Developmental Psychology PDF

1. This life-span developmental approach states that Many abilities, such as memory, strength, and endurance, can be improved significantly with training and practice, even late in life. A. Development involves changing resource allocations. B. Development shows plasticity C. Development is multidir...

1. This life-span developmental approach states that Many abilities, such as memory, strength, and endurance, can be improved significantly with training and practice, even late in life. A. Development involves changing resource allocations. B. Development shows plasticity C. Development is multidirectional D. Development is multidimensional 2. This life-span developmental approach states that It occurs along multiple interacting dimensions—biological, psychological, and social—each of which may develop at varying rates. A. Development involves changing resource allocations. B. Development shows plasticity. C. Development is multidirectional D. Development is multidimensional 3. This life-span developmental approach states that Individuals choose to invest their resources of time, energy, talent, money, and social support in varying ways. Resources may be used for growth (for example, learning to play an instrument or improving one’s skill), for maintenance or recovery (practicing to maintain or regain proficiency), or for dealing with loss when maintenance and recovery are not possible. A. Development involves changing resource allocations B. Development shows plasticity. C. Development is multidirectional D. Development is multidimensional 4. Vygotsky’s term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help. A. Scaffolding B. Schemes C. Zone of proximal development (ZPD) D. Adaptation 5. This theoretical perspective states that development can be understood only in its social context. They see the individual, not as a separate entity interacting with the environment, but as an inseparable part of it. A. Psychoanalytic B. Learning C. Cognitive D. Contextual E. Evolutionary/Sociobiological 6. This theoretical perspective focuses on evolutionary and biological bases of behavior. Influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution, it draws on findings of anthropology, ecology, genetics, ethology, and evolutionary psychology to explain the adaptive, or survival, value of behavior for an individual or species. A. Psychoanalytic B. Learning C. Cognitive D. Contextual D. Evolutionary/Sociobiological 7. This theoretical perspective views human development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior. A. Psychoanalytic B. Learning C. Cognitive D. Contextual E. Evolutionary/Sociobiological 8. This theoretical perspective focuses on thought processes and the behavior that reflects those processes. This perspective encompasses both organismic and mechanistically influenced theories. A. Psychoanalytic B. Learning C. Cognitive D. Contextual E. Evolutionary/Sociobiological 9. The theorists in here seek to discover objective laws that govern changes in observable behavior and see development as continuous. A. Psychoanalytic B. Learning C. Cognitive D. Contextual E. Evolutionary/Sociobiological 10. In an experiment, the condition over which the experimenter has direct control. A. Experimental group B. Control group C. Independent Variable D. Dependent variable 11. Form of speech often used in talking to babies or toddlers; includes slow, simplified speech, a high-pitched tone, exaggerated vowel sounds, short words and sentences, and much repetition; also called parentese or motherese. A. Code switching B. Code mixing C. Vocabulary Development D. Child-directed speech (CDS) 12. One of the patterns of crying of an infant wherein they show a sudden onset of loud crying without preliminary moaning, sometimes followed by holding the breath. A. Hunger cry B. Angry cry C. Pain cry D. Frustration cry 13. One of the patterns of crying of an infant wherein it is a two or three drawn-out cries, with no prolonged breath-holding. A. Hunger cry B. Angry cry C. Pain cry D. Frustration cry 14. One of the patterns of crying of an infant wherein it is a rhythmic cry. A. Hunger cry B. Angry cry C. Pain cry D. Frustration cry 15. One of the patterns of crying of an infant wherein it is a variation of the rhythmic cry, in which excess air is forced through the vocal cords. A. Hunger cry B. Angry cry C. Pain cry D. Frustration cry 16. Piaget’s term for incorporation of new information into an existing cognitive structure. A. Adaptation B. Assimilation C. Accommodation D. Equilibration 17. Piaget’s term for the tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements; achieved through a balance between assimilation and accommodation. A. Adaptation B. Assimilation C. Accommodation D. Equilibration 18. Piaget’s term for changes in a cognitive structure to include new information. A. Adaptation B. Assimilation C. Accommodation D. Equilibration 19. Piaget’s term for adjustment to new information about the environment, achieved through processes of assimilation and accommodation. A. Adaptation B. Assimilation C. Accommodation D. Equilibration 20. This level consists of overarching cultural patterns, such as dominant