cognitively developed through activities and believed Cognitive development happens in 3 ways ​ Organization - Group things together based on common features or facts -​ Schemas (What a dog is) ​ Adaptation - What you do with new information -​ Assimilation - Fit a new thing into an old schema (calling a cat, a dog because of similar features) -​ Accommodation - Create or change a schema to fit something new -​ Equilibration - Balancing new information and schemas with ones that already exist Sensorimotor - The first stage of development where they learn about the world through their physical senses such as touch and sight Preoperational - The second stage of development where they learn through language and symbolic representation (Lacks Logical Thinking) Concrete Operational - The third stage in which they begin applying logic to concrete objects Formal Operational - The final stage where they begin thinking abstractly  Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Felt that language was important to development and that learning is a collaborative back and forth Zone of Proximal Development - -​ Scaffolding - Providing hints or help in knowing how to complete a process that they don’t or can't understand Bronfenbrenner Ecological Systems Theory The Environment largely impact s the way that Microsystem - Immediate Environment (Family/School) Mesosystem - Connects all of the different systems Ecosystem - Indirectly effects the individual Macrosystem - Attitudes and ideologies of the culture Chronosystem - How time and changes that happen over time effect the person Darwin's Evolutionary Psychology How human behavior is affected by evolution Information Processing Models frameworks that describe how the brain receives, interprets, and uses information