Developmental Psychology PDF

· – · — · – · — · – · – ·DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY· – · — · – · — · — · – I. Study of Human Development The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and cont...

· – · — · – · — · – · – ·DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY· – · — · – · — · — · – I. Study of Human Development The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the life span (Santrock). Developmental Scientists "Womb to Tomb" is the Studies psychological changes throughout human development. concept of human life Child Rearing Health starting from conception Education Social Policy to death. Goals of Exploring Human Development Describe Predict Periods of the Life Span Explain Control Prenatal Period (Concept to Birth) Infancy and Toddlerhood (Birth to Age 3) Basic Concepts of Human Development Early Childhood (Ages 3 to 6) Physical Development Middle Childhood (Ages 6 to 11) The growth of the body and brain, sensory capacities, motor skills and health. Adolescence (Ages 11 to 20) Young/Emerging Adulthood (Ages 20 to 40) Cognitive Development Middle Adulthood (Ages 40 to 65) Learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity Late Adulthood (Ages 65 onwards) Psychosocial Development Maturation is the unfolding of a natural Pattern of change in emotions, personality, and social sequence of physical and behavioral changes. relationships Context of Development Family · Nuclear Family - A household unit comprising Historical Context Time in which people live. Parent(s) and Child(ren). · Normative Influences is characteristic of an · Extended Family - A household unit comprising event that occurs in similar way for most people Parent(s), Child(ren) and Relative(s). in a group. (Having a Period, Puberty) Socioeconomic Status Normative Age-Graded Influence - Highly similar A combination of economic and social factors for people in a particular age group. (Menopause) describing an individual or family, including Normative History-Graded Influence - Associated income, education, and occupation. with specific time period or even that shapes Culture, Ethnicity, Race behaviors. (COVID-19) · Culture is society’s or group’s total way of life. · Non-normative Influences is characteristic of Individualistic Culture puts priority on personal an unsual event that happens to a particular goals and being individualistic. person at an unsual time of life. (Earning Collectivistic Culture puts priority on collective Masters's Degree, Divorce) goals and group dynamics. · Historical Generation is a group of people who · Ethnicity is a social group that shares a common experience the event at a formative time of their lives. and distinctive culture, religion, or language. · Cohort is a group of people born at the same time. Ethnic Gloss is the overgeneralization about an ethnic group that obscures difference within the Timing of Influence group (Asian, European, African). Critical Period is a specific time when a given event, or · Race is a grouping of humans distinguished by its absence, has a specific impact on development. their outward physical characteristics or social Sensitive Period is the time when a developing person is qualities from other groups. especially responsive to certain kinds of experiences. Gender Konrad Lorenz, an Austrian zoologist, showed that Refers to the characteristics of women, men, girls newly hatched goslings will instinctively follow the and boys that are socially constructed. first moving object they see. Gender Roles is a set of socially accepted behaviors and attitudes deemed appropriate or Imprinting desirable based on their sex. Result of the readiness of an organism’s nervous system to acquire certain information during a brief critical period in early life  Stability VS. Change Involves the degree to which early traits Involves the degree to which early traits and and characteristics persist through life. characteristics changes as an individual grows. Developmental Continuity VS. Discontinuity Issues Puppy into a Dog, Oak Seed into Oak Caterpillar into a Pupa into a Butterfly. Tree, Chick into a Chicken. VS. Nature Nurture Hereditary and Genes Environment II. Theory and Research B.2 Bandura's Social Learning Theory Theory that behaviors are learned by observing and A. Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory imitating models. Believes that people are born with biological drives · Reciprocal Determinism – The person acts on the that needs to be satisfied. world as the world acts on the person · Self-Efficacy – Sense of one’s capability to Parts of Personality: accomplish a task. Id - The Pleasure Principle Ego - The Reality Principle C. Piaget's Cognitive Stage Theory Superego - The Moral Principle All human are born with the capacity to adapt to the environment. Freud's Psychosocial Development: Organization - Putting the schemes into category Oral Stage (Birth to 12-18 months) - Mouth based on its similarities to each other. Anal Stage (12-18 months to 3 years) - Anal Schemes - way of organizing information about the Phallic Stage (3 to 6 years) - Genitalia world that govern