beliefs, ideologies, and economic and political systems. A. Microsystem B. Mesosystem C. Exosystem D. Macrosystem E. Chronosystem 21. This level is the everyday environment of home, school, work, or neighborhood, including face-to-face relationships with spouse, children, parents, friends, classmates, teachers, employers, or colleagues. A. Microsystem B. Mesosystem C. Exosystem D. Macrosystem E. Chronosystem 22. This level adds the dimension of time: change or constancy in the person and the environment. A. Microsystem B. Mesosystem C. Exosystem D. Macrosystem E. Chronosystem 23. This level consists of interactions between a microsystem and an outside system or institution. Though the effects are indirect, they can still have a profound impact on a child. A. Microsystem B. Mesosystem C. Exosystem D. Macrosystem E. Chronosystem 24. This level is the interlocking of various microsystems. It may include linkages between home and school (such as parent-teacher conferences) or between the family and the peer group (such as relationships that develop among families of children in a neighborhood play group). A. Microsystem B. Mesosystem C. Exosystem D. Macrosystem E. Chronosystem 25. This type of maltreatment is rejection, terrorization, isolation, exploitation, degradation, ridicule, or failure to provide emotional support, love, and affection; or other action or inaction that may cause behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders. A. Physical abuse B. Neglect C. Sexual abuse D. Emotional maltreatment 26. This type of maltreatment is failure to meet a dependent’s basic needs. A. Physical abuse B. Neglect C. Sexual abuse D. Emotional maltreatment 27. This type of maltreatment is action taken deliberately to endanger another person, involving potential bodily injury. A. Physical abuse B. Neglect C. Sexual abuse D. Emotional maltreatment 28. This type of maltreatment is physically or psychologically harmful sexual activity or any sexual activity involving a child and an older person. A. Physical abuse B. Neglect C. Sexual abuse D. Emotional maltreatment 29. Children with this condition are often described as heavy sleepers who fail to awaken at the urinary urge to void or when their bladders are full. A. Urinalysis B. Narcolepsy C. Enuresis D. Heavy sleeper 30. The tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive is called ______. A. Transduction B. Sensory Operational C. Imagination D. Animism 31. This type of preschool is based on the belief that children’s natural intelligence involves rational, spiritual, and empirical aspects. A. The Kumon Method B. The Montessori Method C. The Reggio Emilia Approach D. The Stonyhurst Approach 32. This type of preschool goal is to improve the lives of children and families by encouraging nonviolent dialogues and debates, developing problem solving skills, and forging close, long-term relationships with teachers and classmates. A. The Kumon Method B. The Montessori Method C. The Reggio Emilia Approach D. The Stonyhurst Approach 33. This perspective on gender development is that Socialization process whereby children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles. A. Gender roles B. Gender-typing C. Gender stereotypes D. Gender neutral 34. This perspective on gender development is that female role behavior. A. Gender roles preconceived generalizations about male or B. Gender-typing C. Gender stereotypes D. Gender neutral 35. This perspective on gender development is the behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and traits that a culture considers appropriate for each sex; differ for males and females. A. Gender roles B. Gender-typing C. Gender stereotypes D. Gender neutral 36. What is a cognitive task associated with the concept of "wisdom" in adulthood? a.) Quick problem-solving abilities b.) Analyzing complex mathematical problems c.) Reflecting on life experiences d.) Acquiring new technical skills What is a common physical change associated with the aging process in late adulthood? a.) Increased bone density b.) Enhanced muscle mass c.) Decline in skin elasticity d.) Accelerated metabolism What is a cognitive task associated with the concept of "selective attention" in adulthood? a.) Simultaneously processing multiple tasks b.) Ignoring irrelevant information c.) Remembering specific details from the past d.) Solving abstract mathematical problems What is a socio-emotional task associated with the concept of "emotional regulation" in adulthood? a.) Expressing emotions impulsively b.) Suppressing all emotional reactions c.) Understanding and managing emotions d.) Ignoring personal emotional experiences What is a key factor contributing to the maintenance of joint flexibility in adulthood? a.) Sedentary lifestyle b.) Regular stretching exercises c.) Limited water intake d.) High-impact aerobic activities What is a cognitive task associated with the concept of "crisis resolution" in adulthood according to Erikson's theory? a.) Developing a sense of identity b.) Establishing intimacy in relationships c.) Navigating generativity vs. stagnation d.) Achieving integrity vs. despair What is a common challenge in maintaining cardiovascular health during adulthood? a.) Regular