Consciousness PDF

9/26/24 Consciousness awareness...

9/26/24 Consciousness awareness of everything that is going on around you and inside your own head at any given CONSCIOUSNESS moment, which you use to organize your behavior, including your thoughts, sensations, and feelings Prepared by: Angelica M. Amorato, RPm 1 2 Waking Altered State of Consciousness Consciousness state in which much of people’s time awake is occurs when there is a shift in the quality or spent; thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear pattern of your mental activity and organized, and they feel alert 3 4 1  9/26/24 Most common altered state: SLEEP Why do people sleep? 5 6 Circadian Rhythms Sleep-wake cycle The Rhythms of life: Circadian Rhythms from two Latin words, circa (“about”) and diem (“day”) is a cycle that takes “about a day” to complete controlled by the brain: hypothalamus most people will experience several hours of sleep at least once during every 24-hour period 7 8 2  9/26/24 Hypothalamus Its role in sleep melatonin - hormone secreted by the pineal gland How much sleep do suprachiasmatic nucleus - produces melatonin. the internal clock that tells people when to wake up and we need? when to fall asleep. SCN is sensitive to changes in light daylight fades > SCN/pineal gland secrete melatonin Sleep deprivation - loss of sleep > melatonin accumulates > makes person sleepy 9 10 REM Sleep Rapid Eye Movement Stages of Sleep psychologically active type of sleep when most of a person’s dreaming takes place voluntary muscles are inhibited; the person in REM sleep moves very little 11 12 3  9/26/24 Stage 1: Stage 2: Light Sleep Sleep Spindles person may experience: sleep spindles: brief bursts of activity only lasting a hypnagogic images: hallucinations / vivid visual events second or two hypnic jerk: knees, legs, or whole body jerks 13 14 Stage 3 & 4: Delta Waves deepest stage of sleep 50 percent or more of waves are delta waves body at lowest level of functioning time at which growth occurs Sleep Disorders 15 16 4  9/26/24 Sleep Disorders Nightmares - bad dreams occurring during REM sleep REM behavior disorder - mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails allows the person to thrash around, or even get up and act out nightmares 17 18 Sleep Disorders Sleepwalking (somnambulism) - episode of moving Can sleepwalking be around or walking around in one’s sleep. occurs in deep sleep, and more common among children a defense against Night terrors - the person experiences extreme fear criminal charges? and screams or runs around during deep sleep; doesn’t wake fully. relatively rare disorder 19 20 5  9/26/24 Sleep Disorders Sleep Disorders Insomnia - the inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep Narcolepsy - sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep Sleep apnea - disorder in which the person during the day without warning stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more 21 22 Psychoactive Drugs 23 24 6  9/26/24 Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system results to physical dependence: amphetamines - drugs that are synthesized (made in labs) tolerance - more and more of the drug is needed to achieve rather than found in nature the same effect cocaine - natural; produces euphoria, energy, power, pleasure withdrawal - physical symptoms resulting from a lack of an nicotine - active ingredient in tobacco addictive drug in the body systems caffeine - found in coffee, tea, sodas, chocolate, and even many psychological dependence - the feeling that a drug is needed over-the-counter drugs to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being 25 26 Depressants Alcohol drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system Alcohol - the chemical resulting from fermentation barbiturates - depressant drugs that have a sedative effect or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter benzodiazepines - drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress often mistaken for a stimulant, alcohol is actually a CNS depressant 27 28 7  9/26/24 Narcotics Hallucinogens Psychogenic Drugs - drugs including hallucinogens Narcotics are opium-related drugs that suppress the and marijuana that produce hallucinations or sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication nervous system’s natural receptor sites for endorphins hallucinogens - cause false sensory messages, opium - made from the opium poppy from which all altering the perception of reality narcotic drugs are derived LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)- powerful morphine - derived from opium; used to treat severe pain synthetic hallucinogen heroin - derived from opium that is extremely addictive PCP - synthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects 29 30 Hallucinogens MDMA (Ecstasy or X) - designer drug that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects Stimulatory hallucinogenics - drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects Marijuana (pot or weed): mild hallucinogen derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of hemp plant 31 8