the way the child thinks and Latency Stage (6 to 11 years) - Relationships behaves in a particular situation. Genital Stage (Puberty to Adulthood) - Libido Adaptation - How an individual handles new information in light of what they already know. Erikson's Psychosocial Development: Assimilation - Taking in new information and incorporating it into existing cognitive structures. Accomodation - Adjusting one’s cognitive structures to fit the new information Equilibriation - Tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements. Achieved through a balance between assimilation and accommodation D. Bronfenbrenner' s Bioecological Theory Represented a set of rings with the developing child in the middle. B. Learning B.1 Behaviorism Mechanistic theory that describes observed behavior as a predictable response to experience. Pavlov's Classical Conditioning: Learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus. Skinner's Operant Conditioning: Learning based on association of the behavior with its E. Evolutionary/Sociobiological consequences. Punishment and Reinforcement. Influenced by Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. The process by which a Process of Natural Selection - Survival of the fittest. behavior is weakened, decreasing the likelihood of Evolutionary Psychology - Application of Darwinian repetition The process by which a Principles of natural selection and survival of the behavior is strengthened, fittest to individual behavior. *Positive = Adding stimulus increasing the likelihood that *Negative = Removing stimulus the behavior will be repeated.  Developmental Research Design: · Cross-sectional Design - A study that analyze data from a Research Methods: population at a single point in time. · Quantitative Research - Deals with objectively · Longitudinal Design - Repeated observations of the same measureable data. variables over long periods of time. · Qualitative Research - Deals with non-numerical · Cross-sequential Design - A combination of Longitudinal data such as subject experiences. and Cross-sectional designs. III. Forming a New Life Environmental Influences Conception/Fertilization - Union of the sperm and (Maternal Factors): ovum which produces a zygote. 1. Nutrition and Maternal Weight Twins: 2. Malnutrition Monozygotic Twins - Identical Twins; the cleaving of 3. Physical Activity and Work one egg being fertilized by one sperm. 4. Drug Intake Dizygotic Twins - Fraternal twins; result of two eggs 5. Maternal Illness being fertilized by two different sperms. 6. Maternal Anxiety and Depression Mutation - Are permanent alterations in genetic 7. Maternal Age materials. 8. Other Environmental Hazards Autosomes - The 22 pairs of chromosomes that does Monitoring and Promoting Prenatal not determine sexual expression. Sex Chromosome - The 23rd Pair. The sperm determines Development: · Ultrasound the offspring's sex. · Blood Tests Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormality: · Prenatal Cell-Free DNA Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) - The most common chromosomal abnormality where an individual has an extra chromosome 21. IV. Birth to First Three Years Characteristics Influenced by Heredity A. Physical Development and Environment: Intelligence - Mostly inherited in mother's gene. Birth Process: Experience nourish or impoverish one's intelligence. 1. Parturition - The act or process of giving birth. It Obesity - 40% to 70% Genetic. Experience may typically begins 2 weeks before delivery. contribute. 2. Braxtion-Hicks Contractions - False contractions Temperament and Personality - 40% Genetic during the final month or the 2nd trimester. Schizophrenia - 60% to 70% Genetic. 3. Contractions - Begin typically 266 days after conception. More frequent, rhythmic, and painful and Gestation - Period between conception and birth. increases in frequency and intensity. 38 weeks to 40 weeks (266-280 days). Gestational Age - Age of an unborn baby. Stages of Childbirth: 1. Dilation of Cervix (10 cm wide) 2 Principles of Development: 2. Descent and Emergence of the Baby (Head move Proximodistal through the cervix into the vaginal canal) "Head to Tail”; Development proceeds from the head 3. Expulsion of the Placenta (Naturally expelled in to the lower part of the trunk. about 10 mins to 1 hr) Cephalocaudal "Near to Far"; Development proceeds from parts near Medicated Childbirth: the center of the body to outer ones. Pudendal Block - Local (vaginal) anesthesia, usually during the 2nd stage of labor. Stages of Development: Analgesic - A painkiller that reduces the perception Germinal Stage - Fertilization to 2 weeks. of pain. Embryonic Stage - 2 to 8 weeks. Epidural - A regional anesthesia, which can be Spontaneous Abortion - Miscarriage, a natural injected into a space in the spinal cord between the expulsion from the uterus of an embryo. vertebrae in the lumbar region. Fetal Stage - 8 weeks to birth.  