aerobic exercise b.) Consuming a diet high in saturated fats c.) Adequate hydration d.) Maintaining a healthy weight What is a significant challenge during prenatal development that can impact the fetus's health and development? a.) Lack of proper nutrition b.) Overstimulation with educational materials c.) Excessive physical activity d.) Late exposure to technology Which factor during childhood development is linked to the development of secure attachments and emotional well-being? a.) Limited social interaction b.) Consistent caregiver responsiveness c.) Exposure to violent media d.) Strict discipline What is a potential consequence of exposure to environmental toxins during prenatal development? a.) Enhanced cognitive abilities b.) Reduced risk of allergies c.) Developmental delays d.) Increased resistance to infections How can stress during pregnancy affect prenatal development? a.) Stress has no impact on prenatal development b.) Stress can lead to improved cognitive abilities c.) Stress may increase the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight d.) Stress only affects the mother, not the fetus Which factor is crucial for cognitive development during early childhood? a.) Lack of social interaction b.) Exposure to excessive screen time c.) Adequate stimulation and positive interactions d.) Limited exploration opportunities 28. What is a common challenge faced during adolescence that is related to identity formation? a.) Financial instability b.) Career dissatisfaction c.) Peer pressure d.) Health issues Which of the following is a cognitive challenge commonly experienced during adulthood? a.) Identity confusion b.) Learning disabilities c.) Memory decline d.) Peer rejection What is a major emotional challenge faced by adolescents as they navigate relationships? a.) Emotional regulation b.) Financial stress c.) Lack of ambition d.) Physical health issues Which of the following is a key social challenge during adulthood? a.) Peer pressure b.) Identity crisis c.) Loneliness and isolation d.) Academic stress What is a common challenge in the domain of career and work during adulthood? a.) Parental expectations b.) Peer pressure c.) Job dissatisfaction d.) Academic pressure Which challenge is consistent throughout the lifespan? a.) Puberty b.) Career development c.) Stress management d.) Developmental milestones How can socioeconomic status impact development across the lifespan? a.) It has no significant impact b.) It influences access to education and healthcare c.) It only affects adulthood d.) It primarily affects prenatal development In the debate of nature vs. nurture, which refers to genetic factors? a.) Nature b.) Nurture c.) Both equally d.) Neither What is a key aspect of socialization in childhood? a.) Financial independence b.) Emotional regulation c.) Retirement planning d.) Career advancement Why do adolescents often engage in risky behaviors? a.) Lack of intelligence b.) Peer pressure and desire for social acceptance c.) Overprotective parenting d.) Strict school policies 121. Which of the following is a common cognitive change associated with aging? a.) Increased working memory capacity b.) Slower processing speed c.) Improved fluid intelligence d.) Enhanced attention span According to Erikson, what is the primary task during the stage of generativity vs. stagnation in adulthood? a.) Developing intimacy in relationships b.) Achieving career success c.) Nurturing the next generation d.) Establishing a sense of identity What is a common physical milestone during early childhood (ages 3-6)? a.) Puberty b.) Development of fine motor skills c.) Menopause d.) Peak physical fitness According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, what role do social interactions play in cognitive development? a.) They have minimal impact on cognitive growth. b.) They are the primary drivers of cognitive development. c.) They only influence emotional development. d.) They hinder cognitive progress. What is a common socio-emotional challenge faced by middle-aged adults during Erikson's stage of "generativity vs. stagnation"? a.) Establishing trust b.) Adjusting to retirement c.) Forming intimate relationships d.) Developing a sense of autonomy During adolescence, what significant hormonal changes contribute to the development of secondary sexual characteristics? a.) Estrogen and progesterone b.) Testosterone c.) Insulin and glucagon d.) Thyroid hormones What is a characteristic of the formal operational stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development? a.) Abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning b.) Object permanence c.) Simple cause-and-effect understanding d.) Lack of conservation abilities According to Erikson, what is the central conflict during the stage of "integrity vs. despair" in late adulthood? a.) Intimacy with others b.) Achieving career success c.) Reflecting on one's life with a sense of fulfillment d.) Establishing a sense of identity What is a common physical milestone during early adolescence (ages 11-14) for girls? a.) Menarche (onset of menstruation) b.) Peak bone density c.) Pubic hair growth d.) Full adult height What cognitive ability is typically developed during