CSIT 101 - MODULE 1.pdf

1ST SEM 2024-2025 M O D U L E 1 HISTORY AND APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS IN SOCIETY CSIT 101 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING  Uses of Technology in our daily lives 01 Communication 02 Education 03 Job Opportunities 04 Socializing  Positive Impact of Technol...

1ST SEM 2024-2025 M O D U L E 1 HISTORY AND APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS IN SOCIETY CSIT 101 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING  Uses of Technology in our daily lives 01 Communication 02 Education 03 Job Opportunities 04 Socializing  Positive Impact of Technology in the Society 06 Security 01 Access to information ICT allows people to 02 Improved access to education 07 participate in a wider, even worldwide, society. 03 08 Distance learning New tools, new opportunities ICT facilitates the ability to perform ‘impossible’ 04 Communication 09 experiments’ by using simulations. Information management 10 Creation of new more 05 interesting jobs Negative Impacts of Technology 01 Job loss 02 Reduced personal interaction 03 Reduced physical activity 04 Cost 05 Competition  Applications of Technology 01 06 Marketing Business 02 07 Science Education 03 08 Publising Healthcare 04 Retail and Trade 09 Arts and Entertainment Government 10 Communication 05  Applications of Technology 01 06 Social and Dating Banking and Finance 02 07 Booking Vacations Transport 03 08 Security and Navigation Surveillance 04 Working From Home 09 Weather Forecasting Military 10 Robotics 05 HISTORY OF COMPUTER  Tally Sticks A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages.  Abacus The abacus is one of the earliest known computing devices. It is a manual counting device that originated in Mesopotamia around 2400 BC. It consist of a frame with rods or wires on which beads are strung.  Napier's Bones Invented by John Napier in 1614. Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards.  Slide Rule Invented by William Oughtred in 1622. Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms. Used primarily for – multiplication – division – roots – logarithms – Trigonometry Not normally used for addition or subtraction  Pascaline Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. It was its limitation to addition and subtraction. It is too expensive.  Stepped Reckoner Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672. The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically.  Jacquard Loom The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881. D It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.  Arithmometer A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820, The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine. The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions. The first mass-produced calculating machine. Difference Engine & Analytical Engine It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834 It is the first mechanical computer. First Computer Programmer In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system. She writes programs for the Analytical Engine Scheutzian Calculation Engine Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843. Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine. The first printing calculator Tabulating Machine Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890. To assist in summarizing information and accounting  Harvard Mark 1 Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC). Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943 The first electro-mechanical computer.  Z1 The first programmable computer. Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938. To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) It was the first electronic digital computing device. Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942  ENIAC ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. It was the first electronic general- purpose computer. Completed in 1946. Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.  UNIVAC 1 The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the first commercial computer. Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.  EDVAC EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer The First Stored Program Computer Designed by Von Neumann in 1952. It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data. Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. THE FIRST PORTABLE COMPUTER Osborne 1 – the first portable computer. Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation.  THE FIRST COMPUTER COMPANY The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company. Founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly  History of Computer: Generations of Computer There are five generations of computer: First generation – 1946 to 1958 Second generation – 1959 to 1964 Third generation – 1965 to 1970 Fourth generation – 1971 to 1980 Fifth generation – 1980 to future  GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER FIRST GENERATION SECOND GENERATION THIRD GENERATION The first computers The development of used vacuum tubes Transistors replaced the integrated for circuitry and vacuum tubes and circuit was the magnetic drums for ushered in the second hallmark of the memory, and were generation of third generation of often enormous, computers. computer taking up entire rooms GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER FOURTH GENERATION FIFTH GENERATION The microprocessor brought the fourth Based on Artificial generation of Intelligence (AI) computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.  First Generation ENIAC EDVAC UNIVAC IBM-650 IBM-701  Second Generation IBM-1620 IBM-7094 UNIVAC 1108 CDC 3600 CDC 1604  Third Generation IBM-360 series Honeywell-6000 series Personal Data Processor IBM-370/168 TDC-316  Fourth Generation DEC 10 STAR 1000 PDP 11 CRAY-1 Super Computer Cray x-mp Super Computer  Fifth Generation Neural networks Game Playing Robotics Natural language understanding and generation. Development of expert systems to make decisions in real life situations  Fifth Generation Laptop Notebook Desktop Chrome Book  PHASES OF DIGITAL REVOLUTION Data is the computing model for the first phase of the digital revolution. The Processing concept of large computers performing tasks based on the inputprocessing- output cycle represents were used from the 1940’s through 1970’s EDP (Electronic Data Processing) Is the processing of data by computer or any other machine and its programs in an environment involving electronic communication. EDP evolved from “DP” (data processing) a term that was created when most computing input was physically put into the computer in the punched card form or in ATM cards form and output as punched cards or paper reports. Personal the model for the second phase of the digital revolution, is characterized by Computing small, stand alone computers powered by local software. Local software refers to any software that is installed on a computer hard drive. Network the third phase of the digital revolution materialized as computers became Computing networked and when the Internet was opened to public used. A computer network is a group of computers linked together to share data and resources. Cloud provides access to information, applications, communications and storage over the Internet. Computing Before cloud computing, your computer typically ran software based locally. E-mail, documents, photos, and music all resided on your computer’s hard disk or flash drive. With cloud computing, you can use your browser to access word processing applications that run from the Internet, instead of software that you have installed on your local hard disk.