5. First Sentence First sentences typically deal with Child Delivery: everyday events, things, people, or activities. Vaginal Delivery - The usual childbirth. Code-mixing is the mixing of two or more languages or Cesarean Delivery - Surgically remove the baby language varieties in speech. through an incision in the mother's abdomen. Code-switching refers to a person changing languages throughout a single conversation. Common Immunization: · Measles · Rubella · Polio C. Psychosocial Development · Hepatitis B · Pertussis · Chicken Pox Emotions are subjective reactions to experience that · Mumps are associated with physiological and behavioral Infancy (Babyhood) - The period of life between birth changes. and the acquisition of language (1 to 2 years). Crying - Primary way in which infants communicate their needs and is an honest signal of need. Early Human Reflexes: Smiling and Laughing Moro Reflex - Startle reflex Earliest faint Smile - When asleep. Darwinian Reflex - Grasp reflex Social Smiling (2 months) - signaling positive Tonic Neck - Fencing position participation in the relationship. Babinski Reflex - Foot reflex Laughter (4 to 12 months) - most intense positive Rooting Reflex - Involuntary mouth response emotion. Walking Reflex Anticipatory Smiling (8 to 10 months) - smile at an Sensory Development: object, gaze at an adult and continue to smile Tactile - The most important sense. And the first Why do Emotions appear? sense to develop. Self-awareness Audition - Rapid development after birth. Key to Self-conscious language development. Self-evaluation Olfaction and Gustation - Begin to develop in the womb. Early Social Experience: Vision - Least developed sense after birth. Mother's Role Harlow explained that attachment develops due to the mother providing “tactile comfort” suggesting B. Cognitive Development that infants have an innate need to touch and cling to Long-term Memory Systems: something for emotional comfort.” Implicit Memory Explicit Memory One of the needs that must be satisfied for them to Procedural Memory Declarative Memory grow up normally is the need for a mother who Unconscious Recall Intentional Recall responds warmly and promptly to the infant. Working Memory Second half of first year; Short-term storage of Father's Role information the brain is actively processing. The fathering role is a social construction which is having different meaning in different cultures. Sequence of Early Language Development: A father's frequent and positive involvement with his child is directly related to the child’s wellbeing and 1. Early Vocalization Crying - First means of communication. physical, cognitive, and social development Cooing - When happy, squealing, gurgling, “ahh”. Developmental Issues in Infancy: Babbling - Repeating consonant-vowel strings. 1. Developing Trust 2. Perceiving Language Sound and Structure First challenge involves forming a basic sense of trust Exposure to native language = learning native versus mistrust. language Trust - We feel that the world is reliable. We feel safe 3. Gestures and loved. Before babies can speak, they point. Use of action seems to help babies learn how to talk. 2. Developing Attachment 4. First Words Attachment is reciprocal, enduring emotional tie Babies understand many words before they can between an infant and a caregiver, each whom use them. The use Holophrase (An entire sentence contributes to the quality of the relationship. expressed one word).  3. Mutual Regulation The ability of both infant and caregiver to communicate and respond appropriately to each other's mental and emotional states. 4. Social Referencing Understanding ambiguous situations by seeking emotional information to guide behavior. (ex. from caregiver) Developmental Issues in Toddlerhood: 1. Emerging Sense of Self Self-Concept - Our image of ourselves, it describes what we know and feel about ourselves and guides our actions. Self-Awareness - The conscious knowledge of the self as distinct, identifiable being. 2. Development of Autonomy A small degree of shame and doubt is needed for the child to know their limit of autonomy. “NO!” - negativism to show resistance to authority. 3. Moral Development Internalization - The process by which children accept societal standards as their own. Self-Regulation - A control of child’s behavior to conform to a caregiver’s demands and expectation of them even when the caregiver is NOT PRESENT. Conscience - Internal standards of behavior, which usually control one’s conduct and produce emotional discomfort when violated The eventual goal of Psychosocial Development: Situational Compliance - Obedience only in the presence of parental control. Committed Compliance - Obedience even without parental control. Receptive Cooperation - Eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in daily interactions (routines, chores, hygiene and play). Relationship with Siblings: Most intense disputed over property rights or access to the mother. Disputes = learn to stand up for principles and negotiate disagreements. Quality of relationship depends on the socioemotional adjustment of the older child. Relationship with Peers: Toddlers show more interest in people outside the house, particularly people their own size. Toddlers learn by imitating one another. Sex Segregation - Toddlers prefer playing with children of same age and same sex.