the sensorimotor stage in Piaget's theory? a.) Abstract thinking b.) Object permanence c.) Formal operational thinking d.) Conservation skills What legal document allows individuals to appoint someone to make financial and legal decisions on their behalf in the event of incapacity, but not healthcare decisions? a.) Living will b.) Durable power of attorney for healthcare c.) Advance directive d.) Durable power of attorney for finances What is the term for the emotional and psychological response to the death of a loved one, typically involving a period of mourning and adjustment? a.) Bereavement b.) Grief c.) Acceptance d.) Denial In discussions about withholding or withdrawing treatment, what ethical principle emphasizes the duty to promote the well-being of the patient and provide care that is in their best interest? a.) Autonomy b.) Beneficence c.) Justice d.) Non-maleficence Aether, age 16, has recently gained a considerable amount of weight but has not grown any taller. His father experienced a similar pattern of growth when he was a teenager. Theorists who suggest that Aether's growth pattern was inherited from his father emphasize the _______ side of the nature-nurture debate A Nature B. Nurture C. Environmental D. Experiential An infant's size during the first few months of life is A. More dependent on their prenatal experience B. More dependent on genes C. Equally dependent on environment and genes D. Neither affected by environment or genes The philosopher John Locke thought we had no innate ideas; our minds are blank slates (i.e., "tabula rasa"). This posits _____ of the nature-nurture debate. A. Favors the nurture side. B. Favors the nature side. C. Equally supports both sides. D. Equally denounces both sides. If a pair of monozygotic twins raised in the same environment end up being different from one another (e.g., interest, hobbies etc.), it is highly like due to: A. Genetics B. Inherited characteristics C. Nonshared environment D. Nature Substances, such as viruses and drugs, that can cause birth defects A. Teratogens B. Placenta C. Parturition D. Androgens ______ is the agreement of someone not able to give legal consent to participate in activity/procedure/research, A. Assent B. Consent C. Dissent D. Either a or b are correct. Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler designs a research study in which she recruits a group of 60-year-olds, a group of 70-year-olds, and a group of 80-year-olds and interviews them about their health status every 5 years over time. What kind of study has she done? A. Longitudinal B. Cross-sectional C. Sequential D. Time-lag This is the study of the aged and the process of aging, and the differences between elderly people. A. Geriatrics B. Gerontology C. Gerialogy D. Developmental geriatrics This type of developmental research design combines two approaches to minimize the drawbacks of the separate approaches. A. Longitudinal B. Cross-sectional C. Experimental D. Sequential A study in which researchers use interviews and/or questionnaires to collect data about attitudes, interests, values, and various kinds of behaviors. A. Case study B. Survey C. Naturalistic observation D. Correlational study By ___ weeks gestational age, all of the fetus's organ systems are developed enough that it could survive outside the mother's uterus without many of the risks associated with premature birth. A. 9 B. 24 C. 37 D. 40 _____ is a parasite found in cat feces, dirt, and uncooked meats and can cause problems during prenatal development. A. Schistosoma mansoni B. Toxoplasma gondii C. Balatidium coli D. Cystoisospora belli Who is at greater risk for sex-linked disorders due to a recessive gene? A. Males because they have only one X chromosome B. Males because they are more affected by recessive genes in general C. Females because they are more affected by recessive genes in general D. Females because they have two X chromosomes Usually found in old age, ______ is/are a clouding of the lens of the eye. A. Macular degeneration B. Glaucoma C. Presbyopia D. Cataracts Which among the following is true about tooth development in children? A. Boys lost their primary/baby teeth earlier than girls. B. Eruption of permanent teeth is delayed in obese/overweight children. C. Children exposed to tobacco smoke have been found to be at increased risk for tooth decay. D. Both b and c are true. Malnutrition because of protein deficiency is likely to lead to ______ A. Kwashiorkor B. Scurvy C. Marasmus D. Anemia Which among the following is a characteristic associated with secondary aging? A. Impairments in hearing and vision B. Wrinkling of the skin C. Graying of the hair D. Alzheimer's disease When a parent dies, it is customary for Jews to not shave/cut their hair and refuse from attending celebrations (e.g., weddings, parties) for at least 12 months. This year-long inattention to grooming and social isolation symptoms are enough to meet criteria of A. Prolonged grief disorder B. Adjustment disorder C. Major depressive disorder D. No diagnosis An infant's size during the first few months of life is ______ A. More dependent on their prenatal experience B. More dependent on genes C. Equally dependent on environment and