Cardiovascular System PDF

 The Cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system transports blood around the body via a network of blood vessels. Blood provides a medium to supply organs and tissues with nutrients and oxygen and remove metabolic wastes for excretion or processing. It also transports immune...

 The Cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system transports blood around the body via a network of blood vessels. Blood provides a medium to supply organs and tissues with nutrients and oxygen and remove metabolic wastes for excretion or processing. It also transports immune elements and aids in clotting wounds.  BLOOD Blood is a fluid tissue with a complex mixture of proteins, ions, and cellular components. FUNCTIONS: ○ Transports nutrients, respiratory gases, hormones, and cellular wastes ○ Contains many immune elements for protection against pathogens is to ck ○ Helps thermoregulation by distributing heat through the body.  Blood Blood is made up of plasma and cellular components. ○ Plasma: a watery matrix of ions Plasma (50-60% of and proteins. total blood volume) ○ Cellular components: Made up of different types of cells. Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) White blood cells (Leukocytes) Cellular components/ Platelets (Thrombocytes) Formed elements (40-50% of total volume) ‣ABO system Type A blood—type A antigens in RBCs; anti-B type antibodies in plasma Type B blood—type B antigens in RBCs; anti-A type antibodies in plasma Type AB blood—type A and type B antigens in RBCs; no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma; called universal recipient blood Type O blood—no type A or type B antigens in RBCs; both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma; called universal donor blood Blood Types ‣Rh system Rh-positive blood—Rh factor antigen present in RBCs Rh-negative blood—no Rh factor present in RBCs; no anti-Rh antibodies present naturally in plasma; but anti-Rh antibodies appear if Rh-positive RBCs have been introduced into their bodies Esp important for pregnant mothers and unborn babies Moms who are Rh-negative with a baby who is Rh-positive, means that the baby inherited the Rh gene from their Rh-positive dad. Mom’s blood will make antibodies that can attack baby’s RBCs. istock Mineral ions: Plasma Magnesium, Potassium, Calcium Water: Role: Water is the main constituent of blood and plasma. ‣Osmotic balance Role: ‣pH buffering ‣Transports dissolved substances. ‣Regulation of membrane ‣Provides body cells with water. permeability, etc. ‣Distributes heat. ‣Regulate blood pressure and volume. Products of digestion: sugars, fatty acids, glycerol, and amino acid. Proteins: Excretory products: Fibrinogen, Urea Prothrombin, Hormones and Enzymes vitamins: Role: insulin, sex hormones ‣Clotting vitamins ‣Regulate metabolic activities COR Cellular Blood Components Erythrocytes (Red blood cells, RBCs): Role: Thrombocytes Transport oxygen (O2) and a (Platelets): small amount of carbon Small membrane dioxide (CO2). The oxygen is bound fragments carried bound to hemoglobin derived from bone (Hb) in the cells. marrow cells: about Iron in Hb causes red color one quarter the size of RBCs. Role: To start the blood Leukocytes clotting process. (White blood cells, WBCs): Play an important part in defense against pathogens.  White Blood Cells White blood cells are divided into two main groups, named for their appearance under the microscope: ○ Granulocytes: have granules in cytoplasm (release enzymes during attack) Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils ○ Agranulocytes (Nongranular): do not have granules in cytoplasm Lymphocytes Monocytes  White Blood Cells Involved in internal defense. Lymphocytes: T and B cells Role: Antibody production and specific immune response Lymphocyte Monocytes: Largest leukocytes Role: Macrophage that cleans up cell debris and microbes. Neutroph Neutrophils: Phagocytes. il Role: Engulf foreign material Basophils: Rare leukocytes Role: Produce heparin (an anti-clotting protein), and histamine. Involved in inflammation. Basophil Eosinophils: Rare leukocytes Role: Mediate allergic responses such as hayfever and asthma Eosinoph il Platelets and Blood Clotting Play essential role in blood clotting Blood vessel damage causes platelets to become sticky and form a “platelet plug” Accumulated platelets release additional clotting factors that enter into the clotting mechanism Platelets become a part of the clot itself Platelets and Blood Clotting ‣Clotting mechanism Damaged tissue cells release clotting factors leading to formation of prothrombin activator Prothrombin → Thrombin Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen to form fibrin Fibrin threads form a tangle to trap RBCs (and other formed elements) to produce a blood clot