genes D. Neither affected by environment or genes The grief work perspective has come under attack due to its assumption that _______ A. There is one right way to grieve. B. One must confront loss and experience pain to successfully cope. C. To move on, the individual must sever bonds with the deceased. D. All the options are correct. The attention span of the average fourth-grader is much longer than that of the average first grader. Which of the following biological changes is primarily responsible for this? A. pruning of the synapses in the corpus callosum B. myelination of the neurons in the right side of the brain C. maturation of the reticular formation D. Development of the cerebellum Which of the ff. is the best definition of instrumental aggression? A. aggression to get back at someone who has hurt you B. aggression used to hurt another person or gain an advantage C. aggression used to gain or damage an object D. aggression aimed at damaging another person's self-esteem or peer relationships One key issue in the study of human development is the continuity-discontinuity issue. The discontinuity side posits that development is characterized by change in type or kind. These are known as ________ A. Qualitative change B. Quantitative change C. Maturation D. Multidirectional development _______ are those that typically happen to everyone at certain times of life-such events as marriage, parenthood, puberty, menopause etc. A. Nonnormative influences B. Normative history-graded influences C. Normative age-graded influences D. Cohort When Howard was born, the hospital assessed his health with the Apgar scale, and the score was 5. What does this mean with respect to his breathing pattern? A. He was in no danger B. He needed help in establishing a breathing pattern C. He was in an excellent condition D. He was in a critical condition Young Sheldon has a basic understanding that objects can be used as symbols and can solve problems using mental strategies, remember and repeat something heard days before, and engage in pretend play. Which of Piaget's substages is he in? A. Tertiary circular reactions B. Beginning of representational thought C. Secondary circular reactions D. Primary circular reactions The ______ reflex involves the toes fanning out and curling when the sole of the foot is stroked from heel to toe. A. Babinski В. Moro C. Tonic neck D. Rooting When a baby extends his legs, arms, and fingers after hearing a loud noise, the baby is showing what early human reflex? A. Мого B. Darwinian C. Tonic neck D. Rooting Martin, a 4-year-old boy, calls his grandmother over the phone to talk to her about his zoo experience. While he is narrating his experience, he keeps on pointing at the objects in the room as if he's pointing at the animals in the zoo. This reflects: A. Egocentrism in the sensorimotor stage B. Egocentrism in the preoperational stage C. Decentering in the preoperational stage D. Decentering in the concrete operational stage The following situations reflect the characteristics of formal operational thought, except: A. Sakura believes that his high school friends will be his friends until his sunset years. B. Ino believes she can be a good engineer as she does well in mathematics. C. Kiba fears that if he would have a bad high school record, he might not be able to get into the university he's desiring. D. Ten-ten understands that the statement "all people are equal before the law" is logically inconsistent This is a period of rapid physical development, the period between conception and birth of a child. A. Menstruation B. Ovulation C. Fertilization D. Gestation Which of the following is helpful in fostering infants' and toddlers' cognitive development? A. Using punishment sparingly. B. Responding to babies' signals and giving them a sense of control. C. Allowing babies to explore on their own in a baby-proofed environment. D. All of the above Bang, age eighty, feels that he has achieved all he wanted in his life. He is happy, and willing to share his happiness and knowledge to others. We can say that Paris has achieved the basic strength of ___ A. Fidelity B. Love C. Care D. Wisdom Which of the following abilities describe an infant's ability to correctly put square pegs in square holes and to think about their actions before doing them? A. Representational ability B. Imitation C. Object permanence D. Conservation Blizzard, 40 years old, is typically mistaken as a 50-year-old. She is aware of this and she said that this is because she is currently handling 3 jobs on top of being a single mother. This type of aging is known as. A. primary aging B. senescence C. successful aging D. secondary aging Knowing the relevance and combination of sunlight, water, and fertilizer will help the plants grow faster is an example of what kind of reasoning among middle childhood? A. Seriation B. Transitivity C. Assimilation D. Accommodation Little Gina developed a sexual attraction to his father. She believed that being always with him will help her to develop a penis like his father. Which theory is applicable to the situation? A. Social role theory B. Psychosocial theory C. Psychoanalytic theory D. Social cognitive theory Little K was taught by her father that she must be submissive to her brothers, must do all the house chores, and must take care of the younger siblings. Which theory is applicable to the situation? A. Social role theory B. Psychosocial theory C. Psychoanalytic theory D. Social cognitive theory Mrs. Q knows what could distress and gives comfort to her child. Her ability to know her child deeply helps her to regulate his emotions. The following will be the positive effect of Mrs. Q parenting except for A. The child would develop empathy B. The child would have better coping C. The child would develop prosocial behavior D. The child would better at soothing themselves According to Freud, what causes a child to enter a new psychosexual stage of development? A. There is a shift in a part of the body which is the focus of pleasure. B. The Id has become a more powerful force in the child's C. The Id has become a less powerful force in the child's life. D. The type of pleasure received from the genitals has changed. Suppose that Mike wants to have a ring that she saw in a store, but she does not have the money to buy it. Mike does not care that she has no money so she steals the bracelet. According to Freud, which component of Mikey's personality was responsible for her theft. A. anal fixation B. Id C. oral fixation D. pleasure Aila was peacefully watching her favorite TV show when all of a sudden, she heard her mother scold his older brother because he came home late last night. On top of this, her brother was also prohibited from playing video games until he learned his lesson. Upon hearing this, Aila told herself not to do what her brother did so that she will not gain the same consequence. Given this, whose theory is most applicable in explaining why Aila made that decision A. Erik Erikson B. Jean Piaget C. Albert Bandura D. B.F Skinner Myrna is having difficulties in terms of keeping long term relationships because there are times when she becomes verbally abusive. Her ex-partner even complained that she would usually call him 'stupid' and 'useless' when things do not go her way. Myrna might be fixated in what stage of development according to Freud? A. Oral B. Anal C. Genital D. Phallic Which of the following statements is FALSE about Erikson's theory? A. In every stage of life there is an interaction of opposites - that is, a conflict between syntonic (harmonious) element and a dystonic (disruptive element) B. The conflict between the dystonic and syntonic elements produces and ego quality or ego strength C. Too little basic strength at any one stage results in a core pathology for that stage D. Only events in earlier stages cause later personality development Mr. Miller felt a sense of satisfaction because he was able to guide his children and by setting a good example and supporting them with the things they like to do. According to Erikson's theory, what virtue did Mr. Miller develop? A. Fidelity B. Care C. Wisdom D. Skill Little AJ gets teased whenever her Aunt Kelly visits their home. Her aunt says that she is just fond of AJ and it is quite fun to annoy her. However, this resulted in AJ avoiding her and getting irritated by her mere presence. What theory can explain this? A. Modeling B. Social Learning C. Operant conditioning D. Classical conditioning Growing up, Katie's parents enrolled her in different activities such as swimming, ballet, arts, and language classes. Because of this, Katie was able to find her skill and competencies which helped her in school. Katie gains confidence in her abilities and she knows that if she puts effort into the things she does, she can accomplish it. Whose theory can we apply to this situation? A. Piaget B. Bandura C. Skinner D. Vygotsky In which phase of Bowlby's theory does the child become aware of other people's feelings and is also aware of how they would adjust their own behaviors in return? A. phase 3 B. phase 4 C. phase 2 D. phase 1 The process of incorporating new information into existing knowledge is known as ____, whereas the process of adjusting our schemas to fit new information as events is known as _____. A. accommodation; assimilation B. assimilation; accommodation C. equilibrium; accommodation D. organization; assimilation Kurt, a three-year old kid is trying to solve a maze but he does not know how to start because the maze looks a bit complicated for him. His older brother went beside him and said "you can start here." and guided Kurt's hand. The older brother would give hints whenever Kurt gets stuck. This is called: A. ZPD B. collaboration C. scaffolding D. information-processing During weekends, the Mercedes family would eat together and watch movies. Mr. and Mrs. Mercedes would also make sure to ask their children about their day and what they can do to help them. This makes their bond as a family stronger. This kind of interaction is in what system of Bronfenbrenner's theory? A. exosystem B. microsystem C. chronosystem D. macrosystem People that were raised in a democratic society can be different from people who were born from communist society. This can be exhibited in the concept of: A. macrosystem B. exosystem C. mesosystem D. chronosystem According to Vygotsky, this can facilitate the learning process in children especially when they are trying to solve tasks without adult supervision. A. inner zone B. outer zone C. social speech D. private speech emotional struggle to major issues in her life. She has made choices and expresses strong commitment to them. This shows: A. Identity achievement B. Identity foreclosure C. Identity moratorium D. Identity diffusion Jay has spent his adolescent years not able to consider options and opportunities. He also avoided commitments. This was also reinforced by his parents who don't really care about what he wants to do in his life. He tries to go along and figure things out when he's ready. According to Marcia, this is called: A. Identity achievement B. Identity foreclosure C. Identity moratorium D. Identity diffusion Baby Lexi gets a bit anxious when she cannot see her mom around so, when she plays with her toys, she would always look around to see if her mom is still present. She is also more responsive to the things around her when her mother is with her. According to Mahler, what stage is this kind of behavior present? A. Normal symbiotic phase B. Differentiation phase C. Practicing phase D. Rapprochement phase During this stage of development under Mahler's theory, the newborn infant is unaware of anything but its own needs. The mother needs to be available to lovingly meet the baby's needs and introduce tender and caring interaction. A. Normal autistic phase B. Normal symbiotic phase C. Differentiation phase D. Practicing phase According to Mary Ainsworth, children with this type of attachment are clingy to their mother in a new situation and unwilling to explore. They are distressed when left alone by their mother but when the mother returns, they are pleased to see her but then they cannot be comforted. A. Secure B. Insecure Avoidant C. Insecure Disorganized D. Insecure Ambivalent Which of the following is not included in the assumptions of evolutionary theory of development? A. There are never enough resources for all organism to survive B. Organisms vary C. Individual differences in organisms are heritable D. Organisms should suit the environment Infants staying close to their parents is a product of this evolutionary concept which postulates that baby animals that do not stay close to their mothers do not survive and therefore do not reproduce later in life. A. survival instincts B. natural selection C. proximity-seeking D. inborn reflexes Developmental psychologists are studying not only the biological influences of aging in the body but they are also considering other aspects, like social and psychological. This follows what characteristic of development? A. Development is lifelong B. Development is multidimensional C. Development is multidirectional D. Development is plastic Women can experience menarche and menopause at some point in their lives. This phenomenon is similar across all cultures. This is an example of: A. Contextual experience B. Nonnormative life events C. Normative history-graded influences D. Normative age-graded influences An infant smiles as a response to her parent's touch. This is included in: A. Biological process B. Cognitive process C. Socioemotional process D. Psychological process This is an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age. A. Psychological age B. Mental age C. Biological age D. Social age In this stage of development, Erikson emphasized that children should be able to direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills. A. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt B. Initiative vs. guilt C. Industry vs. inferiority D. Identity vs. role confusion At this stage of moral development, when a person faces a conflict between law and conscience, the person will reason that conscience should be followed even though the decision might bring risk. A. Social contract or utility B. Universal ethical principles C. Mutual interpersonal expectations D. Social systems morality Joseph is a person who has lived a moral life. His moral personality, identity, character and set of virtues reflect excellence and commitment. He can be considered as A. a person with moral identity B. a person with moral character C. a moral exemplar D. a moral person in general According to Piaget's theory, these are reversible mental actions which allow children to do mentally what before they could do only physically. A. symbols B. operations C. mental representations D. symbolic function Which is an accurate comparison between Vygotsky and Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A. Vygotsky emphasized more on the cognitive constructivist approach while Piaget focused on the social constructivist approach B. For Vygotsky, language plays an important role in shaping the thought; Piaget believes that language plays a minimal role only. C. Vygotsky views a teacher as a facilitator and nt a director, while Piaget considers a teacher as a person who directs the actions of a child. D. All of the choices An unconscious reflex action in newborn child i.e., If their palms are touched, they will make a very tight fist which is called as. A. unconscious reflex B. reflection action C. none of the above D. Darwinian reflex Which achievement is considered an important milestone in fine motor development? A. top-level reaching B. palmar grasp C. finger dexterity D. balancing ______ is a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure to the same stimulus. A. habituation B. extinction C. discrimination D. negative learning Piaget's had a background in Biology. What he called this theoretical framework? A. emotional epistemology B. epistemology C. genetic epistemology D. social epistemology According to Piaget biologically every living organism would like to remain in the existing state of being disturbed. A. accommodation B. disequilibrium C. assimilation D. equilibrium The developmental stage in which the child is no longer egocentric in his thinking. He does not think of himself as the centre of the external world and does not perceive the world from his own standpoint. A formal operation B. sensory motor stage C. concrete operational stage D. preoperational stage only Human languages have a A. hierarchical B. vertical B. parallel structure. D. long ______ is a psychological, evolutionary, and ethological theory concerning relationships between humans A. developmental theory B. emotional theory C. learning theory D. attachment theory ______ is the stage at which the individually meaningless phonemes are assembled to produce meaningful portions of language, called morphemes. A. semantics B. morphemes C. syntax D. pragmatics Which mostly affects the development of emotional self-regulation? A temperament B. learning C. perception D. motivation Who is known as the principle attachment figure? A. father B. significant others C. mothers D. care givers ______ is the anticipation or fear of being cut off from the attachment figure. A. anxiety B. stress C. alarm D. distress In which stage attachment behaviors such as clinging and following decline and self-reliance increases. A. early childhood B. Late childhood C. middle childhood D. early adulthood Who extended the Attachment theory to adult romantic relationships? A. Piaget and Vygotsky B. John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth C. Cindy Hasan and Phillip Shaver D. None of them _______ is the inability to recall memories before approximately age 4 A. Infantile amnesia B. Dissociation amnesia C. Fugue D. None of the above believes that females are less likely to view themselves as separate individuals and are more concerned with forming social connections than men. a. Vygotsky B. Gilligan c. Piaget d. Locke Vygotsky emphasizes this role of development in a child. A. cognitive element B. environment C. social interaction D. parents The approach in studying developmental change as a result of growth. A. Conception B. Maturation C. Atrophy D. Changes is a term given to a newborn. A. Blue Baby B. Neonate C. Crying Baby D. Babinsky The person adjusts himself to decreasing physical strength and health. He is retired and may have to adjust to the death of a spouse. Usually, he affiliates with social or religious institutions with membership of the same age. A. Adulthood B. Old age C. Adolescence D. Existential Crisis Literally means from head to tail. The development starts from the head, and then it progresses to the feet. A. Cephalo-caudal B. Umbilical cord C. Proximo-distal D. None of the above For whatever reason, if x-rays reveal that complications may happen if the fetus comes out through the birth canal, a slit has to be made surgically in the mother's abdomen, either horizontally of vertically, and the fetus is delivered through the opening A. All the answers are correct B. Cesarean section C. Natural birth D. Transverse birth This was devised by Dr. Virginia to measure the neonate s physical capabilities A. Lamaze method B. Decompression method C. Apgar test D. Ultrasound The buttocks or feet appear first. The head may be the last part to come out. Depending upon the discretion of the attending physician, the position of the baby may be changed before the delivery. A. Breech birth B. Spontaneous birth C. Lamaze method D. None of the above This is a major form of communication. It is among the first activities of the newborn to signify that the respiratory system has started to function and that the baby is alive. A. Hearing B. Crying C. Hunger D. All of the above This is the most common kind of birth. The head of the baby comes out first, emerging from the birth canal. A. Breech birth B. Transverse birth C. Cesarean section D. Natural or Spontaneous Birth The focus of the study is in the development of the nervous system and motor skills and the effect on the individual A. Psychosocial B. Cognitive C. Musculature D. Physical The transition period between childhood and adulthood. A. Puberty B. Adulthood C. None of the above D. Adolescence He believed that children are born with natural or endowed knowledge A. Locke B. Freud C. Rousseau D. Piaget Which of the following is a common challenge faced by individuals when making end-of-life decisions for themselves or loved ones? A. Lack of medical information B. Cultural beliefs C. Legal restrictions D. Financial constraints What ethical consideration is central to end-of-life decision-making? A. Beneficence B. Autonomy of the individual C. Justice D. Non-maleficence